--- title: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — English Wikipedia · full text with trees description: Wikipedia's «Saint Vincent and the Grenadines», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, sometimes known simply as Saint Vincent, is an archipelagic country in the eastern Caribbean. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Saint Vincent and the Grenadines # Saint Vincent and the Grenadines From Wikipedia, [«Saint Vincent and the Grenadines»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. The English Wikipedia article «Saint Vincent and the Grenadines», whole: 39 sections, 181 sentences and 3852 words, its 98 notes at the end. The marks in brackets «[n]» are Wikipedia's own, each leading to its note and source; the small number after every sentence leads to the sentence's own page with its syntax tree and pragmatics, parsed by Mova itself. **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/page/3/) | Facts | | | --- | --- | | | **Saint Vincent and the Grenadines** | | | **Motto:** ; "Peace and Justice" | | | **Anthem:** "[Saint Vincent, Land So Beautiful](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent,_Land_So_Beautiful)"; **[Royal anthem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_anthem):** "[God Save the King](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_King)"[\[4\]](page/3/#ref-4 "note 4") | | Capital and largest city | [Kingstown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingstown) [corpus](../Kingstown/ "in our corpus"); 13°10′N 61°14′W | | Official languages | [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language) | | [Vernacular language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_language) | [Vincentian Creole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincentian_Creole) | | [Ethnic groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (2020) | 66% [Afro-Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Vincentians); 19% [Mixed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial); 6% [Indian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Vincentian); 4% [European](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Caribbeans); 2% [Kalinago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinago); 3% others | | [Demonyms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) | [Vincentian; Grenadinian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines); Saint Vincentian | | Government | [Constitutional monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy) | | • [Monarch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) | [Charles III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III) | | • [Governor-General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) | [Sir Stanley John](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_John_%28politician%29) | | • [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) | [Godwin Friday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin_Friday) | | Legislature | [House of Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines) | | **[Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence)** | | | • [Associated State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Statehood_Act_1967) | 27 October 1969 | | • from the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) [corpus](../United_Kingdom/ "in our corpus") | 27 October 1979 | | **Area** | | | • Total | 389 km² (150 sq mi) ([184th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area)) | | • Water (%) | negligible | | **Population** | | | • 2023 census | 109,296[\[5\]](page/3/#ref-5 "note 5") ([180th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population)) | | • Density | 281/km² (730/sq mi) ([50th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density)) | | [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) ([PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity)) | 2023 estimate | | • Total | $2 billion | | • Per capita | $17,840[\[6\]](page/3/#ref-6 "note 6") | | [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (nominal) | 2023 estimate | | • Total | $1 billion | | • Per capita | $9,360[\[6\]](page/3/#ref-6 "note 6") | | [HDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (2023) | 0.798[\[7\]](page/3/#ref-7 "note 7"); high ([76th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index)) | | Currency | [East Caribbean dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Caribbean_dollar) ([XCD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217)) | | Time zone | [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time)-4 ([AST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Standard_Time)) | | Calling code | +1 | | [Internet TLD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) | [.vc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.vc) | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,[\[8\]](page/3/#ref-8 "note 8") sometimes known simply as Saint Vincent, is an [archipelagic country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelagic_country) in the eastern [Caribbean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean).[1](1/ "tree and pragmatics") It is located in the southeast [Windward Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_Islands) of the [Lesser Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles), which lie in the [West Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies), at the southern end of the eastern border between the [Caribbean Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea) and the [Atlantic Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean).[2](2/ "tree and pragmatics") To the north lies [Saint Lucia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia) [corpus](../Saint_Lucia/ "in our corpus"), to the east is [Barbados](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados) [corpus](../Barbados/ "in our corpus") and [Grenada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada) [corpus](../Grenada/ "in our corpus") lies to the south.