--- title: Slovenia — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 3 description: Wikipedia's «Slovenia», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia, is a country in Central Europe. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/page/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Slovenia # Slovenia · page 3 From Wikipedia, [«Slovenia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/page/7/) ## Geography Main article: [Geography of Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Slovenia) See also: [Protected areas of Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Slovenia) Slovenia is located in [Central Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe) touching the eastern [Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps) and bordering the [Mediterranean Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea).[\[77\]](../../page/7/#ref-77 "note 77")[\[78\]](../../page/7/#ref-78 "note 78")[\[79\]](../../page/7/#ref-79 "note 79")[166](../../166/ "tree and pragmatics") This locates Slovenia within the [Mediterranean basin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_basin).[\[80\]](../../page/7/#ref-80 "note 80")[167](../../167/ "tree and pragmatics") It lies between latitudes [45°](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_parallel_north) and [47° N](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_parallel_north), and longitudes [13°](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_meridian_east) and [17° E](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_meridian_east). The [15th meridian east](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_meridian_east) almost corresponds to the middle line of the country in the direction west–east.[\[81\]](../../page/7/#ref-81 "note 81")[168](../../168/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Geometric Centre of the Republic of Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_Centre_of_the_Republic_of_Slovenia) is located at [coordinates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system) 46°07'11.8" N and 14°48'55.2" E.[\[82\]](../../page/7/#ref-82 "note 82") It lies in [Slivna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slivna) in the Municipality of [Litija](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litija).[\[83\]](../../page/7/#ref-83 "note 83")[169](../../169/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovenia's highest peak, [Triglav](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglav) (2,864 m), has become a national symbol of Slovenia, featured on the national [coat of arms](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia) and [flag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Slovenia).[170](../../170/ "tree and pragmatics") The country's average height [above sea level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level) is 557 m.[171](../../171/ "tree and pragmatics") Four major European geographic regions meet in Slovenia: the Alps, the [Dinarides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaric_Alps), the [Pannonian Plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Plain), and the Mediterranean Sea.[172](../../172/ "tree and pragmatics") Although on the shore of the [Adriatic Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea) near the Mediterranean Sea, most of Slovenia is in the [Black Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea) [drainage basin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin).[173](../../173/ "tree and pragmatics") The Alps—including the [Julian Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alps), the [Kamnik-Savinja Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamnik-Savinja_Alps) and the [Karawank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karawanks) chain, as well as the [Pohorje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohorje) massif—dominate Northern Slovenia along its long border with [Austria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria) [corpus](../../../Austria/ "in our corpus").[174](../../174/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovenia's Adriatic coastline stretches approximately 47 km[\[84\]](../../page/7/#ref-84 "note 84") from Italy to Croatia.[175](../../175/ "tree and pragmatics") The term "[Karst topography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_topography)" refers to that of southwestern Slovenia's [Karst Plateau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_Plateau), a [limestone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone) region of underground rivers, gorges, and caves, between Ljubljana and the Mediterranean Sea.[176](../../176/ "tree and pragmatics") On the [Pannonian plain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_plain) to the East and Northeast, toward the Croatian and Hungarian borders, the landscape is essentially flat.[177](../../177/ "tree and pragmatics") However, most of Slovenia is hilly or mountainous, with around 90% of its land surface 200 m or more [above sea level](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level).[178](../../178/ "tree and pragmatics") As of 2020, 60.4% of Slovenia (12380 km2) is forested,[\[85\]](../../page/7/#ref-85 "note 85") ranking it second in Europe by [percentage of area forested](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area), after [Finland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland) [corpus](../../../Finland/ "in our corpus").[\[86\]](../../page/7/#ref-86 "note 86")[179](../../179/ "tree and pragmatics") The areas are covered mostly by [beech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech), [fir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir)-beech and beech-[oak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak) forests and have a relatively high production capacity.