--- title: Portugal — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 3 description: Wikipedia's «Portugal», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country in Southwestern Europe. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Portugal # Portugal · page 3 From Wikipedia, [«Portugal»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/7/) [8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/8/) Portugal's legislative body is the [Assembly of the Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_%28Portugal%29), a [unicameral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralism) parliament.[\[247\]](../../page/8/#ref-247 "note 247")[\[248\]](../../page/8/#ref-248 "note 248")[159](../../159/ "tree and pragmatics") It consists of a single chamber with a minimum of 180 seats and a maximum of 230, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved.[\[249\]](../../page/8/#ref-249 "note 249")[\[250\]](../../page/8/#ref-250 "note 250")[\[251\]](../../page/8/#ref-251 "note 251")[160](../../160/ "tree and pragmatics") The members of parliament represent the whole country and not the constituencies for which they are elected.[\[252\]](../../page/8/#ref-252 "note 252")[161](../../161/ "tree and pragmatics") The Assembly of the Republic is dominated by three political parties, the [Social Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%28Portugal%29) (PSD), [Chega](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chega) (CH), and the [Socialist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28Portugal%29) (PS).[\[253\]](../../page/8/#ref-253 "note 253")[162](../../162/ "tree and pragmatics") As the head of government, the [prime minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal) directs government policy, leads the [Council of Ministers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_%28Portugal%29) which includes ministers and junior ministers that execute government policy, and is appointed by the president in light of electoral results after consulting with the parties with parliament seats.[\[254\]](../../page/8/#ref-254 "note 254")[\[255\]](../../page/8/#ref-255 "note 255")[\[256\]](../../page/8/#ref-256 "note 256")[163](../../163/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal's current prime minister is [Luís Montenegro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luís_Montenegro), who took office after the [AD – PSD/CDS Coalition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_%28Portugal,_2024%29) won enough seats to form a minority government following the [2024 Portuguese legislative election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Portuguese_legislative_election).[\[257\]](../../page/8/#ref-257 "note 257")[164](../../164/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal has a [civil law system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_%28legal_system%29) based on [Roman law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law) and on [Canon Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_Law) and influenced by [German civil law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bürgerliches_Gesetzbuch).[\[258\]](../../page/8/#ref-258 "note 258")[165](../../165/ "tree and pragmatics") The Constitution is the [supreme law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_law) of Portugal.[\[259\]](../../page/8/#ref-259 "note 259")[166](../../166/ "tree and pragmatics") In the Portuguese legal system, [private civil law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law) and [criminal law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law) are codified in the [Código Civil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Civil_Code) and the [Código Penal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_Code_of_Portugal) respectively.[\[260\]](../../page/8/#ref-260 "note 260")[\[261\]](../../page/8/#ref-261 "note 261")[167](../../167/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal's court system is organised into judicial, administrative, and fiscal branches with three levels of jurisdiction and separate courts of last appeal, while the [Constitutional Court](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_%28Portugal%29) is responsible for constitutional review and oversight of elections, referendums and political parties.[\[262\]](../../page/8/#ref-262 "note 262")[168](../../168/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Administrative divisions Main article: [Administrative divisions of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal) Portugal is a [highly centralised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralized_government) [unitary state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state) comprising two autonomous [regions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Portugal), as well as seven regions on the [mainland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Portugal).[169](../../169/ "tree and pragmatics") Subnational government in Portugal is currently organised through municipalities ([concelhos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concelhos)), civil parishes ([freguesias](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freguesias)), and intermunicipal communities ([comunidades intermunicipais](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermunicipal_communities_of_Portugal)).[170](../../170/ "tree and pragmatics") In the following table, the intermunicipal communities are grouped by region:[\[263\]](../../page/8/#ref-263 "note 263")[\[264\]](../../page/8/#ref-264 "note 264")[171](../../171/ "tree and pragmatics") - [North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Region,_Portugal) ---- 1.[172](../../172/ "tree and pragmatics") [Alto Minho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_Minho) 2.[173](../../173/ "tree and pragmatics") [Cávado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cávado_%28intermunicipal_community%29) 3.[174](../../174/ "tree and pragmatics") [Porto Metropolitan Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Metropolitan_Area) 4.[175](../../175/ "tree and pragmatics") [Ave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave_%28intermunicipal_community%29) 5.[176](../../176/ "tree and pragmatics") [Tâmega e Sousa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tâmega_e_Sousa) 6.