--- title: Pyongyang — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 3 description: Wikipedia's «Pyongyang», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Pyongyang is the capital and largest city of North Korea. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Pyongyang/page/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Pyongyang # Pyongyang · page 3 From Wikipedia, [«Pyongyang»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Pyongyang/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Pyongyang/page/2/) **3** Pyongyang has a rapidly evolving skyline, dominated by high-rise apartment buildings.[182](../../182/ "tree and pragmatics") A construction boom began with the Changjon Street Apartment Complex, which was completed in 2012.[\[99\]](../../page/3/#ref-99 "note 99")[183](../../183/ "tree and pragmatics") Construction of the complex began after late leader [Kim Jong Il](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il) described Changjon Street as "pitiful".[\[100\]](../../page/3/#ref-100 "note 100")[184](../../184/ "tree and pragmatics") Other housing complexes are being upgraded as well, but most are still poorly insulated, without elevators or central heating.[\[101\]](../../page/3/#ref-101 "note 101")[185](../../185/ "tree and pragmatics") An urban renewal program continued under Kim Jong Un's leadership, with the old apartments of the 1970s and '80s replaced by taller high rise buildings and leisure parks like the [Kaesong Youth Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaeson_Youth_Park), as well as renovations of older buildings.[\[102\]](../../page/3/#ref-102 "note 102")[186](../../186/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2018, the city was described as unrecognizable compared to five years before.[\[103\]](../../page/3/#ref-103 "note 103")[187](../../187/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Landmarks Main article: [List of tourist attractions in Pyongyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Pyongyang) Notable landmarks in the city include:[188](../../188/ "tree and pragmatics") - The [Ryugyong Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryugyong_Hotel)[189](../../189/ "tree and pragmatics") - The [Kumsusan Palace of the Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumsusan_Palace_of_the_Sun)[190](../../190/ "tree and pragmatics") - The [Arch of Triumph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Triumph_%28Pyongyang%29) (heavily inspired by, but larger than, the [Arc de Triomphe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe) in [Paris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris) [corpus](../../../Paris/ "in our corpus"))[191](../../191/ "tree and pragmatics") - The birthplace of Kim Il Sung at [Mangyongdae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangyongdae) Hill at the city outskirts[192](../../192/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Juche Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche_Tower), a monument to the philosophy of [Juche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juche) (self-reliance)[193](../../193/ "tree and pragmatics") - Two large stadiums:[194](../../194/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Rungrado 1st of May Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungrado_1st_of_May_Stadium) (the [second largest stadium in the world](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stadiums_by_capacity) by seating capacity)[195](../../195/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kim Il Sung Stadium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Stadium)[196](../../196/ "tree and pragmatics") - The [Mansu Hill complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansu_Hill_Grand_Monument), including the [Korean Revolution Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Revolution_Museum)[197](../../197/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kim Il Sung Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Square)[198](../../198/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Yanggakdo International Hotel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanggakdo_International_Hotel)[199](../../199/ "tree and pragmatics") [Pyongyang TV Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_TV_Tower) is a minor landmark.[200](../../200/ "tree and pragmatics") Other visitor attractions include the [Korea Central Zoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Central_Zoo).[201](../../201/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Pyongyang–Kaesong Motorway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang–Kaesong_Motorway) stretches from Pyongyang to the [Korean Demilitarized Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone) (DMZ).[202](../../202/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture ### Cuisine See also: [North Korean cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine) Pyongyang served as the provincial capital of [South Pyongan Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pyongan_Province) until 1946,[\[104\]](../../page/3/#ref-104 "note 104") and Pyongyang cuisine is part of the general culinary tradition of the Pyongan province.[203](../../203/ "tree and pragmatics") The most famous local food is [Pyongyang raengmyŏn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_naengmyeon), or also called mul raengmyŏn or just simply raengmyŏn.[204](../../204/ "tree and pragmatics") Raengmyŏn literally means "cold noodles", while the affix mul refers to water because the dish is served in a cold broth.[205](../../205/ "tree and pragmatics") Raengmyŏn consists of thin and chewy buckwheat noodles in a cold meat-broth with [dongchimi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongchimi) (watery kimchi) and topped with a slice of sweet [Korean pear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_pear).[206](../../206/ "tree and pragmatics") Pyongyang raengmyŏn was originally eaten in homes built with [ondol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondol) (traditional [underfloor heating](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underfloor_heating)) during the cold winter, so it is also called "Pyongyang deoldeori" (shivering in Pyongyang).