--- title: Slovakia — English Wikipedia · full text with trees description: Wikipedia's «Slovakia», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Slovakia, officially the Slovak Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovakia/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Slovakia # Slovakia From Wikipedia, [«Slovakia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. The English Wikipedia article «Slovakia», whole: 58 sections, 696 sentences and 14055 words, its 278 notes at the end. The marks in brackets «[n]» are Wikipedia's own, each leading to its note and source; the small number after every sentence leads to the sentence's own page with its syntax tree and pragmatics, parsed by Mova itself. **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovakia/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovakia/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovakia/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovakia/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovakia/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovakia/page/7/) | Facts | | | --- | --- | | | **Slovak Republic · Slovenská republika** | | | **Anthem:** [Nad Tatrou sa blýska](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nad_Tatrou_sa_blýska); ("Lightning Over the Tatras") | | | **[National seal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Seal_of_Slovakia)** | | Capital and largest city | [Bratislava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava) [corpus](../Bratislava/ "in our corpus"); 48°9′9″N 17°6′34″E | | Official languages | [Slovak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language) | | Regional and minority languages[\[1\]](page/7/#ref-1 "note 1") | [Bulgarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language), [Czech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language), [Croatian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language), [Hungarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language), [German](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language), [Polish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language), [Romani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language), [Russian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language), [Ruthenian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenian_language), [Serbian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language), [Ukrainian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language) | | [Ethnic groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (2021)[\[2\]](page/7/#ref-2 "note 2")[\[3\]](page/7/#ref-3 "note 3") | 88.6% [Slovaks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks); 8.2% [Hungarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Slovakia); 1.3% [Romani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Slovakia); 1.9% others | | [Demonym](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) | Slovak | | Government | [Unitary parliamentary republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic) | | • [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Slovakia) | [Peter Pellegrini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Pellegrini) | | • [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia) | [Robert Fico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fico) | | • [Speaker of the National Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_Slovak_parliaments) | [Richard Raši](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Raši) | | Legislature | [National Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Slovakia) | | **Establishment history** | | | • [Independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_declaration_of_independence) from; [Austria-Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary); ([First Czechoslovak Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic)) | 28 October 1918 | | • [Treaty of Trianon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon) | 4 June 1920 | | • [Second Czechoslovak Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic) | 30 September 1938 | | • [First Slovak Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_%281939–1945%29) | 14 March 1939 | | • [Third Czechoslovak Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic) | 24 October 1945 | | • [Fourth Czechoslovak Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Czechoslovak_Republic) | 25 February 1948 | | • [Czechoslovak Socialist Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic) | 11 July 1960 | | • [Slovak Socialist Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic) (within Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, change of unitary Czechoslovak state into a [federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Act_on_the_Czechoslovak_Federation)) | 1 January 1969 | | • [Slovak Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic) (change of name within established [Czech and Slovak Federative Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic)) | 1 March 1990 | | • [Dissolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia) of; [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic) | 1 January 1993 | | **Area** | | | • Total | 49,035 km² (18,932 sq mi) ([127th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area)) | | • Water (%) | 0.72 (2015)[\[4\]](page/7/#ref-4 "note 4") | | **Population** | | | • 31 March 2026 estimate | 5,405,368[\[5\]](page/7/#ref-5 "note 5") ([120th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population)) | | • 2021 census | 5,449,270[\[6\]](page/7/#ref-6 "note 6") | | • Density | 110/km² (280/sq mi) ([103rd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density)) | | [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) ([PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity)) | 2026 estimate | | • Total | $266.932 billion[\[7\]](page/7/#ref-7 "note 7") ([75th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29)) | | • Per capita | $49,376[\[7\]](page/7/#ref-7 "note 7") ([47th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita)) | | [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (nominal) | 2026 estimate | | • Total | $167.730 billion[\[7\]](page/7/#ref-7 "note 7") ([58th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29)) | | • Per capita | $31,026[\[7\]](page/7/#ref-7 "note 