[177](../../177/ "tree and pragmatics") [Alto Tâmega e Barroso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_Tâmega_e_Barroso) 7.[178](../../178/ "tree and pragmatics") [Douro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douro_%28intermunicipal_community%29) 8.[179](../../179/ "tree and pragmatics") [Terras de Trás-os-Montes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terras_de_Trás-os-Montes); [Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Portugal) ---- 9.[180](../../180/ "tree and pragmatics") [Aveiro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Região_de_Aveiro) 10.[181](../../181/ "tree and pragmatics") [Viseu Dão Lafões](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viseu_Dão_Lafões) 11.[182](../../182/ "tree and pragmatics") [Beiras e Serra da Estrela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiras_e_Serra_da_Estrela) 12.[183](../../183/ "tree and pragmatics") [Coimbra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra_%28intermunicipal_community%29) 13.[184](../../184/ "tree and pragmatics") [Leiria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Região_de_Leiria) 14.[185](../../185/ "tree and pragmatics") [Beira Baixa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beira_Baixa_%28intermunicipal_community%29); [Oeste e Vale do Tejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeste_e_Vale_do_Tejo) ---- 15.[186](../../186/ "tree and pragmatics") [Oeste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeste_%28intermunicipal_community%29) 16.[187](../../187/ "tree and pragmatics") [Médio Tejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Médio_Tejo) 17.[188](../../188/ "tree and pragmatics") [Lezíria do Tejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezíria_do_Tejo); [Greater Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Lisbon) ---- 18.[189](../../189/ "tree and pragmatics") Greater Lisbon[190](../../190/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Setúbal Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Península_de_Setúbal) ---- 19.[191](../../191/ "tree and pragmatics") Setúbal Peninsula; [Alentejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alentejo) ---- 20.[192](../../192/ "tree and pragmatics") [Alto Alentejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_Alentejo_%28intermunicipal_community%29) 21.[193](../../193/ "tree and pragmatics") [Alentejo Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alentejo_Central) 22.[194](../../194/ "tree and pragmatics") [Alentejo Litoral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alentejo_Litoral) 23.[195](../../195/ "tree and pragmatics") [Baixo Alentejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixo_Alentejo_%28intermunicipal_community%29); [Algarve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve) ---- 24.[196](../../196/ "tree and pragmatics") [Algarve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve_%28intermunicipal_community%29); [Autonomous regions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal) ---- 25.[197](../../197/ "tree and pragmatics") [Madeira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira) 26.[198](../../198/ "tree and pragmatics") [Azores](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores)[199](../../199/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Foreign relations Main article: [Foreign relations of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal) A member state of the [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations) since 1955,[\[265\]](../../page/8/#ref-265 "note 265") Portugal is a [member of almost all major international organisations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_Portugal),[\[266\]](../../page/8/#ref-266 "note 266") and is among the countries that founded [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) in 1949,[\[267\]](../../page/8/#ref-267 "note 267") the [OECD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD) in 1961,[\[268\]](../../page/8/#ref-268 "note 268") [EFTA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association) in 1960,[\[269\]](../../page/8/#ref-269 "note 269") and the [Community of Portuguese Language Countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries) (CPLP) in 1996, an international organisation of countries with Portuguese as an official language.[\[270\]](../../page/8/#ref-270 "note 270")[200](../../200/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal has a stable foreign policy that is the result of its history, geography, and specific foreign policy choices.[201](../../201/ "tree and pragmatics") It is structured around six principal regional and policy priorities: Europe, NATO and relations with the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal–United_Kingdom_relations) and with the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal–United_States_relations), the [Portuguese-speaking world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_world), the importance of and support for Portuguese communities abroad, the internationalisation of the [national economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal), and the strengthening of [multilateralism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilateralism).[202](../../202/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal regards the success of [European integration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration) as paramount and is prepared, where a consensus exists among European Union member states, to endorse policies that go against with the country's national interests;[\[271\]](../../page/8/#ref-271 "note 271") it also supports general disarmament, the dismantling of political-military blocs, and the creation of a collective security system aimed at establishing an international order grounded in peace and justice among peoples.[\[272\]](../../page/8/#ref-272 "note 272")[203](../../203/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal has two territorial disputes, both of which are with Spain: the Spanish town of [Olivenza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivenza) which has been claimed by Portugal since the [19th century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Oranges), and the surrounding waters of the Portuguese Savage Islands which have been claimed by Spain since the 15th century.