[207](../../207/ "tree and pragmatics") Pyongyang locals sometimes enjoy it as a [haejangguk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haejangguk), which is any type of food eaten as a hangover cure, usually a warm soup.[\[105\]](../../page/3/#ref-105 "note 105")[208](../../208/ "tree and pragmatics") Another representative Pyongyang dish, [Taedonggang sungeoguk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taedonggang_sungeoguk), translates as "flathead grey mullet soup from the [Taedong River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taedong_River)".[209](../../209/ "tree and pragmatics") The soup features [flathead grey mullet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flathead_grey_mullet) (abundant in the Taedong River) along with black peppercorns and salt.[\[106\]](../../page/3/#ref-106 "note 106")[210](../../210/ "tree and pragmatics") Traditionally, it has been served to guests visiting Pyongyang.[211](../../211/ "tree and pragmatics") Therefore, there is a common saying, "How good was the trout soup?", which is used to greet people returning from Pyongyang.[212](../../212/ "tree and pragmatics") Another local specialty, Pyongyang onban (literally "warm rice of Pyongyang"), comprises freshly cooked rice topped with sliced mushrooms, chicken, and a couple of [bindaetteok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindaetteok) (pancakes made from ground mung beans and vegetables).[\[105\]](../../page/3/#ref-105 "note 105")[213](../../213/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Social life In 2018, there were many high-quality restaurants in Pyongyang with Korean and international food, and imported alcoholic beverages.[\[103\]](../../page/3/#ref-103 "note 103")[214](../../214/ "tree and pragmatics") Famous restaurants include [Okryu-gwan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okryu-gwan) and Ch'ongryugwan.[\[107\]](../../page/3/#ref-107 "note 107")[215](../../215/ "tree and pragmatics") Some [street food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_food) exists in Pyongyang, where vendors operate [food stalls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_stall).[\[108\]](../../page/3/#ref-108 "note 108")[216](../../216/ "tree and pragmatics") Foreign foods like [hamburgers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger), [fries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fries), [pizza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza), and coffee are easily found.[\[103\]](../../page/3/#ref-103 "note 103")[217](../../217/ "tree and pragmatics") There is an active nightlife with late-night restaurants and karaoke.[\[103\]](../../page/3/#ref-103 "note 103")[218](../../218/ "tree and pragmatics") The city has water parks, [amusement parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amusement_parks_in_North_Korea), skating rinks, health clubs, a shooting range, and a dolphinarium.[\[102\]](../../page/3/#ref-102 "note 102")[219](../../219/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Sports See also: [Sport in North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_North_Korea) Pyongyang has a number of sports clubs, including the [April 25 Sports Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_25_Sports_Club) and the [Pyongyang City Sports Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_City_Sports_Club).[\[109\]](../../page/3/#ref-109 "note 109")[220](../../220/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Economy Pyongyang is North Korea's industrial center[\[36\]](../../page/3/#ref-36 "note 36") because of the abundance of natural resources like [coal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal), [iron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron) and [limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone), as well as good land and water transport systems.[221](../../221/ "tree and pragmatics") Pyongyang was the first industrial city to emerge in North Korea after the [Korean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War).[222](../../222/ "tree and pragmatics") Light and heavy industries are both present and have developed in parallel.[223](../../223/ "tree and pragmatics") Heavy manufactures include [cement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement), industrial ceramics,[\[42\]](../../page/3/#ref-42 "note 42") munitions and weapons, but mechanical engineering remains the core industry.[224](../../224/ "tree and pragmatics") Light industries in Pyongyang and its vicinity include [textiles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles), footwear and food, among others.[\[42\]](../../page/3/#ref-42 "note 42")[225](../../225/ "tree and pragmatics") Special emphasis is put on the production and supply of fresh produce and subsidiary crops in farms on the city's outskirts.[226](../../226/ "tree and pragmatics") Other crops include [rice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice), [sweetcorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize) and [soybeans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeans).[227](../../227/ "tree and pragmatics") Pyongyang aims to achieve self-sufficiency in meat production.[228](../../228/ "tree and pragmatics") High-density facilities raise [pigs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigs), [chicken](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken) and [other livestock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock).[\[36\]](../../page/3/#ref-36 "note 36")[229](../../229/ "tree and pragmatics") Until the late 2010s, Pyongyang still experienced frequent shortages of electricity.[\[110\]](../../page/3/#ref-110 "note 110")[230](../../230/ "tree and pragmatics") To solve this problem, two power stations – Huichon Power Stations 1 and 2 – were built in [Chagang Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagang_Province) and supply the city through direct transmission lines.[231](../../231/ "tree and pragmatics") A second phase of the power expansion project was launched in January 2013, consisting of a series of small dams along the [Chongchon River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongchon_River).