7") ([44th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita)) | | [Gini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (2022) | 21.2[\[8\]](page/7/#ref-8 "note 8"); low inequality | | [HDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (2023) | 0.880[\[9\]](page/7/#ref-9 "note 9"); very high ([44th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index)) | | Currency | [Euro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro) ([€](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_sign)) ([EUR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217)) | | Time zone | [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time)+1 ([CET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time)) | | • Summer ([DST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time)) | [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time)+2 ([CEST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time)) | | Date format | [DD/MM/YYYY](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_date) | | Calling code | [+421](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Slovakia) | | [Internet TLD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) | [.sk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.sk) and [.eu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.eu) | | | **Website**; [slovensko.sk](https://beta.slovensko.sk/) | Slovakia,[\[12\]](page/7/#ref-12 "note 12") officially the Slovak Republic,[\[13\]](page/7/#ref-13 "note 13") is a [landlocked country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country) in [Central Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe).[1](1/ "tree and pragmatics") It is bordered by [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland) [corpus](../Poland/ "in our corpus") to the north, [Ukraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine) [corpus](../Ukraine/ "in our corpus") to the east, [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary) [corpus](../Hungary/ "in our corpus") to the south, [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria) [corpus](../Austria/ "in our corpus") to the west, and the [Czech Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic) [corpus](../Czech_Republic/ "in our corpus") to the northwest.[2](2/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovakia's mostly mountainous territory spans about 49,000 km2, hosting a population exceeding 5.4 million.[3](3/ "tree and pragmatics") The capital and [largest city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Slovakia) is [Bratislava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava) [corpus](../Bratislava/ "in our corpus"), while the second largest city is [Košice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Košice).[4](4/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Slavs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs) arrived in the territory of the present-day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries.[5](5/ "tree and pragmatics") From the late 6th century, parts of modern Slovakia were incorporated into the [Avar Khaganate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars).[6](6/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 7th century, the Slavs played a significant role in the creation of [Samo's Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire).[7](7/ "tree and pragmatics") When the Avar Khaganate dissolved in the 9th century, the Slavs established the [Principality of Nitra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Nitra) before it was annexed by the [Principality of Moravia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moravia), which later became [Great Moravia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moravia).[8](8/ "tree and pragmatics") When Great Moravia fell in the 10th century, the territory was integrated into the [Principality of Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary) at the end of the 9th century, which later became the [Kingdom of Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary) in 1000.[\[14\]](page/7/#ref-14 "note 14")[9](9/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1241 and 1242, after the [Mongol invasion of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe), much of the territory was destroyed, but was recovered largely thanks to Hungarian king [Béla IV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Béla_IV_of_Hungary).[10](10/ "tree and pragmatics") During the 16th and 17th centuries, southern portions of present-day Slovakia were incorporated into provinces of the [Ottoman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire).[\[15\]](page/7/#ref-15 "note 15")[\[16\]](page/7/#ref-16 "note 16")[11](11/ "tree and pragmatics") The Ottoman-controlled areas were ceded to the Habsburgs by the turn of the 18th century.[12](12/ "tree and pragmatics") The Hungarian declaration of [independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848) in 1848 was followed in the same year by the [Slovak Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Uprising_of_1848–49) through the establishment of the [Slovak National Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_National_Council_%281848–1849%29).[\[17\]](page/7/#ref-17 "note 17")[13](13/ "tree and pragmatics") While the uprising did not achieve its aim, it played an important role in cementing a Slovak national identity.[14](14/ "tree and pragmatics") The Hungarian wars of independence eventually resulted in a compromise that established the [Austro-Hungarian Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary).[\[18\]](page/7/#ref-18 "note 18")[15](15/ "tree and pragmatics") During [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I), the [Czechoslovak National Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_National_Council) successfully fought for [independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_declaration_of_independence) amidst the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the state of [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic) was proclaimed in 1918.[16](16/ "tree and pragmatics") The borders were set by the [Treaty of Saint Germain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_%281919%29) in 1919 and by the [Treaty of Trianon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon) in 1920 Czechoslovakia incorporated the territory of present-day Slovakia which was entirely part of the [Kingdom of Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary).[17](17/ "tree and pragmatics") In the lead up to [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II), local fascist parties gradually came to power in the Slovak lands, and the first [Slovak Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_%281939–1945%29) was established in 1939 as a [one-party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-party_state) [clerical fascist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_fascism) [client state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_state) under the control of [Nazi Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany).[18](18/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1940, the country joined the [Axis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers) when its leaders signed the [Tripartite Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact).[19](19/ "tree and pragmatics") [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic) was re-established after the country's [liberation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_%281938–1945%29#Liberation_of_Czechoslovakia) at the end of the war in 1945.[20](20/ "tree and pragmatics") Following the [Soviet-backed coup of 1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27état), Czechoslovakia became a [communist state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic) within the [Eastern Bloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc), a [satellite state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_state) of the [Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union) behind the [Iron Curtain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain) and member of the [Warsaw Pact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact).[21](21/ "tree and pragmatics") Attempts to [liberalise communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face) culminated in the [Prague Spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Spring), which was suppressed by the [Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia) in August 1968.[22](22/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1989, the [Velvet Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Revolution) peacefully ended Communist rule in [Czechoslovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic).[23](23/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovakia became an independent democratic state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia, sometimes referred to as the [Velvet Divorce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Divorce).[24](24/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovakia is a [developed country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country) with an advanced [high-income economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy).[25](25/ "tree and pragmatics") The country maintains a combination of a [market economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy) with a comprehensive [social security](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_spending) system, providing citizens with [universal health care](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care), [free education](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_education), one of the [lowest retirement ages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe) in Europe and one of the longest paid [parental leaves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_leave) in the [OECD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD).[\[19\]](page/7/#ref-19 "note 19")[26](26/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovakia is a member of the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union), the [eurozone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone), the [Schengen Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area), the [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations), [NATO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO), [CERN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN), the OECD, the [WTO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization), the [Council of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe), the [Visegrád Group](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visegrád_Group), and the [OSCE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe).[27](27/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovakia is also home to [eight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Slovakia) [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) World Heritage Sites.[28](28/ "tree and pragmatics") Known as the "European [Detroit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit)" due to its dense concentration of automotive manufacturing, Slovakia is the world's largest per-capita car producer.[\[20\]](page/7/#ref-20 "note 20")[\[21\]](page/7/#ref-21 "note 21")[\[22\]](page/7/#ref-22 "note 22")[29](29/ "tree and pragmatics") The country manufactured a total of 1.08 million cars in 2023, with the automotive sector representing 44% of its total industrial output.[\[23\]](page/7/#ref-23 "note 23")[30](30/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Etymology See also: [Slovaks § Name](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks#Name) Slovakia's name means the "Land of the [Slavs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs)" ([Slovensko](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovensko) in [Slovak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language) stemming from the older form Sloven/Slovienin).[31](31/ "tree and pragmatics") As such, it is a cognate of the words [Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia) [corpus](../Slovenia/ "in our corpus") and [Slavonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavonia).[32](32/ "tree and pragmatics") In medieval Latin, German, and even some Slavic sources, the same name has often been used for Slovaks, Slovenes, Slavonians, and Slavs in general.[33](33/ "tree and pragmatics") According to one of the theories, a new form of national name formed for the ancestors of the Slovaks between the 13th and 14th century, possibly due to foreign influence; the [Czech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language) word Slovák (in medieval sources from 1291 onward).