[204](../../204/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite causing moments of tension between the two countries, the [relationship between the two countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal–Spain_relations) remains excellent.[\[273\]](../../page/8/#ref-273 "note 273")[\[274\]](../../page/8/#ref-274 "note 274")[\[275\]](../../page/8/#ref-275 "note 275")[205](../../205/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Military Main article: [Portuguese Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces) The [Portuguese Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces) consist of three branches commanded by the [Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_General_Staff_%28Portugal%29) (Armed Forces General Staff): the [Marinha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Navy) (Navy), [Exército](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Army) (Army), and [Força Aérea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Air_Force) (Air Force).[\[276\]](../../page/8/#ref-276 "note 276")[206](../../206/ "tree and pragmatics") In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the [Guarda Nacional Republicana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_%28Portugal%29) (National Republican Guard), a [gendarmerie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendarmerie), comprising personnel in 2025, under the authority of both the [Defence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_%28Portugal%29) and the [Home Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_%28Portugal%29) ministries.[\[277\]](../../page/8/#ref-277 "note 277")[\[278\]](../../page/8/#ref-278 "note 278")[207](../../207/ "tree and pragmatics") The Portuguese military serves as a self-defence force, takes part in humanitarian and peace missions undertaken by the international organisations to which Portugal belongs, and cooperates in civil defence missions.[\[279\]](../../page/8/#ref-279 "note 279")[208](../../208/ "tree and pragmatics") In recent years, the Portuguese military have carried out several [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO) and [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union) missions worldwide.[\[280\]](../../page/8/#ref-280 "note 280")[209](../../209/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Portuguese military budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures) in 2025 was estimated at more than $6 billion, representing 2% of GDP.[\[281\]](../../page/8/#ref-281 "note 281")[210](../../210/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2025, the three branches numbered military personnel.[\[282\]](../../page/8/#ref-282 "note 282")[211](../../211/ "tree and pragmatics") Until 1999, military service was compulsory for men at age 18 becoming officially suspended during peace time and replaced by one mandatory day of sensibilisation about the Armed Forces called [Dia da Defesa Nacional](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_Day_%28Portugal%29) (National Defence Day).[\[283\]](../../page/8/#ref-283 "note 283")[212](../../212/ "tree and pragmatics") Since 1992 women may serve in all branches of the armed forces.[213](../../213/ "tree and pragmatics") The Portuguese military became fully professional in 2004.[\[284\]](../../page/8/#ref-284 "note 284")[214](../../214/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Law enforcement Main article: [Law of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Portugal), [Judiciary of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Portugal), [Law enforcement in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal), [Crime in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Portugal) In Portugal, public prosecution is conducted by the [Public Prosecution Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Prosecution_Service_%28Portugal%29) which is headed by the [prosecutor general](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Portugal).[\[285\]](../../page/8/#ref-285 "note 285")[215](../../215/ "tree and pragmatics") The main police organisations of Portugal are the Guarda Nacional Republicana (National Republican Guard), the [Polícia de Segurança Pública](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polícia_de_Segurança_Pública) (Public Security Police), a civilian police force that works in urban areas; and the [Polícia Judiciária](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polícia_Judiciária) (Judiciary Police), a senior criminal police body, under the authority of the [Minister of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_%28Portugal%29) and endowed with administrative autonomy.[\[277\]](../../page/8/#ref-277 "note 277")[\[286\]](../../page/8/#ref-286 "note 286")[\[287\]](../../page/8/#ref-287 "note 287")[216](../../216/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal has [49 correctional facilities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Portugal) run by the [Directorate-General for Reintegration and Prison Services](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Reintegration_and_Prison_Services) (DGRSP).[\[288\]](../../page/8/#ref-288 "note 288")[217](../../217/ "tree and pragmatics") The facilities are classified by security level, and by degree of management complexity, and often house inmates with different legal statuses, risk levels, and criminal trajectories within the same facilities.[\[288\]](../../page/8/#ref-288 "note 288")[218](../../218/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite following a reintegration-oriented penal model, Portugal retains high prison occupancy and an average sentence length of 31.3 months and one of the world's highest [prison suicide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_suicide) rates representing around 30% of the 60 to 70 [deaths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_in_custody) occurring annually.[\[288\]](../../page/8/#ref-288 "note 288")[\[289\]](../../page/8/#ref-289 "note 289")[219](../../219/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Human rights Main article: [Human rights in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Portugal) Portugal has a tradition of a humanistic criminal justice.