[232](../../232/ "tree and pragmatics") The first two power stations have a maximum generating capacity of 300 megawatts (MW), while the 10 dams to be built under the second phase are expected to generate about 120 MW.[\[110\]](../../page/3/#ref-110 "note 110")[233](../../233/ "tree and pragmatics") In addition, the city has several existing or planned [thermal power stations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station).[234](../../234/ "tree and pragmatics") These include Pyongyang TPS with a capacity of 500 MW, East Pyongyang TPS with a capacity of 50 MW, and Kangdong TPS which is under construction.[\[111\]](../../page/3/#ref-111 "note 111")[235](../../235/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Retail Pyongyang is home to several large department stores including the [Pothonggang Department Store](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothonggang_Department_Store), [Pyongyang Department Store No. 1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_Department_Store_No._1), Pyongyang Department Store No. 2, Kwangbok Department Store, Ragwon Department Store, Pyongyang Station Department Store, and the Pyongyang Children's Department Store.[\[112\]](../../page/3/#ref-112 "note 112")[236](../../236/ "tree and pragmatics") The city also has Hwanggumbol Shop, a chain of state-owned convenience stores supplying goods at prices cheaper than those in the [jangmadang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangmadang) markets.[237](../../237/ "tree and pragmatics") Hwanggumbol Shops are specifically designed to control North Korea's expanding markets by attracting consumers and guaranteeing the circulation of money in government-operated stores.[\[113\]](../../page/3/#ref-113 "note 113")[238](../../238/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Transportation Pyongyang is the main transport hub of the country: it has a network of roads, railways and air routes which link it to both foreign and domestic destinations.[239](../../239/ "tree and pragmatics") It is the starting point of inter-regional highways reaching Nampo, Wonsan and Kaesong.[\[36\]](../../page/3/#ref-36 "note 36")[240](../../240/ "tree and pragmatics") [Pyongyang railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_Station) serves the main railway lines, including the [Pyongui Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongui_Line) and the [Pyongbu Line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongbu_Line).[241](../../241/ "tree and pragmatics") Regular international rail services to [Beijing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing) [corpus](../../../Beijing/ "in our corpus"), the Chinese border city of [Dandong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandong) and [Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow) [corpus](../../../Moscow/ "in our corpus") are also available.[242](../../242/ "tree and pragmatics") A rail journey to Beijing takes about 25 hours and 25 minutes (K27 from Beijing/K28 from Pyongyang, on Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays); a journey to Dandong takes about 6 hours (daily); a journey to Moscow takes six days.[243](../../243/ "tree and pragmatics") The city also connects to the [Eurasian Land Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge) via the [Trans-Siberian Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway).[244](../../244/ "tree and pragmatics") A [high-speed rail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_rail) link to Wonsan is planned.[\[114\]](../../page/3/#ref-114 "note 114")[245](../../245/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_Metro), [tram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_tram_system) and [trolleybus systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Pyongyang) are used mainly by commuters as a primary means of urban transportation.[\[36\]](../../page/3/#ref-36 "note 36")[246](../../246/ "tree and pragmatics") Cycle lanes were introduced on main thoroughfares in July 2015.[\[115\]](../../page/3/#ref-115 "note 115")[247](../../247/ "tree and pragmatics") There are relatively few [cars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car) in the city.[248](../../248/ "tree and pragmatics") Cars are a [status symbol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_symbol) in the country due to their scarcity resulting from import restrictions caused by international sanctions and domestic regulations.[\[116\]](../../page/3/#ref-116 "note 116")[249](../../249/ "tree and pragmatics") Some roads are also reported to be in poor condition.[\[117\]](../../page/3/#ref-117 "note 117")[250](../../250/ "tree and pragmatics") However, by 2018, Pyongyang had begun to experience traffic jams.[\[103\]](../../page/3/#ref-103 "note 103")[251](../../251/ "tree and pragmatics") State-owned [Air Koryo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Koryo) has scheduled international flights from [Pyongyang Sunan International Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_Sunan_International_Airport) to Beijing ([PEK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport)), [Shenyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang) ([SHE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_Taoxian_International_Airport)) and [Vladivostok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok) ([VVO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok_Airport)).[\[118\]](../../page/3/#ref-118 "note 118")[252](../../252/ "tree and pragmatics") The only domestic destinations are [Hamhung](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamhung), [Wonsan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsan), [Chongjin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongjin), [Hyesan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyesan) and [Samjiyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samjiyon).[253](../../253/ "tree and pragmatics") Since 27 July 2025, [Nordwind Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwind_Airlines) has served direct flights between [Moscow–Sheremetyevo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow–Sheremetyevo) and [Pyongyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_Sunan_International_Airport) once a month.