--- title: Portugal — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 4 description: Wikipedia's «Portugal», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country in Southwestern Europe. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Portugal # Portugal · page 4 From Wikipedia, [«Portugal»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/3/) **4** [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/7/) [8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/8/) ## Demographics Main article: [Demographics of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal) See also: [Portuguese people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people) In 2025, Portugal had a population of, of whom were Portuguese nationals.[275](../../275/ "tree and pragmatics") The remainder were foreign residents at.[\[8\]](../../page/8/#ref-8 "note 8")[276](../../276/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal is steadily ageing and has one of the world's highest proportion of elderly citizens, comprising nearly one-fourth of its entire population,[\[352\]](../../page/8/#ref-352 "note 352")[\[353\]](../../page/8/#ref-353 "note 353") together with a female share of the population at 51.1%.[\[354\]](../../page/8/#ref-354 "note 354")[\[355\]](../../page/8/#ref-355 "note 355")[277](../../277/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2025, Portugal had a fertility rate of 1.4, which is below the [replacement rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility) of 2.1 and is one of the [world's lowest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_fertility_rate).[\[8\]](../../page/8/#ref-8 "note 8")[\[356\]](../../page/8/#ref-356 "note 356")[278](../../278/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal has had a fertility rate below the replacement rate of 2.1 since the 1980s that has led to the country having a [median age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid) of 45.8, one of the [highest in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age).[\[357\]](../../page/8/#ref-357 "note 357")[\[8\]](../../page/8/#ref-8 "note 8")[\[358\]](../../page/8/#ref-358 "note 358")[279](../../279/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2025, 23.3% of the population was aged 65 or older.[\[8\]](../../page/8/#ref-8 "note 8")[280](../../280/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite the effects of net migration, due to low fertility rates, Portugal's population is projected to drop to 8.3 million by 2100.[\[359\]](../../page/8/#ref-359 "note 359")[281](../../281/ "tree and pragmatics") Historically a country of emigration,[\[360\]](../../page/8/#ref-360 "note 360") Portugal has been a net recipient of [immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Portugal) since 1993 except between 2011 and 2016 during the [Portuguese financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010–2014_Portuguese_financial_crisis).[\[361\]](../../page/8/#ref-361 "note 361")[\[362\]](../../page/8/#ref-362 "note 362")[\[8\]](../../page/8/#ref-8 "note 8")[282](../../282/ "tree and pragmatics") Since 2016, Portugal has experienced a marked increase in immigration, with the proportion of non-nationals in the total population rising from 3.5% to 14.0% by 2025, living mainly in the Algarve and the [Lisbon metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_metropolitan_area), and with 24.5% of all births registered in 2024 being to foreign-born women.[\[363\]](../../page/8/#ref-363 "note 363")[\[299\]](../../page/8/#ref-299 "note 299")[\[364\]](../../page/8/#ref-364 "note 364")[283](../../283/ "tree and pragmatics") In Portugal, White Portuguese constitute the largest [racial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_%28human_categorization%29) and [ethnic group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity), representing 84.2% of the population, followed by multiracial Portuguese at 3.4%, [Black Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Portuguese) at 2.2%, [Asian Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luso-Asians) at 0.7%, and the [Romani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Portugal) at 0.6%.[\[299\]](../../page/8/#ref-299 "note 299")[284](../../284/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2023, 88% of the Portuguese population lived in urban areas.[\[365\]](../../page/8/#ref-365 "note 365")[285](../../285/ "tree and pragmatics") The capital city, [Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon) [corpus](../../../Lisbon/ "in our corpus"), had a population of as of 2025.[286](../../286/ "tree and pragmatics") It is part of Lisbon [metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_in_Portugal), the biggest metropolitan area of Portugal with 3.4 million people.[\[366\]](../../page/8/#ref-366 "note 366")[287](../../287/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Religion Main article: [Religion in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal) Portugal has been a [secular state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_state) [since 1911](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_on_the_separation_of_church_and_state_%28Portugal%29), and it guarantees [religious freedom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_freedom).