[\[290\]](../../page/8/#ref-290 "note 290")[220](../../220/ "tree and pragmatics") The Portuguese Constitution defines the country as being one that is based on human dignity.[\[291\]](../../page/8/#ref-291 "note 291")[221](../../221/ "tree and pragmatics") It abolished [capital punishment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Portugal) and [life imprisonment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_imprisonment) in the 19th century,[\[290\]](../../page/8/#ref-290 "note 290") and forbids [extradition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition) in the case of either sentence possibly being imposed.[\[292\]](../../page/8/#ref-292 "note 292")[222](../../222/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Portuguese Penal Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Penal_Code) provides for a wide range of non-custodial sentences, with the aim of keeping a prison sentence a punishment of last resort.[\[290\]](../../page/8/#ref-290 "note 290")[223](../../223/ "tree and pragmatics") Portuguese penitentiary laws have traditionally been progressive, and based on rehabilitation as the main goal of the implementation of such a sentence.[\[290\]](../../page/8/#ref-290 "note 290")[224](../../224/ "tree and pragmatics") Since the 1980s, Portugal has strengthened [LGBTQ rights](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Portugal) and become one of [Europe's most equal countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Europe), although [historical isolation and authoritarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Portugal) continues to shape social acceptance of [LGBTQ people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_Portugal).[\[293\]](../../page/8/#ref-293 "note 293")[\[294\]](../../page/8/#ref-294 "note 294")[\[295\]](../../page/8/#ref-295 "note 295")[225](../../225/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2001, Portugal [decriminalised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal) the personal possession and consumption of all drugs.[\[296\]](../../page/8/#ref-296 "note 296")[226](../../226/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal faces issues such as [unwarranted use of force by law enforcement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality),[\[297\]](../../page/8/#ref-297 "note 297")[\[298\]](../../page/8/#ref-298 "note 298") [racism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Portugal) and discrimination against minorities,[\[299\]](../../page/8/#ref-299 "note 299")[\[300\]](../../page/8/#ref-300 "note 300") [migrant slavery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Portugal),[\[301\]](../../page/8/#ref-301 "note 301") restrictions on [freedom of association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_association) and collective bargaining,[\[302\]](../../page/8/#ref-302 "note 302") violations of wage, hour, and overtime laws,[\[303\]](../../page/8/#ref-303 "note 303") and persistent structural and institutional deficiencies in the prison system.[\[304\]](../../page/8/#ref-304 "note 304")[227](../../227/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Economy Main article: [Economy of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal) Portugal is a [high-income country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-income_country) with an [advanced economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_economy) that follows the [Mediterranean model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_social_model#Mediterranean_model).[\[305\]](../../page/8/#ref-305 "note 305")[\[306\]](../../page/8/#ref-306 "note 306")[\[307\]](../../page/8/#ref-307 "note 307")[228](../../228/ "tree and pragmatics") The country's economic policy is framed by strategic guidelines called [Major Options](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Options), which are subsequently implemented through the [State Budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_budget).[\[308\]](../../page/8/#ref-308 "note 308")[229](../../229/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal has the EU's [14th-largest economy by nominal GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_%28nominal%29) and the [12th-largest economy by PPP-adjusted GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_%28PPP%29).[\[309\]](../../page/8/#ref-309 "note 309")[230](../../230/ "tree and pragmatics") Its PPP-adjusted GDP per capita stood at to 81% of the EU average in 2025.[\[310\]](../../page/8/#ref-310 "note 310")[231](../../231/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2024, Portugal's service sector contributed the most for its economic output followed the industrial sector and its [primary sector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector).[\[311\]](../../page/8/#ref-311 "note 311")[232](../../232/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2025, Portugal [unemployment rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate) was 5.8%.[\[312\]](../../page/8/#ref-312 "note 312")[233](../../233/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2024, its poverty rate after social transfers was 15.4% of the population while in 2023, the at-risk-of-poverty rate before social transfers stood at 40.3%.[\[313\]](../../page/8/#ref-313 "note 313")[\[314\]](../../page/8/#ref-314 "note 314")[234](../../234/ "tree and pragmatics") The [national debt of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_national_debt) was estimated at 89.7% relative to GDP as of 2025.[\[315\]](../../page/8/#ref-315 "note 315")[235](../../235/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal is part of the [European single market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_single_market) which represents more than 450 million consumers.[\[316\]](../../page/8/#ref-316 "note 316")[236](../../236/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal replaced the [escudo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_escudo) with the [euro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro) in 2002.[\[317\]](../../page/8/#ref-317 "note 317")[237](../../237/ "tree and pragmatics") Its monetary policy is set by the [European Central Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bank).