[\[119\]](../../page/3/#ref-119 "note 119")[254](../../254/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Demographics According to the 2008 population census, the city has a population of 3,255,288.[\[120\]](../../page/3/#ref-120 "note 120")[255](../../255/ "tree and pragmatics") It is estimated that 99% of those living in Pyongyang are members, candidate members, or dependents of members of the ruling [Workers' Party of Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea) (WPK).[\[121\]](../../page/3/#ref-121 "note 121")[256](../../256/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Education and science [Kim Il Sung University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_University), North Korea's oldest university, was established in 1946.[\[36\]](../../page/3/#ref-36 "note 36")[257](../../257/ "tree and pragmatics") It has 21 faculties, 4 research institutes, and 10 other university units.[\[122\]](../../page/3/#ref-122 "note 122")[\[123\]](../../page/3/#ref-123 "note 123")[\[124\]](../../page/3/#ref-124 "note 124")[258](../../258/ "tree and pragmatics") These include the primary medical education and health personnel training unit, the medical college; a physics faculty which covers a range of studies including [theoretical physics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics), optical science, [geophysics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysics) and [astrophysics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics);[\[125\]](../../page/3/#ref-125 "note 125") an atomic energy institute and the largest law firm in the country (Ryongnamsan Law Office).[\[126\]](../../page/3/#ref-126 "note 126")[259](../../259/ "tree and pragmatics") Kim Il Sung University also has its own publishing house, sports club ([Ryongnamsan Sports Club](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryongnamsan_Sports_Club)),[\[127\]](../../page/3/#ref-127 "note 127") revolutionary museum, nature museum, libraries, gym, indoor swimming pool and apartment units for educators.[260](../../260/ "tree and pragmatics") Its four main buildings were completed in 1965 (Building 1), 1972 (Building 2), and 2017 (Buildings 3 and 4).[\[128\]](../../page/3/#ref-128 "note 128")[\[129\]](../../page/3/#ref-129 "note 129")[\[130\]](../../page/3/#ref-130 "note 130")[261](../../261/ "tree and pragmatics") Other higher education establishments include [Kim Chaek University of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Chaek_University_of_Technology), [Pyongyang Medical University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_Medical_University), [Pyongyang University of Music and Dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Music_and_Dance) and [Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Foreign_Studies).[262](../../262/ "tree and pragmatics") [Pyongyang University of Science and Technology (PUST)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Science_and_Technology) is the country's first private university; most of its lecturers are American and courses are carried out in English.[\[131\]](../../page/3/#ref-131 "note 131")[\[132\]](../../page/3/#ref-132 "note 132")[263](../../263/ "tree and pragmatics") A science and technology hall is under construction on [Ssuk Islet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssuksom).[264](../../264/ "tree and pragmatics") Its stated purpose is to contribute to the "informatization of educational resources" by centralizing teaching materials, compulsory literature and experimental data for state-level use in a digital format.[\[133\]](../../page/3/#ref-133 "note 133")[265](../../265/ "tree and pragmatics") [Sosong-guyok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosong-guyok) hosts a 20 [MeV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeV) [cyclotron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron) called MGC-20.[266](../../266/ "tree and pragmatics") The initial project was approved by the [International Atomic Energy Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency) (IAEA) in 1983 and funded by the IAEA, the United States and the North Korean government.[267](../../267/ "tree and pragmatics") The cyclotron was ordered from the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) in 1985 and constructed between 1987 and 1990.[268](../../268/ "tree and pragmatics") It is used for student training, production of medical isotopes for [nuclear medicine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_medicine) as well as studies in biology, chemistry and physics.[\[134\]](../../page/3/#ref-134 "note 134")[269](../../269/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Healthcare Medical centers include the Red Cross Hospital, the First People's Hospital, which is located near Moran Hill and was the first hospital built in North Korea after the [liberation of Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Korea) in 1945,[\[135\]](../../page/3/#ref-135 "note 135") the Second People's Hospital, Ponghwa Recuperative Center (also known as [Bonghwa Clinic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonghwa_Clinic) or Presidential Clinic) located in Sokam-dong, [Potonggang-guyok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potonggang-guyok), 1.5 km northwest of [Kim Il Sung Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Square),[\[136\]](../../page/3/#ref-136 "note 136") Pyongyang Medical School Hospital, Namsan Treatment Center which is adjacent[\[137\]](../../page/3/#ref-137 "note 137") [Pyongyang Maternity Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_Maternity_Hospital), Taesongsan General Hospital,[\[138\]](../../page/3/#ref-138 "note 138") Kim Man-yoo Hospital, Staff Treatment Center and Okryu Children's Hospital.[270](../../270/ "tree and pragmatics") A new hospital named [Pyongyang General Hospital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital) began construction in Pyongyang in 2020.