[\[367\]](../../page/8/#ref-367 "note 367")[\[368\]](../../page/8/#ref-368 "note 368")[\[369\]](../../page/8/#ref-369 "note 369")[288](../../288/ "tree and pragmatics") Although Portugal has no [official religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion), the [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Portugal) has a history there that predates the country's formation and can be traced back to the 3rd century.[\[370\]](../../page/8/#ref-370 "note 370")[289](../../289/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the Portuguese population aged 15 and older were Catholic, while 14.1% are nonreligious.[\[371\]](../../page/8/#ref-371 "note 371")[\[374\]](../../page/8/#ref-374 "note 374")[290](../../290/ "tree and pragmatics") The country has small [Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism_in_Portugal), [Latter-day Saints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Portugal), [Muslim](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal), [Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_Portugal), [Sikh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism_in_Portugal), [Jehovah's Witnesses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Portugal), [Baháʼí](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baháʼí_Faith_in_Portugal), [Buddhist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Portugal), and [Jewish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal) communities.[\[371\]](../../page/8/#ref-371 "note 371")[291](../../291/ "tree and pragmatics") Influences from Chinese traditional religion are also evident among many people, particularly in fields related to [Traditional Chinese Medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine).[\[376\]](../../page/8/#ref-376 "note 376")[292](../../292/ "tree and pragmatics") Even though Portugal has deep ties with Christianity, as of 2019 the majority of its people were shown to be tolerant towards followers of other faiths, with the Muslim community perceiving itself as thoroughly integrated into Portugal and believing that the country provided conditions conducive to smooth integration.[\[377\]](../../page/8/#ref-377 "note 377")[293](../../293/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Languages Main article: [Languages of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal) See also: [Portuguese language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language) Portuguese is the official and predominantly spoken language in Portugal.[\[378\]](../../page/8/#ref-378 "note 378")[\[379\]](../../page/8/#ref-379 "note 379")[294](../../294/ "tree and pragmatics") It is one of 24 official and working [languages of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union).[295](../../295/ "tree and pragmatics") Portuguese is the fifth-most widely spoken first language in the world, with around 250 million native speakers.[\[380\]](../../page/8/#ref-380 "note 380")[296](../../296/ "tree and pragmatics") [Portuguese Sign Language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language) is officially protected by the country's constitution.[\[381\]](../../page/8/#ref-381 "note 381")[297](../../297/ "tree and pragmatics") The recognised regional languages and dialects include [Mirandese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirandese_language), spoken in [Terra de Miranda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_de_Miranda), and [Barranquenho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barranquenho), in [Barrancos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrancos).[\[381\]](../../page/8/#ref-381 "note 381")[298](../../298/ "tree and pragmatics") Portuguese people are typically bilingual, with 67.5% speaking at least two languages, and tend to be proficient non-native English speakers, with Portugal placed sixth globally for English proficiency in the 2025 [EF English Proficiency Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_English_Proficiency_Index).[\[382\]](../../page/8/#ref-382 "note 382")[\[383\]](../../page/8/#ref-383 "note 383")[299](../../299/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Education Main article: [Education in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Portugal) Portugal's education system is organised into [preschool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preschool) education; school education, encompassing [basic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_education_in_Portugal), [secondary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Portugal) and [higher education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_Portugal); and [extracurricular education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracurricular_education_in_Portugal), which includes [continuing education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education).[\[384\]](../../page/8/#ref-384 "note 384")[\[385\]](../../page/8/#ref-385 "note 385")[300](../../300/ "tree and pragmatics") Optional preschool is provided for all children between three and five years old,[\[386\]](../../page/8/#ref-386 "note 386")[\[387\]](../../page/8/#ref-387 "note 387") after which school attendance is compulsory for 12 years.[\[388\]](../../page/8/#ref-388 "note 388")[301](../../301/ "tree and pragmatics") Basic education lasts nine years and is divided into three cycles, while secondary education is organised into [academic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College-preparatory_school) and [vocational pathways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education).