[\[318\]](../../page/8/#ref-318 "note 318")[238](../../238/ "tree and pragmatics") The country has been a part of the [Eurozone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone) since its inception.[\[319\]](../../page/8/#ref-319 "note 319")[239](../../239/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal's [central bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_bank) is the [Banco de Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal) and it is part of the [European System of Central Banks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks).[\[320\]](../../page/8/#ref-320 "note 320")[240](../../240/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2024, Portugal had a combined share of exports and imports that amounted to 90% of its total GDP.[\[321\]](../../page/8/#ref-321 "note 321")[241](../../241/ "tree and pragmatics") In February 2026, Portugal's main export markets were Spain at 26% and Germany at 13.9%.[242](../../242/ "tree and pragmatics") Its main exports are machinery and mechanical appliances, vehicles and other transportation equipment, base metals, and plastics.[243](../../243/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal's main import markets in 2026 were Spain at 32.9% and Germany at 11.9%.[244](../../244/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal's main imports are machinery and mechanical appliances, chemical products, agricultural products, and mineral fuels.[\[322\]](../../page/8/#ref-322 "note 322")[245](../../245/ "tree and pragmatics") Since the 1990s, Portugal's economic model has been based on [public consumption](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumption_%28economics%29) and [economic development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development) focused on exports, private [investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_%28macroeconomics%29) and the development of its [high-tech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-tech) sector.[246](../../246/ "tree and pragmatics") Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as [wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine) and [cork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_%28material%29) in export earnings.[\[323\]](../../page/8/#ref-323 "note 323")[247](../../247/ "tree and pragmatics") Operated by the [Euronext Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronext_Lisbon), Portugal's stock market, the [PSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSI-20), includes 16 major companies based on the country, including [Sonae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonae), [Mota-Engil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mota-Engil), [Corticeira Amorim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticeira_Amorim), [The Navigator Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Navigator_Company), and [EDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDP_Group).[\[324\]](../../page/8/#ref-324 "note 324")[248](../../248/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2025, Portugal ranked 16th among European Union member states in innovation by the [European Innovation Scoreboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Innovation_Scoreboard), while placing 31st worldwide in the [Global Innovation Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index).[\[325\]](../../page/8/#ref-325 "note 325")[\[326\]](../../page/8/#ref-326 "note 326")[249](../../249/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2024, neuroscience accounted for 12.5% of Portugal's scientific output, the second-highest national share, and the country ranked 23rd worldwide in total neuroscience output.[\[327\]](../../page/8/#ref-327 "note 327")[250](../../250/ "tree and pragmatics") Among the research institutions based in the country are the [Gulbenkian Institute of Molecular Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbenkian_Institute_of_Molecular_Medicine), the [International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Iberian_Nanotechnology_Laboratory), and the [Champalimaud Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champalimaud_Foundation) which was the world's 11th top non-profit institution in neuroscience research between 2019 and 2023.[\[328\]](../../page/8/#ref-328 "note 328")[251](../../251/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Agriculture and fishery Main article: [Agriculture in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Portugal), [Fishing industry in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Portugal) The Portuguese agriculture sector accounted for 2.9% of the country's total GDP as of 2024.[\[311\]](../../page/8/#ref-311 "note 311")[252](../../252/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal's [agricultural land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_land) encompassed an area of approximately 3697000 ha as of 2023, of which 17.4% was dedicated to [organic farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming), representing the fifth-highest share worldwide.[\[329\]](../../page/8/#ref-329 "note 329")[253](../../253/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite the extent of the country's agricultural land, the diversity of Portugal's [edaphoclimatic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphology) and [agroecological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agroecology) conditions enables the cultivation of various agricultural products such as wheat, maize, and rice, with each one having an important role in the primary sector, and resulting in an agricultural self-sufficiency rate of 85% as of 2018.[\[330\]](../../page/8/#ref-330 "note 330")[\[331\]](../../page/8/#ref-331 "note 331")[254](../../254/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal ranks sixth in the world in [seafood consumption per capita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_seafood_consumption), with each Portuguese person consuming on average 54 kg of fish in 2023.[\[332\]](../../page/8/#ref-332 "note 332")[255](../../255/ "tree and pragmatics") The high fish consumption in Portugal is due to tradition and cultural roots, politics, dynamics of the fish market system, and geography.