[\[139\]](../../page/3/#ref-139 "note 139")[271](../../271/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Twin towns – sister cities Pyongyang is [twinned](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city) with:[\[140\]](../../page/3/#ref-140 "note 140")[272](../../272/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Baghdad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad) [corpus](../../../Baghdad/ "in our corpus"), Iraq[273](../../273/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai), Thailand[274](../../274/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai), United Arab Emirates[275](../../275/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Jakarta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta) [corpus](../../../Jakarta/ "in our corpus"), Indonesia[276](../../276/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Kathmandu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu) [corpus](../../../Kathmandu/ "in our corpus"), Nepal[277](../../277/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Moscow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow) [corpus](../../../Moscow/ "in our corpus"), Russia[278](../../278/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Tianjin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin), China[279](../../279/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Ulaanbaatar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatar) [corpus](../../../Ulaanbaatar/ "in our corpus"), Mongolia[\[141\]](../../page/3/#ref-141 "note 141")[280](../../280/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [List of cities in North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea) [List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea) ### Bibliography - Webster, Hugh Alexander (1878). "[281](../../281/ "tree and pragmatics") Encyclopædia Britannica".[282](../../282/ "tree and pragmatics") Charles Scribner's Sons..[283](../../283/ "tree and pragmatics") - "[North Korea – A Country Study](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pdf/CS_North-Korea.pdf)".[284](../../284/ "tree and pragmatics") [Library of Congress Country Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies).[285](../../285/ "tree and pragmatics") 2009.[286](../../286/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Further reading Dormels, Rainer (2014). "North Korea's Cities: Industrial Facilities, Internal Structures and Typification". Jimoondang. Em, Pavel P.; Ward, Peter; Prokopljevic, Jelena; Zakharova, Liudmila V.; Sigley, Alek (Spring 2021). "City Profile of Pyongyang 3.0: Inside Out". *[North Korean Review](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_Review)*. Kim Chun-hyok (2014). "[Panorama of Pyongyang](http://www.korean-books.com.kp/KBMbooks/en/book/common/11004.pdf#.pdf)". [Foreign Languages Publishing House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_%28North_Korea%29). Kracht, Christian; Munz, Eva; Nikol, Lukas (October 2007). "[The Ministry of Truth: Kim Jong Il's North Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Truth_%28Kracht_book%29)". Feral House. "Architectural and Cultural Guide Pyongyang". DOM. 2012. Springer, Chris (2003). "Pyongyang: The Hidden History of the North Korean Capital". Saranda Books. "[Pyongyang in Kim Jong Un's Era](http://www.korean-books.com.kp/packages/xnps/download.php?/KBMbooks/en/book/ordinary/20211124104604.pdf)". [Foreign Languages Publishing House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_%28North_Korea%29). 2021. Willoughby, Robert (2003). "North Korea: The Bradt Travel Guide". Globe Pequot. ## External links [Interactive virtual tour](http://www.dprk360.com/360/pyongyang_aerial_view/) Aerial view of Pyongyang city [Super High Resolution Image](http://www.dprk360.com/highres/pyongyang01.html) Panoramic view of Pyongyang city [North Korea Uncovered](http://www.nkeconwatch.com/north-korea-uncovered-google-earth) ([North Korea Google Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea_Uncovered)), a comprehensive mapping of North Korea, including all of the locations mentioned above, on [Google Earth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth) [Holidays in Pyongyang](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3113352.stm) [Instagram photos of Pyongyang](https://web.archive.org/web/20141120180535/http://en.isten.me/city/pyongyang.html) [City profile of Pyongyang](https://koreanologie.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_koreanologie/North_Korean_Cities/Phyongsong/Phyongsong.pdf) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Pyongyang/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Pyongyang/page/2/) **3** ## References {#references} 1\. Funabashi, Yoichi (2007). "The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis". [Brookings Institution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution) Press. 2\. "The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World". 3\. United Nations. "[Democratic People's Republic of Korea](https://data.un.org/en/iso/kp.html)". Data.un.org. 4\. "[Specialties of Korea](http://www.korean-books.com.kp/KBMbooks/en/book/ordinary/20221208150725.pdf)". [Foreign Languages Publishing House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_%28North_Korea%29). 2022. 5\. Wells, John C. (2008). "Longman Pronunciation Dictionary". Longman. 6\. "[Pyongyang definition and meaning \| Collins English Dictionary](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pyongyang)". 7\. "[Definition of P'YŎNGYANG](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/P%27y%C7%92ngyang)". *www.merriam-webster.com*. 8\. /pjɒŋˈjæŋ,\_pjʌŋ-,\_-jɑːŋ/;\[5\]\[6\]\[7\] pʰjɔŋ.jaŋ 9\. "['평양(平壤)' 지명은 '부루나'에서 유래](http://www.spnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=63534)". *SPN 서울평양뉴스*. 2023-03-30. 10\. "[ko:평양이라는 이름의 유래](http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?ptype=csense&mtype=view&no=1140)". *[Uriminzokkiri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriminzokkiri)*. 11\. Funabashi, Yōichi (2007). "The peninsula question : a chronicle of the second Korean nuclear crisis". Brookings Institution Press. 12\. "[Map – Pyongyang – MAP\[N\]ALL.COM](https://www.mapnall.com/en/Map-Pyongyang_1104342.html)". *www.mapnall.com*. 13\. "[Japan and Korea compiled and drawn in the Cartographic Section of the National Geographic Society for The National Geographic Magazine](http://www.drben.net/publishImages/Koreas_Report~Sources~Korea_Maps~Historic~1945~Map-Japan-Korea-1945-01~~element1972.jpg)". Gilbert Grosvenor. 