[\[24\]](page/7/#ref-24 "note 24")[34](34/ "tree and pragmatics") This form slowly replaced the name for the male members of the community, but the female name (Slovenka), reference to the lands inhabited (Slovensko) and the name of the language (slovenčina) all remained the same, with their base in the older form (compare to Slovenian counterparts).[35](35/ "tree and pragmatics") Most foreign translations tend to stem from this newer form (Slovakia in English, Slowakei in German, Slovaquie in French, etc.).[36](36/ "tree and pragmatics") In medieval Latin sources, terms: Slavus, Slavonia, or Slavorum (and more variants, from as early as 1029)[\[24\]](page/7/#ref-24 "note 24") have been used.[37](37/ "tree and pragmatics") In German sources, names for the Slovak lands were Windenland or Windische Lande (early 15th century),[\[25\]](page/7/#ref-25 "note 25") with the forms Slovakia and Schlowakei starting to appear in the 16th century.[\[26\]](page/7/#ref-26 "note 26")[38](38/ "tree and pragmatics") The present Slovak form Slovensko is first attested in the year 1675.[\[27\]](page/7/#ref-27 "note 27")[39](39/ "tree and pragmatics") ## History Main article: [History of Slovakia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Slovakia) The oldest surviving human artefacts from Slovakia are found near [Nové Mesto nad Váhom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nové_Mesto_nad_Váhom) and are dated at 270,000 BCE, in the [Early Paleolithic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic) era.[40](40/ "tree and pragmatics") These ancient tools, made by the [Clactonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clactonian) technique, bear witness to the ancient habitation of Slovakia.[\[28\]](page/7/#ref-28 "note 28")[41](41/ "tree and pragmatics") Other [stone tools](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool) from the [Middle Paleolithic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic) era (200,000–80,000 BCE) come from the Prévôt (Prepoštská) cave in [Bojnice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojnice) and from other nearby sites.[\[29\]](page/7/#ref-29 "note 29")[42](42/ "tree and pragmatics") The most important discovery from that era is a [Neanderthal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal) [cranium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skull) (c. 200,000 BCE), discovered near [Gánovce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gánovce), a village in northern Slovakia.[43](43/ "tree and pragmatics") Archaeologists have found prehistoric human skeletons in the region, as well as numerous objects and vestiges of the [Gravettian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravettian) culture, principally in the river valleys of [Nitra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitra_%28river%29), [Hron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hron), [Ipeľ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipeľ), [Váh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Váh) and as far as the city of [Žilina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Žilina), and near the foot of the [Vihorlat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihorlat_Mountains), Inovec, and [Tribeč](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeč) mountains, as well as in the [Myjava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myjava) Mountains.[44](44/ "tree and pragmatics") The most well-known finds include the oldest female statue made of [mammoth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth) bone (22,800 BCE), the famous [Venus of Moravany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Moravany).[45](45/ "tree and pragmatics") The statue was found in the 1940s in [Moravany nad Váhom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravany_nad_Váhom) near [Piešťany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piešťany).[46](46/ "tree and pragmatics") Numerous necklaces made of shells from Cypraca thermophile [gastropods](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropoda) of the [Tertiary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_%28period%29) period have come from the sites of Zákovská, Podkovice, Hubina, and Radošina.[47](47/ "tree and pragmatics") These findings provide the most ancient evidence of commercial exchanges carried out between the [Mediterranean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea) and [Central Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe).[48](48/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Bronze Age During the [Bronze Age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age), the geographical territory of modern-day Slovakia went through three stages of development, stretching from 2000 to 800 BCE.[49](49/ "tree and pragmatics") Major cultural, economic, and political development can be attributed to the significant growth in production of copper, especially in central Slovakia (for example in [Špania Dolina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Špania_Dolina)) and northwest Slovakia.[50](50/ "tree and pragmatics") [Copper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper) became a stable source of prosperity for the local population.[51](51/ "tree and pragmatics") After the disappearance of the [Čakany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Čakany) and [Velatice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velatice) cultures, the [Lusatian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatian_culture) people expanded building of strong and complex fortifications, with the large permanent buildings and administrative centres.[52](52/ "tree and pragmatics") Excavations of Lusatian [hill forts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillfort) document the substantial development of trade and agriculture at that period.[53](53/ "tree and pragmatics") The richness and diversity of tombs increased considerably.[54](54/ "tree and pragmatics") The inhabitants of the area manufactured arms, shields, jewellery, dishes, and statues.[55](55/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Iron Age #### Hallstatt Period The arrival of tribes from [Thrace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace) disrupted the people of the Kalenderberg culture, who lived in the hamlets located on the plain ([Sereď](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sereď)) and in the hill forts like Molpír, near [Smolenice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolenice), in the [Little Carpathians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Carpathians).