[3](3/ "tree and pragmatics") Spanning a land area of 389 km2, most of its territory consists of the northernmost island of [Saint Vincent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_%28Antilles%29), which includes the capital and largest city, [Kingstown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingstown) [corpus](../Kingstown/ "in our corpus").[4](4/ "tree and pragmatics") To the south lie the northern two-thirds of the [Grenadines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadines), a chain of 32 smaller islands; the remaining southern third make up Grenada.[5](5/ "tree and pragmatics") Seven of the islands are inhabited,[\[9\]](page/3/#ref-9 "note 9") of which the largest and most populous are [Bequia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bequia), [Mustique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustique), [Canouan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canouan) and [Union Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Island).[\[10\]](page/3/#ref-10 "note 10")[\[11\]](page/3/#ref-11 "note 11")[6](6/ "tree and pragmatics") With a population of around 109,296, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has a population density of 281 inhabitants/km2 (730 per sq mi).[\[5\]](page/3/#ref-5 "note 5")[7](7/ "tree and pragmatics") The majority of its people are descendants of enslaved Africans brought by France and then later Great Britain, which contested the islands during the 18th century.[8](8/ "tree and pragmatics") SVG remained a colony of the British Empire from 1783 until 1979, when it peacefully achieved independence; the country's culture, language, government and legal system reflect the long legacy of British rule.[9](9/ "tree and pragmatics") It is part of the [Commonwealth of Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations) and is a [Commonwealth realm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm), with [King Charles III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Charles_III) as its official head of state.[10](10/ "tree and pragmatics") Saint Vincent is a member of the [Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States), [CARICOM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Community), the [Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas), and the [Community of Latin American and Caribbean States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States) (CELAC).[11](11/ "tree and pragmatics") In April 2021, the [La Soufrière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soufrière_%28Saint_Vincent%29) volcano [erupted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_eruption_of_La_Soufrière) several times with "explosive events" continuing for two weeks, resulting in the evacuation of 16,000 residents.[\[12\]](page/3/#ref-12 "note 12")[\[13\]](page/3/#ref-13 "note 13")[12](12/ "tree and pragmatics") Assistance and emergency financial support was provided by several nearby islands, the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) [corpus](../United_Kingdom/ "in our corpus"), and agencies such as the [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations).[13](13/ "tree and pragmatics") The first significant offer of long-term funding of US$20 million was announced on 13 April 2021 by the [World Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank).[\[14\]](page/3/#ref-14 "note 14")[14](14/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Etymology [Christopher Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus), the first European to reach the island, named it after [St. Vincent of Saragossa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent_of_Saragossa) (San Vicente de Zaragoza) whose [feast day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints) was on the day Columbus first saw it (22 January 1496).[15](15/ "tree and pragmatics") The name of the Grenadines refers to the Spanish city of [Granada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada), but to differentiate it from [the island of the same name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada) [corpus](../Grenada/ "in our corpus"), the diminutive was used.[16](16/ "tree and pragmatics") Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the [Kalinago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinago) natives who inhabited the island of St. Vincent called it Youloumain, in honour of Youlouca, the spirit of the rainbows, whom they believed inhabited the island.[\[15\]](page/3/#ref-15 "note 15")[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16")[17](17/ "tree and pragmatics") ## History Main article: [History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines), [French West Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Indies), [British West Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies) ### Pre-colonial period [Saint Vincent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_%28Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%29) was first inhabited by [Indigenous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America) people from [South America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America) around 5000 B.C.[18](18/ "tree and pragmatics") They were succeeded by the [Arawaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak) around the 3rd century A.D., who were later displaced by the [Kalinago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinago) in the 14th century.[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16")[\[17\]](page/3/#ref-17 "note 17")[\[18\]](page/3/#ref-18 "note 18")[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[19](19/ "tree and pragmatics") The Kalinago named the island Youloumain.[\[20\]](page/3/#ref-20 "note 20")[20](20/ "tree and pragmatics") ### European arrival and early colonial period It is thought that [Christopher Columbus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Columbus) sighted the island in 1498, giving it the name St Vincent.