[\[87\]](../../page/7/#ref-87 "note 87")[180](../../180/ "tree and pragmatics") Remnants of [primeval forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_growth) are still to be found, the largest in the [Kočevje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kočevje) area.[181](../../181/ "tree and pragmatics") Grassland covers 5,593 km2 and fields and gardens (954 km2).[182](../../182/ "tree and pragmatics") There are 363 km2 of orchards and 216 km2 of vineyards.[183](../../183/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Geology Slovenia is in a rather active [seismic zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_zone) because of its position on the small [Adriatic Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Plate), which is squeezed between the [Eurasian Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate) to the north and the [African Plate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Plate) to the south and rotates counter-clockwise.[\[88\]](../../page/7/#ref-88 "note 88")[184](../../184/ "tree and pragmatics") Thus the country is at the junction of three important [geotectonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics) units: the Alps to the north, the Dinaric Alps to the south and the Pannonian Basin to the east.[\[88\]](../../page/7/#ref-88 "note 88")[185](../../185/ "tree and pragmatics") Scientists have been able to identify 60 destructive earthquakes in the past.[186](../../186/ "tree and pragmatics") Additionally, a network of seismic stations is active throughout the country.[\[88\]](../../page/7/#ref-88 "note 88")[187](../../187/ "tree and pragmatics") Many parts of Slovenia have a [carbonate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_rock) [bedrock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock) and extensive [cave systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_system) have developed.[188](../../188/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Natural regions The first regionalisations of Slovenia were made by geographers [Anton Melik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Melik) (1935–1936) and [Svetozar Ilešič](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetozar_Ilešič) (1968).[189](../../189/ "tree and pragmatics") The newer regionalisation by [Ivan Gams](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Gams) divided Slovenia in the following macroregions:[\[89\]](../../page/7/#ref-89 "note 89")[190](../../190/ "tree and pragmatics") - the [Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps) (Alpe)[191](../../191/ "tree and pragmatics") - the [subalpine landscapes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Prealps) (predalpski svet)[192](../../192/ "tree and pragmatics") - the [Slovene Littoral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_Littoral) or [Submediterranean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submediterranean) Slovenia (Primorje or submediteranska Slovenija)[193](../../193/ "tree and pragmatics") - the [Dinaric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaric_Alps) [plateaus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateaus) of the continental Slovenia (dinarske planote celinske Slovenije)[194](../../194/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Subpannonian Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Plain) (subpanonska Slovenija)[195](../../195/ "tree and pragmatics") According to a newer natural geographic regionalisation, the country consists of four [macroregions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroregion).[196](../../196/ "tree and pragmatics") These are the Alpine, the Mediterranean, the Dinaric, and the [Pannonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia) landscapes.[197](../../197/ "tree and pragmatics") Macroregions are defined according to major relief units (the Alps, the Pannonian plain, the Dinaric mountains) and climate types (submediterranean, temperate continental, mountain climate).[\[90\]](../../page/7/#ref-90 "note 90")[198](../../198/ "tree and pragmatics") These are often quite interwoven.[199](../../199/ "tree and pragmatics") Protected areas of Slovenia include national parks, regional parks, and nature parks, the largest of which is [Triglav National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglav_National_Park).[200](../../200/ "tree and pragmatics") There are 286 [Natura 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_2000) designated protected areas, which include 36% of the country's land area, the largest percentage among European Union states.[\[91\]](../../page/7/#ref-91 "note 91")[201](../../201/ "tree and pragmatics") Additionally, according to [Yale University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University)'s [Environmental Performance Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index), Slovenia is considered a "strong performer" in environmental protection efforts.[\[92\]](../../page/7/#ref-92 "note 92")[202](../../202/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Climate Slovenia is located in temperate latitudes.[203](../../203/ "tree and pragmatics") The climate is also influenced by the variety of relief, and the influence of the [Alps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps) and the [Adriatic Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea).[204](../../204/ "tree and pragmatics") In the northeast, the [continental climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate) type with the greatest difference between winter and summer temperatures prevails.[205](../../205/ "tree and pragmatics") In the coastal region, there is a sub-[Mediterranean climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate).[206](../../206/ "tree and pragmatics") The effect of the sea on the temperature rates is also visible up the [Soča](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soča) Valley, while a severe [Alpine climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climate) is present in the high mountain regions.