[\[333\]](../../page/8/#ref-333 "note 333")[256](../../256/ "tree and pragmatics") Strong demand for seafood makes the fisheries a valuable national asset.[\[333\]](../../page/8/#ref-333 "note 333")[257](../../257/ "tree and pragmatics") While Portugal captured 185000 t of fish in 2019, down from the 222000 t in 2010, fish and seafood represent the single highest import of biocapacity from abroad, amounting to 1600000 [global hectares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_hectare) in total.[\[333\]](../../page/8/#ref-333 "note 333")[258](../../258/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Industry and services Main article: [Tourism in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Portugal), [:pt:Indústria automóvel em Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/:pt:Indústria_automóvel_em_Portugal) Portugal's manufacturing industry accounted for 21.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2024, down from an annual average of 26% over the period between 1953 and 1973.[\[311\]](../../page/8/#ref-311 "note 311")[\[334\]](../../page/8/#ref-334 "note 334")[259](../../259/ "tree and pragmatics") The lower contribution of manufacturing to Portugal's economy has led to lower real GDP growth rates between 1974 and 2019 than during the period between 1950 and 1973.[\[334\]](../../page/8/#ref-334 "note 334")[260](../../260/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2025, Portugal's automobile industry produced the biggest share of the country's exports.[\[322\]](../../page/8/#ref-322 "note 322")[261](../../261/ "tree and pragmatics") The automobile industry accounts for 20.2% of the country manufacturing exports and 82.8% of the total value of its exports employing 43.247 workers in 2020.[\[335\]](../../page/8/#ref-335 "note 335")[262](../../262/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal's service sector accounted for 76.5% of the country's total economic output as of 2024.[\[311\]](../../page/8/#ref-311 "note 311")[263](../../263/ "tree and pragmatics") Tourism, retail, and telecommunication are all major industries.[\[324\]](../../page/8/#ref-324 "note 324")[264](../../264/ "tree and pragmatics") Tourism represented 11.8% of the Portugal's total GDP as of 2025.[\[336\]](../../page/8/#ref-336 "note 336")[265](../../265/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal attracted nearly 30 million international tourists in 2025,[\[337\]](../../page/8/#ref-337 "note 337") [ranking 15th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Tourism_rankings) in the world in that year for inbound tourism.[\[338\]](../../page/8/#ref-338 "note 338")[266](../../266/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Infrastructure Main article: [Transport in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Portugal), [Energy in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal) Portugal's road network includes a system of [48 motorways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal#Motorways), which, as of 2023, ranked as the [seventh largest among 42 European countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_motorway_construction_in_European_nations).[\[339\]](../../page/8/#ref-339 "note 339")[\[340\]](../../page/8/#ref-340 "note 340")[\[341\]](../../page/8/#ref-341 "note 341")[267](../../267/ "tree and pragmatics") The busiest [Portuguese airports](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Portugal) are [Lisbon Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Airport), [Porto Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Airport), [Faro Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro_Airport), [Madeira Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira_Airport), and [Ponta Delgada Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta_Delgada_Airport).[\[342\]](../../page/8/#ref-342 "note 342")[268](../../268/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2024, passenger and freight [rail transport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Portugal) in Portugal operated on 2526 km of active [railway lines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_lines_in_Portugal), with passenger services operated mainly by [Comboios de Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comboios_de_Portugal) (CP).[\[343\]](../../page/8/#ref-343 "note 343")[\[344\]](../../page/8/#ref-344 "note 344")[269](../../269/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Port of Sines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Sines) serves as Portugal's foremost [container port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Portugal) and leads the country in cargo [tonnage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage).[\[345\]](../../page/8/#ref-345 "note 345")[270](../../270/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2023, two-thirds of Portugal's energy supply was imported, representing the 11th-highest level of energy dependency in the European Union.[\[346\]](../../page/8/#ref-346 "note 346")[271](../../271/ "tree and pragmatics") The country is pursuing [energy transition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Portugal) and has invested in the development of renewable energy sources such as the [Aguçadoura Wave Farm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguçadoura_Wave_Farm).[\[347\]](../../page/8/#ref-347 "note 347")[\[348\]](../../page/8/#ref-348 "note 348")[272](../../272/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal has expanded the role of renewable sources in its energy sector, with renewables accounting for 35.2% of energy consumption, up from 21.9% in 2007, and 78.1% of [total installed capacity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation), compared with 59.3% in 2014.[\[349\]](../../page/8/#ref-349 "note 349")[273](../../273/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2021, the country completed the phase-out of coal-fired generation.[\[350\]](../../page/8/#ref-350 "note 350")[\[351\]](../../page/8/#ref-351 "note 351")[274](../../274/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/7/) [8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/8/) - ← previous: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/2/) - next →: [page 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/4/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)