---
title: The Serer language is widely spoken by both Serers and non-Serers (i… — Senegal · tree and pragmatics
description: The Serer language is widely spoken by both Serers and non-Serers (including President Sall, whose wife is Serer); so are the Cangin languages, whose speakers are ethnically Serers. Who acts: Serers, wife, speakers. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Senegal» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Senegal, sentence 211

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From Wikipedia, [«Senegal»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The Serer language is widely spoken by both Serers and non-Serers (including President Sall, whose wife is Serer); so are the Cangin languages, whose speakers are ethnically Serers.

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**Who acts:** Serers, wife, speakers · **What happens:** speak, include, be · **To what, where:** Serer language, Serer, Cangin languages, Serers · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Senegal». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Serers, wife, speakers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Senegal:211
# text = The Serer language is widely spoken by both Serers and non-Serers (including President Sall, whose wife is Serer); so are the Cangin languages, whose speakers are ethnically Serers.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Serer	Serer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
5	widely	widely	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	Serers	serer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	non-Serers	non-serer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	_
12	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	including	include	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	case	_	_
14	President	President	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod:desc	_	_
15	Sall	Sall	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	wife	wife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	_
19	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	cop	_	_
20	Serer	Serer	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
23	so	so	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
24	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	cop	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
26	Cangin	Cangin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
29	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	30	nmod:poss	_	_
30	speakers	speaker	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	33	nsubj	_	_
31	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	33	cop	_	_
32	ethnically	ethnically	ADV	RB	_	33	advmod	_	_
33	Serers	serer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present · passive | both Serers and non-Serers  Sall include President and Serer | the Serer language |  |  |  | widely *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **include** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn involve-107.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **is a** | present | Serer's wife | Serer |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **is a** | present |  | the Cangin languages and Serers |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **is a** | present | Serers's speakers | Serers |  |  |  | ethnically *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Senegal», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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