1945. 14\. "[Heijō: North Korea](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268903&fid=3334&c=north_korea)". 15\. "[Heijō-fu: North Korea](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268905&fid=3353&c=north_korea)". 16\. "[Heizyō: North Korea](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268917&fid=3381&c=north_korea)". 17\. "[Heizyō Hu: North Korea](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268918&fid=3325&c=north_korea)". 18\. "[Hpyeng-yang: North Korea](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-269384&fid=3353&c=north_korea)". 19\. "[P-hjöng-jang: North Korea](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279136&fid=3353&c=north_korea)". 20\. "[Phyeng-yang: North Korea](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279138&fid=3362&c=north_korea)". 21\. "[Phyong-yang: North Korea](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279139&fid=3381&c=north_korea)". 22\. "[Pienyang: North Korea](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279152&fid=3353&c=north_korea)". 23\. Blunden, Caroline (1998). "[Cultural Atlas of China](https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofc00blun_0/page/235/)". [Facts on File](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facts_on_File).: "Names in *italics* represent the Wade-Giles equivalent of the preceding Pinyin transcription....Pingrang/*P'ing-jang see* Pyongyang" 24\. "[The New Columbia Encyclopedia](https://archive.org/details/newcolumbiaencyc00harr/page/2250/)". [Columbia University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press). 1975. "Chin. *P'ing-jang*" 25\. Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). "[Chinese History: A New Manual](https://archive.org/details/chinesehistoryne0000wilk/page/14/)". [Harvard University Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press). "The DPRK (Joseon Minjujui Inmin Konghuaguk 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國) is read in Chinese as Chaoxian minzhu zhuyi renmin gonghe guo, and its capital, Pyeonyang, is pronounced Pingrang 平壤." 26\. "[Pingyang: North Korea](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279198&fid=3325&c=north_korea)". 27\. "[Pyengyang: North Korea](http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-280505&fid=3372&c=north_korea)". 28\. ''EB'' 1878, p. 390. 29\. These include: Heijō-fu,\[15\] Heizyō,\[16\] Heizyō Hu,\[17\] Hpyeng-yang,\[18\] P-hjöng-jang,\[19\] Phyeng-yang,\[20\] Phyong-yang,\[21\] Pienyang,\[22\] P'ing-jang,\[23\]\[24\] Pingrang,\[23\]\[25\] Pingyang,\[26\] Pyengyang,\[27\] and Pieng-tang.\[28\] 30\. Hermann Lautensach (1988). "[Korea: A Geography Based on the Author's Travels and Literature](https://books.google.com/books?id=OrHtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9)". Springer. 31\. Lankov, Andrei (16 March 2005). "[North Korea's missionary position](http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html)". *Asia Times Online*. 32\. Caryl, Christian (15 September 2007). "[Prayer in Pyongyang](http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/09/15/prayer-in-pyongyang.html)". *The Daily Beast*. The Newsweek/Daily Beast Co. 33\. "[「혁명의 수도」선포...금속·건재 공업이 주류](https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/2342714)". *[JoongAng Ilbo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo)*. 1989-07-03. 34\. "[Pyongyang was to become 'Kim Il Sung City'; The followers of Kim Jong Il suggested the idea](http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01300&num=58)". *[Daily NK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_NK)*. 21 February 2005. 35\. National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. 2001. Geumtan-ri. *Hanguk Gogohak Sajeon* \[Dictionary of Korean Archaeology\], pp. 148–149. NRICH, Seoul. ISBN 89-5508-025-5 36\. "[Pyongyang](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/484693/Pyongyang)". *Encyclopædia Britannica Online*. 37\. Nanglang-state is different from Lelang Commandery. 38\. Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). "Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present". Princeton University Press. 39\. Beckwith, Christopher I. (2007). "Koguryo: The Language of Japan's Continental Relatives". Brill. 40\. "[Pyongyang, one-time Jerusalem of East](https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2021/03/197_304944.html)". *[The Korea Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times)*. 2021-03-04. 41\. Lahmeyer, Jan. "[North Korea – Urban Population](http://www.populstat.info/Asia/nkoreat.htm)". *Populstat*. University of Utrecht. 42\. "[P'yŏngyang \| national capital, North Korea \| Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/place/Pyongyang)". 29 May 2023. 43\. "[March 1st movement Pyongyang](https://english.seoul.go.kr/the-march-first-independence-movement-of-seoul-and-pyeongyang/)". 5 March 2019. 44\. "[朝鮮物産奨励運動](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%A9%E7%94%A3%E5%A5%A8%E5%8A%B1%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95-98045)". 45\. "[ko:물산장려운동](https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0052020)". 46\. Memorandum (Institute of Pacific Relations, American Council), Vol. 2, No. 5 (16 Mar 1933), pp. 1–3 47\. Buzo, Adrian (2002). "The Making of Modern Korea". Routledge. 48\. "[Pyongyang taken as UN retreats, 1950](https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/pyongyang-taken-as-un-retreats/znhynrd)". *BBC Archive*. 49\. Schinz, Alfred; Eckart, Dege (1990). "Pyongyang-Ancient and Modern – the Capital of North Korea". *GeoJournal*. 50\. 金聖甫、李信澈「写真と絵で見る北朝鮮現代史」監修: 李泳采、韓興鉄訳、コモンズ、東京・新宿(原著2010年12月1日).ISBN 978-4861870750. 2018年4月30日閲覧. 51\. "[Korea (Democratic People's Republic of) 1972 (rev. 1998) Constitution - Constitute](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Peoples_Republic_of_Korea_1998)". *www.constituteproject.org*. 52\. Hahn (2018). "[Architectural Development in North and South Korea](https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/2018/11_tufe/4-hahn.pdf)". *Proceedings of the 11th FIG International Symposium on Deformation Monitoring (TUFE)*. [International Federation of Surveyors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Surveyors). 