---
title: A long process was held using various witnesses and sources to deter… — San Marino · tree and pragmatics
description: A long process was held using various witnesses and sources to determine San Marino tax exemption status. A sentence of Wikipedia's «San Marino» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# San Marino, sentence 24

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From Wikipedia, [«San Marino»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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A long process was held using various witnesses and sources to determine San Marino tax exemption status.

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**What happens:** hold, use, determine · **To what, where:** long process, various witnesses, San

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «San Marino». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:San_Marino:24
# text = A long process was held using various witnesses and sources to determine San Marino tax exemption status.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	process	process	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	held	hold	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
7	various	various	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	witnesses	witness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	sources	source	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	determine	determine	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
13	San	San	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
14	Marino	Marino	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	flat	_	_
15	tax	tax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	exemption	exemption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	status	status	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past · passive |  | a long process |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **use** | gerund |  | various witnesses and sources |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent witness=Patient |
| 3 | **determine** | to-infinitive |  | San |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent san=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «San Marino», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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