[\[388\]](../../page/8/#ref-388 "note 388")[302](../../302/ "tree and pragmatics") Higher education is provided by universities and [polytechnic institutions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_%28Portugal%29) in accordance with the [Bologna Process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_Process), with the [University of Lisbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lisbon) being the country's largest university by enrolment.[\[389\]](../../page/8/#ref-389 "note 389")[303](../../303/ "tree and pragmatics") A general requirement for higher education are the [exames finais nacionais do ensino secundário](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exames_Nacionais_do_Ensino_Secundário).[\[390\]](../../page/8/#ref-390 "note 390")[304](../../304/ "tree and pragmatics") Most secondary-school students continue their studies at public higher education institutions or the [Military Academy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Academy_%28Portugal%29), which also awards university degrees.[\[391\]](../../page/8/#ref-391 "note 391")[\[392\]](../../page/8/#ref-392 "note 392")[\[393\]](../../page/8/#ref-393 "note 393")[305](../../305/ "tree and pragmatics") Although other European countries began investing in education in the 19th century, Portugal's long-established national identity, stable borders and homogeneous population contributed to a lack of political commitment to educational development until the First Republic in the early 20th century;[\[394\]](../../page/8/#ref-394 "note 394") many of its reforms were subsequently reversed under the [Estado Novo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_%28Portugal%29), whose deliberate neglect of education contributed to Portugal recording Europe's highest illiteracy rate in 1964;[\[395\]](../../page/8/#ref-395 "note 395")[\[396\]](../../page/8/#ref-396 "note 396") following democratisation in 1974, education became more widely accessible and underwent modernisation.[\[388\]](../../page/8/#ref-388 "note 388")[306](../../306/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal lags behind most OECD countries on educational indicators, largely owing to the older working-age generation.[\[397\]](../../page/8/#ref-397 "note 397")[307](../../307/ "tree and pragmatics") Fewer than two-thirds of Portugal's population have completed secondary or higher education.[\[397\]](../../page/8/#ref-397 "note 397")[308](../../308/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal's adult population aged 16 to 65 records the fifth-lowest level of knowledge and skills in the OECD, whereas school students perform at average levels.[\[398\]](../../page/8/#ref-398 "note 398")[\[399\]](../../page/8/#ref-399 "note 399")[\[400\]](../../page/8/#ref-400 "note 400")[309](../../309/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2021, the national illiteracy rate among people aged 10 or over stood at 3.1%, ranging from 1.4% to 12.3% across the country's municipalities.[\[401\]](../../page/8/#ref-401 "note 401")[310](../../310/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal spent 4.5% of its total GDP on education in 2022.[\[402\]](../../page/8/#ref-402 "note 402")[311](../../311/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Health Main article: [Health in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Portugal), [Healthcare in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Portugal) Portugal has a predominantly [universal tax-funded health care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care) system, called [Serviço Nacional de Saúde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service_%28Portugal%29) (SNS), that operates alongside public-sector health insurance schemes called health subsystems funded mainly through employee and employer contributions, as well as private voluntary health insurance.[\[403\]](../../page/8/#ref-403 "note 403")[312](../../312/ "tree and pragmatics") Primary and hospital care are provided by both public and private entities, with the private sector and complementing services offered by the SNS.[\[404\]](../../page/8/#ref-404 "note 404")[313](../../313/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2023, Portugal had the 3rd lowest public share on health spending in the European Union and over half of public hospitals in [technical insolvency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency) in 2020.[\[405\]](../../page/8/#ref-405 "note 405")[\[406\]](../../page/8/#ref-406 "note 406")[314](../../314/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal has a high level of health inequity in the OECD, driven by limited public spending, uneven distribution of services, low household income, long waiting times, and policy shortcomings.[\[407\]](../../page/8/#ref-407 "note 407")[315](../../315/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal [ranked 23rd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy) in the world in 2024 in life expectancy with 85.4 years for women and 79.8 years for men, and it had an [infant mortality rate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate) of 2.7 deaths per [live births](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_birth_%28human%29).[\[408\]](../../page/8/#ref-408 "note 408")[\[409\]](../../page/8/#ref-409 "note 409")[316](../../316/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2022, the leading cause of death were cardiovascular diseases, at 25.4%.