[\[15\]](page/3/#ref-15 "note 15")[\[21\]](page/3/#ref-21 "note 21")[21](21/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Kalinago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinago) people aggressively opposed European settlement on Saint Vincent.[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16")[22](22/ "tree and pragmatics") ### French and British colonisation and First Carib War Various attempts by the English and Dutch to claim the island proved unsuccessful, and it was the French who were first able to colonise the island, settling in the town of [Barrouallie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrouallie) on the [leeward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_and_leeward) side of St Vincent in 1719.[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[23](23/ "tree and pragmatics") The French imported Black slaves to work on plantations producing sugar, coffee, indigo, tobacco, cotton and cocoa.[\[22\]](page/3/#ref-22 "note 22")[24](24/ "tree and pragmatics") The British captured the island and drove out the French from Barrouallie during the [Seven Years' War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War), a claim confirmed by the [Treaty of Paris (1763)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_%281763%29).[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[25](25/ "tree and pragmatics") On taking control of the island in 1763, the British laid the foundations of [Fort Charlotte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Charlotte,_Saint_Vincent) and also continued the importation of slaves to work on the island's plantations.[26](26/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Garifuna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garifuna), an Afro-Indigenous creole people on the island, were opposed to the British presence and entered into open conflict against the British, starting the [First Carib War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Carib_War), which lasted from 1772 to 1773.[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[\[23\]](page/3/#ref-23 "note 23")[27](27/ "tree and pragmatics") During the [Anglo-French War (1778–1783)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_War_%281778–1783%29), the French [recaptured St Vincent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_capture_of_Saint_Vincent) in 1779.[28](28/ "tree and pragmatics") However, the British regained control under the [Treaty of Versailles (1783)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_%281783%29).[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16")[29](29/ "tree and pragmatics") ### British colonial period and Second Carib War Main article: [British Windward Islands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Windward_Islands) The uneasy peace between the British and the Garifuna led to the [Second Carib War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Carib_War), which lasted from 1795 to 1797.[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[30](30/ "tree and pragmatics") The Garifuna were led by paramount chief [Joseph Chatoyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chatoyer) and supported by the French, notably [Victor Hugues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugues) who was based on the island of [Martinique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique).[31](31/ "tree and pragmatics") They were eventually defeated in 1797 by British forces under the command Sir [Ralph Abercromby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby); a peace treaty agreement was made which resulted in almost 5,000 Garifuna being deported to [Roatán](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roatán), an island off the coast of [Honduras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras) [corpus](../Honduras/ "in our corpus"), and to [Belize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize) [corpus](../Belize/ "in our corpus") and [Baliceaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliceaux) in the Grenadines.[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16")[32](32/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1806, the construction of Fort Charlotte was completed.[\[24\]](page/3/#ref-24 "note 24")[\[25\]](page/3/#ref-25 "note 25")[33](33/ "tree and pragmatics") The [La Soufrière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soufrière_%28volcano%29) volcano erupted in 1812, resulting in considerable destruction.[\[26\]](page/3/#ref-26 "note 26")[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16")[34](34/ "tree and pragmatics") The British [abolished](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom) slavery in Saint Vincent (as well as in all other [British West Indies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies) colonies) in 1834, and an apprenticeship period followed which ended in 1838.[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16")[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[35](35/ "tree and pragmatics") After its end, labour shortages on the plantations resulted, and were initially addressed by the immigration of indentured servants; starting from 1845, many [Portuguese Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Portugal) settlers arrived from [Madeira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira), with around 2,100 arrivals from [Portugal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal) [corpus](../Portugal/ "in our corpus") recorded from 1845 to 1850.[\[27\]](page/3/#ref-27 "note 27")[36](36/ "tree and pragmatics") Between 1861 and 1888, a new wave of immigration occurred, with shiploads of [Indian labourers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Caribbeans) arriving.