--- title: The birth rate (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the mortality rate (… — Romania · tree and pragmatics description: The birth rate (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the mortality rate (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world, with approximately 16.8% of total population aged 65 years and over. 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The birth rate (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the mortality rate (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world, with approximately 16.8% of total population aged 65 years and over. **Who acts:** birth rate · **What happens:** be, result, age · **To what, where:** shrinking, population, total population This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Romania». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (birth rate), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree. **Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse. ## The tree {#tree} ```conllu # sent_id = wikipedia:Romania:324 # text = The birth rate (9.49‰, 2012) is much lower than the mortality rate (11.84‰, 2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 41.6 years, 2018), one of the oldest populations in the world, with approximately 16.8% of total population aged 65 years and over. 1 The the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 3 det _ _ 2 birth birth NOUN NN Number=Sing 3 compound _ _ 3 rate rate NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 nsubj _ _ 4 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 6 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 5 9.49 9.49 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 6 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 6 ‰ ‰ NOUN NNS Number=Plur 3 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 7 , , PUNCT , _ 8 punct _ _ 8 2012 2012 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 6 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 9 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 6 punct _ _ 10 is be AUX VBZ Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 12 cop _ _ 11 much much ADV RB _ 12 advmod _ _ 12 lower low ADJ JJR Degree=Cmp 0 root _ _ 13 than than ADP IN _ 16 case _ _ 14 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 16 det _ _ 15 mortality mortality NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 compound _ _ 16 rate rate NOUN NN Number=Sing 12 obl _ _ 17 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 19 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 18 11.84 11.84 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 19 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 19 ‰ ‰ NOUN NN Number=Sing 16 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 20 , , PUNCT , _ 21 punct _ _ 21 2012 2012 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 19 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 22 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 19 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 23 , , PUNCT , _ 24 punct _ _ 24 resulting result VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 12 advcl _ _ 25 in in ADP IN _ 27 case _ _ 26 a a DET DT Definite=Ind|PronType=Art 27 det _ _ 27 shrinking shrinking NOUN NN Number=Sing 24 obl _ _ 28 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 29 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 29 − − SYM SYM _ 12 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 30 0.26 0.26 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 31 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 31 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 29 flat _ _ 32 per per ADP IN _ 33 case _ _ 33 year year NOUN NN Number=Sing 31 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 34 , , PUNCT , _ 35 punct _ _ 35 2012 2012 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 31 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 36 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 12 punct _ _ 37 and and CCONJ CC _ 38 cc _ _ 38 aging age VERB VBG Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part 12 conj _ _ 39 population population NOUN NN Number=Sing 38 obj _ _ 40 ( ( PUNCT -LRB- _ 42 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 41 median median ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 42 amod _ _ 42 age age NOUN NN Number=Sing 39 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 43 : : PUNCT : _ 45 punct _ _ 44 41.6 41.6 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 45 nummod _ _ 45 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 42 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 46 , , PUNCT , _ 47 punct _ _ 47 2018 2018 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 45 appos _ SpaceAfter=No 48 ) ) PUNCT -RRB- _ 42 punct _ SpaceAfter=No 49 , , PUNCT , _ 50 punct _ _ 50 one one NUM CD NumForm=Word|NumType=Card 12 obl _ _ 51 of of ADP IN _ 54 case _ _ 52 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 54 det _ _ 53 oldest old ADJ JJS Degree=Sup 54 amod _ _ 54 populations population NOUN NNS Number=Plur 50 nmod _ _ 55 in in ADP IN _ 57 case _ _ 56 the the DET DT Definite=Def|PronType=Art 57 det _ _ 57 world world NOUN NN Number=Sing 54 nmod _ SpaceAfter=No 58 , , PUNCT , _ 62 punct _ _ 59 with with ADP IN _ 62 case _ _ 60 approximately approximately ADV RB _ 61 advmod _ _ 61 16.8 16.8 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 62 nummod _ SpaceAfter=No 62 % % SYM NN Number=Sing 12 parataxis _ _ 63 of of ADP IN _ 65 case _ _ 64 total total ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 65 amod _ _ 65 population population NOUN NN Number=Sing 62 nmod _ _ 66 aged age VERB VBN Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part 65 acl _ _ 67 65 65 NUM CD NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card 68 nummod _ _ 68 years year NOUN NNS Number=Plur 66 obl:unmarked _ _ 69 and and CCONJ CC _ 70 cc _ _ 70 over over ADV RB _ 66 conj _ SpaceAfter=No 71 . . PUNCT . _ 12 punct _ _ ``` ## Pragmatics {#pragmatics} | # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 1 | **is** | present | the birth rate | | | | | than the mortality rate; one of the oldest populations in the world *obl*; low *property* | tree rules | | 2 | **result** | gerund | the birth rate *not said here* | | | a shrinking | | | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in shrinking=Location | | 3 | **age** | gerund | the birth rate *not said here* | population | | | | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent population=Patient | | 4 | **age** | participle | | total population *not said here* | | | year | | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree. **Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Romania», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0. - ← previous: [sentence 323](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Romania/323/) - next →: [sentence 325](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Romania/325/) - ↑ back to [Romania](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Romania/)