[\[408\]](../../page/8/#ref-408 "note 408")[317](../../317/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal presents several adverse public-health indicators, including the 3rd lowest share of people reporting good health in the European Union, in 2024, at 54%, the highest alcohol consumption with 11.9 l consumed per person, in 2020, and the highest share of adult population living a [sedentary lifestyle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle), in 2022, at 73%, a pattern reinforced by limited active-transport infrastructure and unsafe conditions for pedestrians and cyclists.[\[410\]](../../page/8/#ref-410 "note 410")[\[411\]](../../page/8/#ref-411 "note 411")[318](../../318/ "tree and pragmatics") The percentage of the Portuguese population suffering from moderate or severe [food insecurity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_insecurity) between 2022 and 2024 was on average 11.9%, which makes Portugal the third-highest country in [Southern Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe) for this indicator where the average stands at 5.9%.[\[412\]](../../page/8/#ref-412 "note 412")[319](../../319/ "tree and pragmatics") Stakeholders have raised concerns over the effectiveness of food safety policies.[\[413\]](../../page/8/#ref-413 "note 413")[320](../../320/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture Main article: [Culture of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal), [Mass media in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Portugal) Portugal's culture has developed due to, initially before its existence, the influence from various civilisations that have crossed Europe, especially the Mediterranean.[\[414\]](../../page/8/#ref-414 "note 414")[\[415\]](../../page/8/#ref-415 "note 415")[321](../../321/ "tree and pragmatics") Later, during the period of [Portugal's engagement in the Age of Discovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Portugal_%281415–1578%29), cultural elements from outside of Europe were introduced and became a central element of Portuguese national identity.[\[85\]](../../page/8/#ref-85 "note 85")[\[416\]](../../page/8/#ref-416 "note 416")[322](../../322/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal is known for [its heritage and architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_architecture),[\[417\]](../../page/8/#ref-417 "note 417") [sacred sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Fátima),[\[418\]](../../page/8/#ref-418 "note 418") [festivities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Portugal),[\[419\]](../../page/8/#ref-419 "note 419")[\[420\]](../../page/8/#ref-420 "note 420") [poetry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_poetry),[\[421\]](../../page/8/#ref-421 "note 421") its music (especially the [fado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fado)),[\[422\]](../../page/8/#ref-422 "note 422") and [cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine) (including [its wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_wine)).[\[423\]](../../page/8/#ref-423 "note 423")[\[424\]](../../page/8/#ref-424 "note 424")[323](../../323/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2026, [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) inscribed [17 properties in Portugal on the World Heritage List](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal).[\[425\]](../../page/8/#ref-425 "note 425")[324](../../324/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal's [national day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_day) is on 10 June, celebrated as the Dia de Portugal, de Camões e das Comunidades Portuguesas ([Portugal, Camões, and Portuguese Communities Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_Day)).[\[426\]](../../page/8/#ref-426 "note 426")[325](../../325/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Art and architecture Main article: [Portuguese art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_art), [Architecture of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Portugal) The history of visual art in Portugal dates back into the [Paleolithic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic).[326](../../326/ "tree and pragmatics") An early evidence showing an attempt at depicting motion was found at the [Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_Rock_Art_Sites_in_the_Côa_Valley_and_Siega_Verde).[\[427\]](../../page/8/#ref-427 "note 427")[327](../../327/ "tree and pragmatics") Over time, foreign and native influences, together with advancements in manufacturing, developed distinctive art styles, such as the [Manueline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manueline) and [Pombaline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pombaline_style),[\[428\]](../../page/8/#ref-428 "note 428") and also a number of crafts that are typical of Portugal, namely the [azulejo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azulejo), [talha dourada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded_woodcarving_in_Portugal), and [Portuguese pavement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_pavement).[\[429\]](../../page/8/#ref-429 "note 429")[\[430\]](../../page/8/#ref-430 "note 430")[\[431\]](../../page/8/#ref-431 "note 431")[328](../../328/ "tree and pragmatics") Historically, Christianity played an influential role in Portuguese art and was a recurrent theme in many art forms, including painting.