---
title: These ancient tools, made by the Clactonian technique, bear witness… — Slovakia · tree and pragmatics
description: These ancient tools, made by the Clactonian technique, bear witness to the ancient habitation of Slovakia. Who acts: ancient tools. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Slovakia» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Slovakia, sentence 41

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From Wikipedia, [«Slovakia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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These ancient tools, made by the Clactonian technique, bear witness to the ancient habitation of Slovakia.

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**Who acts:** ancient tools · **What happens:** make, bear · **To what, where:** ancient tools, witness

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Slovakia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ancient tools), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Slovakia:41
# text = These ancient tools, made by the Clactonian technique, bear witness to the ancient habitation of Slovakia.
1	These	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
2	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	tools	tool	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	Clactonian	Clactonian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	technique	technique	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
11	bear	bear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	witness	witness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	habitation	habitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	Slovakia	Slovakia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | participle |  | this ancient tools *not said here* |  |  |  | by the Clactonian technique | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **bear** | infinitive | this ancient tools | witness |  |  |  | to the ancient habitation of Slovakia | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent witness=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Slovakia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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