53\. "[Crying by numbers at Kim's state funeral](https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/crying-by-numbers-at-kim-s-state-funeral-1415015.html)". *The Independent*. 1994-07-19. 54\. "[ko:\[통일문화가꿔가기 38\] 평양 창전거리 건설 비하인드 소설《강자》](http://www.jajusibo.com/39729)". *자주시보*. 55\. Féron, Henri (18 July 2017). "[Pyongyang's Construction Boom: Is North Korea Beating Sanctions?](https://www.38north.org/2017/07/hferon071817/)". *[38 North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38_North)*. 56\. Yoo, Cheong-mo (11 October 2018). "[N. Korean leader visits newly renovated orchestra theater in Pyongyang](https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20181011005500315)". *[Yonhap News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency)*. 57\. Zwirko, Colin (9 January 2019). "[Major demolition underway in central Pyongyang's Moranbong district: imagery \| NK News](https://www.nknews.org/2019/01/major-demolition-underway-in-central-pyongyangs-moranbong-district-imagery/)". *[NK News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_News)*. 58\. Zwirko, Colin (14 June 2022). "[Major construction springs up in shadow of infamous Pyongyang hotel: Imagery](https://www.nknews.org/pro/major-construction-springs-up-in-shadow-of-infamous-pyongyang-hotel-imagery/)". *NK PRO*. 59\. "[Newstream](https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1579273291-970390963/Pyongyang-City-Youth-Park-Open-Air-Theatre-inaugurated/)". 60\. Jang, Seulkee (15 April 2022). "[Interiors of many new apartments in Pyongyang still remain incomplete](https://www.dailynk.com/english/interiors-many-new-apartments-pyongyang-still-incomplete/)". *Daily NK*. 61\. Williams, Martyn (15 April 2021). "[Pyongyang Development Projects off to a Strong Start](https://www.38north.org/2021/04/pyongyang-development-projects-off-to-a-strong-start/)". *[38 North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38_North)*. 62\. "[Kim Jong Un visits construction site for new luxury apartments in Pyongyang \| NK News](https://www.nknews.org/2021/08/kim-jong-un-visits-construction-site-for-new-luxury-apartments-in-pyongyang/)". *[NK News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_News)*. 21 August 2021. 63\. "[North Korean leader Kim Jong Un builds luxury villas over grandfather's old home](https://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/legacy-10252021135553.html)". *[Radio Free Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia)*. 64\. Colin Zwirko (2023-02-23). "[North Korea adds skyscraper, simplifies designs for major new housing project](https://www.nknews.org/pro/north-korea-adds-skyscraper-simplifies-designs-for-major-new-housing-project/)". [NK News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_News). 65\. Colin Zwirko (2023-02-16). "[Kim Jong Un opens construction on major housing and farm projects in capital](https://www.nknews.org/2023/02/kim-jong-un-opens-construction-on-major-housing-and-farm-projects-in-capital/)". [NK News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_News). 66\. "[Jonwi Street, Grand Monument to Youth Encapsulating the Future Appearance of Our Civilized and Prosperous Country](http://www.koreanarchitecture.gov.kp/index.php?kt=T3VyQWN0aXZlX0RhdGFpbA==&no=81&lang=ZQ==)". *Korean Architecture*. 30 June 2025. 67\. Colin Zwirko (2024-04-17). "[Kim Jong Un debuts new song praising himself at grand opening of housing project](https://www.nknews.org/2024/04/kim-jong-un-debuts-new-song-praising-himself-at-grand-opening-of-housing-project/)". [NK News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_News). 68\. Sokolin, Anton (15 May 2024). "[Kim Jong Un attends completion ceremony of high-rise street project in capital](https://www.nknews.org/2024/05/kim-jong-un-attends-completion-ceremony-of-high-rise-street-project-in-capital/)". *NK News*. 69\. Holland, Oscar; Rippley, Will (19 March 2025). "[North Korea unveils new 10,000-home showpiece residential district](https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/19/style/north-korea-hwasong-pyongyang-housing-intl-hnk)". *CNN*. 70\. Williams, Martyn; Ragnone, Iliana (2025-03-13). "[Quick Take: First Footprints of New Pyongyang Housing Project Appear](https://www.38north.org/2025/03/quick-take-first-footprints-of-new-pyognyang-housing-project-appear/)". [NK News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_News). 71\. Williams, Martyn (2025-03-10). "[Kim Jong Un Plots Continued Renewal of Pyongyang](https://www.38north.org/2025/03/kim-jong-un-plots-continued-renewal-of-pyongyang/)". [NK News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_News). 72\. Williams, Martyn (26 March 2026). "[Pyongyang Housing Push Marches On](https://www.38north.org/2026/03/pyongyang-housing-push-marches-on/)". *38 North*. 73\. Williams, Martyn (2026-03-26). "[Pyongyang Housing Push Marches On](https://www.38north.org/2026/03/pyongyang-housing-push-marches-on/)". 38 North. 74\. Country Study 2009, p. 63. 75\. Muller, M. J. (2012). "[Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science](https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=Pyongyang+koppen+dwa&pg=PA125)". Springer Science & Business Media. 76\. "[Pyongyang, North Korea Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)](http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=85074&cityname=Pyongyang,+North+Korea)". *Weatherbase*. 77\. "[Average Weather in May in Pyongyang, North Korea - Weather Spark](https://weatherspark.com/m/141759/5/Average-Weather-in-May-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea)". *weatherspark.com*. 78\. "[Average Weather in September in Pyongyang, North Korea - Weather Spark](https://weatherspark.com/m/141759/9/Average-Weather-in-September-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea)". *weatherspark.com*. 79\. "[Average Weather in Pyongyang, North Korea, Year Round](https://weatherspark.com/y/141759/Average-Weather-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea-Year-Round#Sections-Clouds)". *weatherspark.com*. 80\. "[Average Weather in Pyongyang, North Korea, Year Round - Weather Spark](https://weatherspark.com/y/141759/Average-Weather-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea-Year-Round#Sections-Precipitation)". *weatherspark.com*. 