[\[432\]](../../page/8/#ref-432 "note 432")[329](../../329/ "tree and pragmatics") Throughout the country's history, artwork in Portugal was typically done by local artists who, depending on location, followed different variations in style, giving Portugal a diverse array of artistic styles throughout the country, an example of this being the [thatch houses of Santana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_thatch_houses_of_Santana), in Madeira.[\[433\]](../../page/8/#ref-433 "note 433")[330](../../330/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Literature Main article: [Portuguese literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_literature) Portugal has a literary tradition that predates the Portuguese language going back into the early 13th century.[\[434\]](../../page/8/#ref-434 "note 434")[331](../../331/ "tree and pragmatics") Portuguese literature developed through song as well as the written page known as [cantigas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantigas).[\[435\]](../../page/8/#ref-435 "note 435")[332](../../332/ "tree and pragmatics") The cantigas drew practitioners from all social ranging from King [Denis I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal) to [Martin Codax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Codax) who was a [minstrel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel).[\[436\]](../../page/8/#ref-436 "note 436")[333](../../333/ "tree and pragmatics") The earliest known work of literature produced by a Portuguese is the [Ora faz ost'o senhor de Navarra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_faz_ost%27o_senhor_de_Navarra), a [cantiga de escárnio e maldizer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantigas_de_escárnio_e_maldizer) written in [Galician–Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician–Portuguese) by [João Soares de Paiva](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/João_Soares_de_Paiva) at around the year 1200.[\[437\]](../../page/8/#ref-437 "note 437")[\[438\]](../../page/8/#ref-438 "note 438")[334](../../334/ "tree and pragmatics") Portuguese literature developed under the influence of both European geopolitical developments and broader European literary traditions.[335](../../335/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Hundred Years' War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War) helped foster the development of Portuguese [chronicles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle) by [Fernão Lopes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernão_Lopes), which constitute a valuable record of some of Europe's early encounters with peoples beyond the continent.[\[439\]](../../page/8/#ref-439 "note 439")[\[440\]](../../page/8/#ref-440 "note 440")[336](../../336/ "tree and pragmatics") European medieval chivalric literature, together with didactic religious literature transmitted through adaptations and partial translations, contributed to the development of Portuguese poetry in the translated works of [Norman French](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_French) [Arturian narratives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arthurian_literature).[\[436\]](../../page/8/#ref-436 "note 436")[\[441\]](../../page/8/#ref-441 "note 441")[337](../../337/ "tree and pragmatics") Portuguese literature flourished during the Age of Discovery with writers such as [Luís Vaz de Camões](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luís_Vaz_de_Camões) and [António Ferreira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Ferreira_%28poet%29).[\[442\]](../../page/8/#ref-442 "note 442")[\[443\]](../../page/8/#ref-443 "note 443")[338](../../338/ "tree and pragmatics") Modern Portuguese literature took shape through the work of [Almeida Garrett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almeida_Garrett), one of the founders of Portuguese Romanticism.[\[444\]](../../page/8/#ref-444 "note 444")[339](../../339/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal has one [Nobel Prize–winning author](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature)—[José Saramago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Saramago) (1998).[\[445\]](../../page/8/#ref-445 "note 445")[340](../../340/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Music Main article: [Music of Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Portugal) The [recorded history of music in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal) dates back to the 6th century.[341](../../341/ "tree and pragmatics") The earliest documentation of a church singer in Portugal is from the year 525 and refers to an individual named André.[342](../../342/ "tree and pragmatics") Portuguese music initially consisted mostly of [liturgical music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_music) and [troubadourism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric).[\[446\]](../../page/8/#ref-446 "note 446")[\[447\]](../../page/8/#ref-447 "note 447")[343](../../343/ "tree and pragmatics") Over time, new folk traditions together with the influence of foreign cultures and the creation of [new instruments](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_musical_instruments), especially [guitars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_guitars), led to a diverse variety of regional folk music such as the fado, the [Coimbra fado](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra_fado), and [Madeira's folk music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Madeira).