[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[\[28\]](page/3/#ref-28 "note 28")[37](37/ "tree and pragmatics") ### 20th century Main article: [West Indies Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Federation) In 1902, the [La Soufrière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soufrière_%28volcano%29) volcano erupted again, killing 1,500–2,000 people; much farmland was damaged, and the economy deteriorated.[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16")[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[\[26\]](page/3/#ref-26 "note 26")[38](38/ "tree and pragmatics") Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passed through various stages of colonial status under the British.[39](39/ "tree and pragmatics") A representative assembly was authorised in 1876, Crown Colony government was installed in 1877, a [legislative council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_council) was created in 1925 with a limited franchise,[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19") and [universal adult suffrage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage) was granted in 1951.[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[40](40/ "tree and pragmatics") During the period of its control of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Britain made several attempts to unify the island with the other Windward Islands as a single entity, to simplify British control in the sub-region through a single unified administration.[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[41](41/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1960s, the British again tried to unify all of its regional islands, including Saint Vincent, into a single politically unified entity under British control.[42](42/ "tree and pragmatics") The unification was to be called the [West Indies Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Federation) and was driven by a desire to gain independence from the British government.[43](43/ "tree and pragmatics") However, the attempt collapsed in 1962.[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[44](44/ "tree and pragmatics") Saint Vincent was granted "associate statehood" status by Britain on 27 October 1969.[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[45](45/ "tree and pragmatics") This gave Saint Vincent complete control over its internal affairs but fell short of full independence in law.[\[29\]](page/3/#ref-29 "note 29")[46](46/ "tree and pragmatics") In April 1979, [La Soufrière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Soufrière_%28volcano%29) erupted once more.[47](47/ "tree and pragmatics") Although no one was killed, thousands were evacuated and extensive agricultural damage occurred.[\[26\]](page/3/#ref-26 "note 26")[48](48/ "tree and pragmatics") On 27 October 1979, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gained full independence;[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16") the date is now the country's [Independence Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_independence_days), a [public holiday](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines).[\[15\]](page/3/#ref-15 "note 15")[49](49/ "tree and pragmatics") The country opted to remain within the [Commonwealth of Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations), retaining the then-Queen [Elizabeth II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II) as [Monarch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines), represented locally by a [Governor-General](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines).[\[30\]](page/3/#ref-30 "note 30")[50](50/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Post-independence era [Milton Cato](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Cato) of the centre-left [Saint Vincent Labour Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_Labour_Party) (SVLP) was the country's first Prime Minister (he had been Premier since 1974), ruling until his defeat in the [1984 Vincentian general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Vincentian_general_election) by [James Fitz-Allen Mitchell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fitz-Allen_Mitchell) of the centre-right [New Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_%28Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%29) (NDP).[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[51](51/ "tree and pragmatics") During Cato's time in office, there was a brief rebellion on [Union Island](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Island) in December 1979 led by Lennox 'Bumba' Charles.[52](52/ "tree and pragmatics") Inspired by the recent revolution on Grenada, Charles alleged neglect of the Union by the central government.[53](53/ "tree and pragmatics") However, the revolt was swiftly put down and Charles was arrested.[\[31\]](page/3/#ref-31 "note 31")[\[32\]](page/3/#ref-32 "note 32")[54](54/ "tree and pragmatics") There were also a series of strikes in the early [1980](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Allen)s.[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16")[55](55/ "tree and pragmatics") James Mitchell remained Prime Minister for 16 years until 2000, winning three consecutive elections.[\[19\]](page/3/#ref-19 "note 19")[56](56/ "tree and pragmatics") Mitchell was at the forefront of attempts to improve regional integration.[\[16\]](page/3/#ref-16 "note 16")[57](57/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1980 and 1987, hurricanes damaged many banana and coconut plantations.[58](58/ "tree and pragmatics") Hurricane seasons were also very active in 1998 and 1999, with [Hurricane Lenny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Lenny) in 1999 causing extensive damage to the west coast of the island.[59](59/ "tree and pragmatics") **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/page/3/) - next →: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines/page/2/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)