81\. Country Study 2009, p. 196. 82\. Country Study 2009, p. 276–277. 83\. Country Study 2009, p. 277. 84\. "[Haengjeong Guyeok Hyeonhwang](http://nk.chosun.com/map/map.html?ACT=geo_01)". *NK Chosun*. Also [Administrative divisions of North Korea](http://www.xzqh.org/waiguo/asia/1002.htm) (used as reference for hanja) 85\. "[ko:조선중앙통신 \| 기사 \| 화성지구의 행정구역명칭을 정하였다](http://kcna.kp/kp/article/q/669fe64b44cd967d77e0f6d1c60cc042.kcmsf)". *[Korean Central News Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency)*. 86\. "[Pyongyang now more than one-third smaller; food shortage issues suspected](http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201007160470.html)". *[Asahi Shimbun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun)*. 17 July 2010. 87\. "[Kangnam moved into Pyongyang](http://www.nkeconwatch.com/2012/02/29/kangnam-moved-into-pyongyang/)". *North Korean Economy Watch*. 2012-02-29. 88\. 안준용. "[北, 평양서 150km 떨어진 곳을 평양市에 편입 왜?](https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/03/07/2018030700259.html)". *[The Chosun Ilbo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo)*. 89\. Country Study 2009, p. 91, 93–94. 90\. Country Study 2009, p. 91. 91\. Dongwoo Yim (2017-08-24). "[A brief urban history of Pyongyang, North Korea – and how it might develop under capitalism](https://www.archpaper.com/2017/08/pyongyang-urban-planning-development/)". The Architect's Newspaper. 92\. Talmadge, Eric (20 November 2017). "[Lonely highways: On the road in Kim Jong Un's North Korea](https://apnews.com/article/republic-of-kim-a-road-less-traveled-1589490035)". *[Associated Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press)*. AP. 93\. Country Study 2009, p. 97. 94\. Country Study 2009, p. 91–92. 95\. "[Architecture and City Planning](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+kp0053%29)". [Library of Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress). 96\. Glenday, Craig (2013). "[Guinness World Records 2014](https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/144)". Guinness World Records Limited. 97\. "[Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished?](http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm)". *BBC News*. BBC. 15 October 2009. 98\. Yoon, Sangwon (1 November 2012). "[Kempinski to Operate World's Tallest Hotel in North Korea](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-01/north-korea-gets-world-s-tallest-hotel-as-kempinski-opens-tower.html)". *Bloomberg*. 99\. Gray, Nolan (16 October 2018). "[The Improbable High-Rises of Pyongyang, North Korea](https://www.citylab.com/design/2018/10/whats-behind-north-koreas-building-boom/573142/)". *Bloomberg.com*. 100\. Lee, Seok Young (25 August 2011). "['Pitiful' Changjeon Street the Top Priority](http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=8100)". *[Daily NK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_NK)*. 101\. "[Pyongyang glitters but most of NKorea still dark](https://news.yahoo.com/pyongyang-glitters-most-nkorea-still-dark-050645191.html)". Yahoo News. 29 April 2013. 102\. Makinen, Julie (20 May 2016). "[North Korea is building something other than nukes: architecture with some zing](http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-architecture-20160520-snap-story.html)". *Los Angeles Times*. 103\. Salmon, Andrew (4 December 2018). "[Going native in the Hermit Kingdom](https://asiatimes.com/article/going-native-in-the-hermit-kingdom/)". *Asia Times*. 104\. "[ko:평양시 平壤市](http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=298139&v=44)" \[Pyongyang\]. Nate/Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. 105\. "[ko:닮은 듯 색다른 매력을 간직한 북한의 음식 문화](http://www.knowledge.go.kr/jsp/theme/themeView.jsp?themeIdx=2872&dir=al&page=4&searchOption=all&searchValue=)". Korea Knowledge Portal. 19 June 2009. 106\. Ju, Wan-jung (주완중) (12 June 2000). "ko:'오마니의 맛' 관심" \[Attention to "Mother's taste"\]. *[The Chosun Ilbo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo)*. 107\. Lankov, Andrei (2007). "North of the DMZ: Essays on daily life in North Korea". McFarland. 108\. Pearson, James; Yeom, Seung-Woo. "[Fake meat and free markets ease North Koreans' hunger](https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/northkorea-food/)". *Reuters*. 109\. "[The Sights and Sounds of Domestic Football in North Korea](http://www.footyfair.com/2015/08/the-sights-and-sounds-of-domestic.html)". *Footy Fair*. August 2015. 110\. "[Ten Power Plants on Chongchon River under Construction to Increase Power Supply to Pyongyang](http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/FRM/FRM_0101V.aspx?code=FRM141219_0001)". Institute for Far Eastern Studies. 19 December 2014. 111\. "[Pyongyang's Perpetual Power Problems](http://38north.org/2014/11/cmelvin112514/)". *[38 North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38_North)*. 25 November 2014. 112\. "[Pyongyang Metro maps](http://www.pyongyang-metro.com/metromaps.html)". *pyongyang-metro.com*. 113\. "[Effort to Prevent Outflow of Capital into Markets](http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/FRM/FRM_0101V.aspx?code=FRM150320_0001)". Institute for Far Eastern Studies. 20 March 2015. 114\. "[Outline for Development of Wonsan-Kumgangsan Tourist Region Revealed](http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/FRM/FRM_0101V.aspx?code=FRM150326_0001)". Institute for Far Eastern Studies. 26 March 2015. 115\. "[North Korea installs bike lanes in Pyongyang](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/11737632/North-Korea-installs-bike-lanes-in-Pyongyang.html)". *Telegraph*. Reuters. 14 July 2015. 116\. Martin, Bradley K. (9 July 2007). "[In Kim's North Korea, Cars Are Scarce Symbols of Power, Wealth](https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a31VJVRxcJ1Y)". *Bloomberg*. 117\. Fisher, Max (16 April 2012). "[North Korean Press Bus Takes Wrong Turn, Opening Another Crack in the Hermit Kingdom](https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/04/north-korean-press-bus-takes-a-wrong-turn-opening-another-crack-in-the-hermit-kingdom/255955/)". *The Atlantic*. 118\. 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