[\[448\]](../../page/8/#ref-448 "note 448")[\[449\]](../../page/8/#ref-449 "note 449")[\[450\]](../../page/8/#ref-450 "note 450")[344](../../344/ "tree and pragmatics") [Popular music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_musicians) in Portugal after the Carnation Revolution has been heavily influenced by American trends, which has led into the evolution of [hip-hop tuga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_tuga) and popularisation of [rock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music_in_Portugal).[\[451\]](../../page/8/#ref-451 "note 451")[345](../../345/ "tree and pragmatics") Historically, Portugal has been a country of [emigration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration) which has heavily influenced the [pimba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimba) in the 20th century and led to the introduction of Portuguese music into other cultures such as the [ukelele](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukelele) in [Hawaii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii) in the 19th century.[\[452\]](../../page/8/#ref-452 "note 452")[\[453\]](../../page/8/#ref-453 "note 453")[346](../../346/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Holidays and festivities Main article: [Public holidays in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Portugal) Officially, Portugal has 13 national, government-recognised holidays.[\[454\]](../../page/8/#ref-454 "note 454")[347](../../347/ "tree and pragmatics") Public holidays in Portugal are regulated by the [Labour Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Labour_Code).[\[454\]](../../page/8/#ref-454 "note 454")[348](../../348/ "tree and pragmatics") Besides the national holidays, there are regional holidays celebrated only in Madeira and the Azores and two facultative holidays which are the [Entrudo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrudo) and one municipal holiday allowed per [concelho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concelho).[\[455\]](../../page/8/#ref-455 "note 455")[349](../../349/ "tree and pragmatics") Unlike some official holidays, Portugal's folk festivities remain widely attended and are rooted in local traditions, such as the [Carnival of Ovar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_of_Ovar), Lisbon's [Marchas Populares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchas_Populares), and Porto's [Festa de São João](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festa_de_São_João_do_Porto).[\[454\]](../../page/8/#ref-454 "note 454")[\[456\]](../../page/8/#ref-456 "note 456")[350](../../350/ "tree and pragmatics") Many of folk festivities are associated with the [Santos Populares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_saint), Christian celebrations with older pagan origins linked to [Midsummer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsummer).[\[457\]](../../page/8/#ref-457 "note 457")[351](../../351/ "tree and pragmatics") These festivities are celebrated across the country, especially in rural areas, and typically include music performances, stages, temporary arenas, and traditional food stalls.[\[458\]](../../page/8/#ref-458 "note 458")[352](../../352/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cuisine Main article: [Portuguese cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine), [Portuguese wine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_wine) Portuguese cuisine is influenced by both the [Mediterranean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_diet) and [Atlantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_diet) diets.[\[459\]](../../page/8/#ref-459 "note 459")[353](../../353/ "tree and pragmatics") Seafood, [brassicas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicas), potatoes, bread, dairy, and [olive oil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil) are traditional staples.[\[460\]](../../page/8/#ref-460 "note 460")[354](../../354/ "tree and pragmatics") [Bacalhau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacalhau) has such a broad presence in Portugal that it is considered a [national dish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_dish), along with the [pastel de nata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastel_de_nata).[\[461\]](../../page/8/#ref-461 "note 461")[\[423\]](../../page/8/#ref-423 "note 423")[355](../../355/ "tree and pragmatics") Traditional Portuguese sweets are known as [conventual sweets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventual_sweets).[356](../../356/ "tree and pragmatics") Large quantities of sugar and eggs are used.[\[462\]](../../page/8/#ref-462 "note 462")[357](../../357/ "tree and pragmatics") Popular [Port](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine)uguese beverages include its wines, a craft that is well establish since the 7th century, and of which are such examples as Port and [Madeira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira_wine).[\[463\]](../../page/8/#ref-463 "note 463")[\[424\]](../../page/8/#ref-424 "note 424")[358](../../358/ "tree and pragmatics") [Beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Portugal) has been brewed in Portugal since the [Chalcolithic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe).[\[464\]](../../page/8/#ref-464 "note 464")[359](../../359/ "tree and pragmatics") Tea has been produced on São Miguel Island since the 19th century.