[56](56/ "tree and pragmatics") During Hallstatt times, monumental burial mounds were erected in western Slovakia, with princely equipment consisting of richly decorated vessels, ornaments and decorations.[57](57/ "tree and pragmatics") The burial rites consisted entirely of cremation.[58](58/ "tree and pragmatics") Common people were buried in flat urnfield cemeteries.[59](59/ "tree and pragmatics") A special role was given to weaving and the production of textiles.[60](60/ "tree and pragmatics") The local power of the "Princes" of the [Hallstatt period](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstatt_culture) disappeared in Slovakia during the century before the middle of first millennium BCE, after strife between the [Scytho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians)-Thracian people and locals, resulting in abandonment of the old hill-forts.[61](61/ "tree and pragmatics") Relatively depopulated areas soon caught the interest of emerging [Celtic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts) tribes, who advanced from the south towards the north, following the Slovak rivers, peacefully integrating into the remnants of the local population.[62](62/ "tree and pragmatics") #### La Tène Period From around 500 BCE, the territory of modern-day Slovakia was settled by [Celts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt), who built powerful [oppida](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppida) on the sites of modern-day [Bratislava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava) [corpus](../Bratislava/ "in our corpus") and [Devín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devín).[63](63/ "tree and pragmatics") [Biatecs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biatec), [silver coins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_coin) with inscriptions in the Latin alphabet, represent the first known use of writing in Slovakia.[64](64/ "tree and pragmatics") At the northern regions, remnants of the local population of Lusatian origin, together with Celtic and later Dacian influence, gave rise to the unique [Púchov culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Púchov_culture), with advanced crafts and iron-working, many hill-forts and fortified settlements of central type with the coinage of the "Velkobysterecky" type (no inscriptions, with a horse on one side and a head on the other).[65](65/ "tree and pragmatics") This culture is often connected with the Celtic tribe mentioned in Roman sources as [Cotini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotini).[66](66/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Roman Period From 2 [CE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era), the expanding [Roman Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire) established and maintained a series of outposts around and just south of the [Danube](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube), the largest of which were known as [Carnuntum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnuntum) (whose remains are on the main road halfway between [Vienna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna) [corpus](../Vienna/ "in our corpus") and [Bratislava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava) [corpus](../Bratislava/ "in our corpus")) and [Brigetio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigetio) (present-day [Szőny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szőny) at the Slovak-Hungarian border).[67](67/ "tree and pragmatics") Such Roman border settlements were built on the present area of [Rusovce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusovce), currently a suburb of [Bratislava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratislava) [corpus](../Bratislava/ "in our corpus").[68](68/ "tree and pragmatics") The military fort was surrounded by a civilian [vicus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicus) and several farms of the [villa rustica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_rustica) type.[69](69/ "tree and pragmatics") The name of this settlement was [Gerulata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerulata).[70](70/ "tree and pragmatics") The military fort had an auxiliary cavalry unit, approximately 300 horses strong, modelled after the [Cananefates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cananefates).[71](71/ "tree and pragmatics") The remains of Roman buildings have also survived in [Stupava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupava,_Slovakia), [Devín Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devín_Castle), Bratislava Castle Hill, and the Bratislava-[Dúbravka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dúbravka,_Bratislava) suburb.[72](72/ "tree and pragmatics") Near the northernmost line of the Roman hinterlands, the [Limes Romanus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Romanus), there existed the winter camp of [Laugaricio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenčín) (modern-day [Trenčín](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenčín)) where the Auxiliary of Legion II fought and prevailed in a decisive battle over the Germanic [Quadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadi) tribe in 179 CE during the [Marcomannic Wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars).[73](73/ "tree and pragmatics") The Kingdom of [Vannius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannius), a kingdom founded by the [Germanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples) [Suebi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi) tribes of [Quadi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadi) and [Marcomanni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomanni), as well as several small Germanic and [Celtic tribes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes), including the Osi and [Cotini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotini), existed in western and central Slovakia from 8–6 BCE to 179 CE.[74](74/ "tree and pragmatics") **1** 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