[\[465\]](../../page/8/#ref-465 "note 465")[360](../../360/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sport Main article: [Sport in Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal) Portugal has contributed to the popularity and globalisation of sport through internationally recognised athletes such as [Cristiano Ronaldo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo), [Ricardinho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardinho_%28futsal_player,_born_1985%29), [Naide Gomes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naide_Gomes), and [Carlos Lopes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Lopes), as well as through the [popularity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sports_clubs_by_membership) of its three largest [football clubs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_%28Portugal%29).[\[466\]](../../page/8/#ref-466 "note 466")[\[467\]](../../page/8/#ref-467 "note 467")[361](../../361/ "tree and pragmatics") [Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Portugal) is the most popular sport in Portugal.[\[468\]](../../page/8/#ref-468 "note 468")[362](../../362/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Portugal men's national football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_men%27s_national_football_team) won the [UEFA European Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship) in [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016) and the [UEFA Nations League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Nations_League) in [2019](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018–19_UEFA_Nations_League) and [2025](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024–25_UEFA_Nations_League).[\[469\]](../../page/8/#ref-469 "note 469")[\[470\]](../../page/8/#ref-470 "note 470")[\[471\]](../../page/8/#ref-471 "note 471")[363](../../363/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal is among the world's leading [futsal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal_in_Portugal) countries,[\[472\]](../../page/8/#ref-472 "note 472") with its [men's national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_national_futsal_team) having won the [FIFA Futsal World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup) in [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup),[\[473\]](../../page/8/#ref-473 "note 473") the [UEFA Futsal Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Championship) in [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Euro_2018) and [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Euro_2022),[\[474\]](../../page/8/#ref-474 "note 474")[\[475\]](../../page/8/#ref-475 "note 475") and the [Futsal Finalissima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal_Finalissima) in [2022](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Futsal_Finalissima).[\[476\]](../../page/8/#ref-476 "note 476")[364](../../364/ "tree and pragmatics") In [athletics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_of_athletics_in_Portugal), the country has set several [records](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_records_in_athletics) and has earned more medals in this sport than in any other at both the [Olympic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_at_the_Olympics) and [Paralympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_at_the_Paralympics).[\[477\]](../../page/8/#ref-477 "note 477")[\[478\]](../../page/8/#ref-478 "note 478")[\[479\]](../../page/8/#ref-479 "note 479")[365](../../365/ "tree and pragmatics") In traditional sport, Portugal is noted for its [classical dressage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_School_of_Equestrian_Art) as well as native sports such as [jogo do pau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogo_do_pau) and [jogo da malha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogo_da_malha).[\[480\]](../../page/8/#ref-480 "note 480")[\[481\]](../../page/8/#ref-481 "note 481")[366](../../366/ "tree and pragmatics") Portugal has several established sporting centres across the country, including the Algarve and Lisbon, which are international golf destinations and have hosted motorsport events such as [Formula One](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Grand_Prix) and [Grand Prix motorcycle racing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_motorcycle_Grand_Prix),[\[482\]](../../page/8/#ref-482 "note 482")[\[483\]](../../page/8/#ref-483 "note 483")[\[484\]](../../page/8/#ref-484 "note 484") as well as [Nazaré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia_do_Norte_%28Nazaré%29) and [Peniche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertubos), which are known for surfing and annually host the [TUDOR Nazaré Big Wave Challenge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUDOR_Nazaré_Big_Wave_Challenge) and the [MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEO_Rip_Curl_Pro_Portugal), respectively.[\[485\]](../../page/8/#ref-485 "note 485")[\[486\]](../../page/8/#ref-486 "note 486")[\[487\]](../../page/8/#ref-487 "note 487")[367](../../367/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/3/) **4** [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/7/) [8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/8/) - ← previous: [page 3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/3/) - next →: [page 5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Portugal/page/5/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)