[207](../../207/ "tree and pragmatics") There is a strong interaction between these three climatic systems across most of the country.[\[93\]](../../page/7/#ref-93 "note 93")[\[94\]](../../page/7/#ref-94 "note 94")[208](../../208/ "tree and pragmatics") [Precipitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_%28meteorology%29), often coming from the [Gulf of Genoa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Genoa),[\[95\]](../../page/7/#ref-95 "note 95") varies across the country as well, with over 3500 mm in some western regions and dropping down to 800 mm in [Prekmurje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekmurje).[209](../../209/ "tree and pragmatics") Snow is quite frequent in winter and the record snow cover in Ljubljana was recorded in 1952 at 146 cm.[210](../../210/ "tree and pragmatics") Compared to Western Europe, Slovenia is not very windy, because it lies in the slipstream of the Alps.[211](../../211/ "tree and pragmatics") The average wind speeds are lower than in the plains of the nearby countries.[212](../../212/ "tree and pragmatics") Due to the rugged terrain, local vertical winds with daily periods are present.[213](../../213/ "tree and pragmatics") Besides these, there are three winds of particular regional importance: the [bora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bora_%28wind%29), the [jugo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugo), and the [foehn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foehn_wind).[214](../../214/ "tree and pragmatics") The jugo and the bora are characteristic of the Littoral.[215](../../215/ "tree and pragmatics") Whereas the jugo is humid and warm, the bora is usually cold and gusty.[216](../../216/ "tree and pragmatics") The foehn is typical of the Alpine regions in northern Slovenia.[217](../../217/ "tree and pragmatics") Generally present in Slovenia are the northeast wind, the southeast wind and the [north wind](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_wind).[\[96\]](../../page/7/#ref-96 "note 96")[218](../../218/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Waters 81% of the territory of Slovenia (16423 km2) belongs to the [Black Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea) basin, with the remaining 19% (3850 km2) lying within the [Adriatic Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea) basin.[219](../../219/ "tree and pragmatics") These watersheds are divided into sub-basins according to their central rivers, the [Mura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_%28river%29) River basin, the [Drava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drava) River basin, the [Sava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava) River basin with [Kolpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupa) River basin, and the basin of the Adriatic rivers.[\[97\]](../../page/7/#ref-97 "note 97")[220](../../220/ "tree and pragmatics") In comparison with other [developed countries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countries), water quality in Slovenia is considered to be among the highest in Europe.[221](../../221/ "tree and pragmatics") One of the reasons is undoubtedly that most of the rivers rise on the mountainous territory of Slovenia.[222](../../222/ "tree and pragmatics") However, this does not mean that Slovenia has no problems with surface water and groundwater quality, especially in areas with [intensive farming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_farming).[\[98\]](../../page/7/#ref-98 "note 98")[223](../../223/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Biodiversity Slovenia signed the Rio [Convention on Biological Diversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity) on 13 June 1992 and became a party to the convention on 9 July 1996.[\[99\]](../../page/7/#ref-99 "note 99")[224](../../224/ "tree and pragmatics") It subsequently produced a [National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_action_plan), which was received by the convention on 30 May 2002.[225](../../225/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovenia is distinguished by an exceptionally wide variety of habitats,[\[100\]](../../page/7/#ref-100 "note 100") due to the contact of geological units and biogeographical regions, and due to human influences.[226](../../226/ "tree and pragmatics") The country is home to four terrestrial ecoregions: [Dinaric Mountains mixed forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaric_Mountains_mixed_forests), [Pannonian mixed forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_mixed_forests), [Alps conifer and mixed forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps_conifer_and_mixed_forests), and [Illyrian deciduous forests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_deciduous_forests).[\[101\]](../../page/7/#ref-101 "note 101")[227](../../227/ "tree and pragmatics") Around 12.5% of the territory is protected with 35.5% in the [Natura 2000](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_2000) ecological network.[\[102\]](../../page/7/#ref-102 "note 102")[228](../../228/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite this, because of pollution and environmental degradation, diversity has been in decline.[229](../../229/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovenia had a 2019 [Forest Landscape Integrity Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index) mean score of 3.78/10, ranking it 140th globally out of 172 countries.[\[103\]](../../page/7/#ref-103 "note 103")[230](../../230/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Animals The [biological diversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity) of the country is high, with 1% of the world's organisms on 0.004% of the Earth's surface area.[\[104\]](../../page/7/#ref-104 "note 104")[231](../../231/ "tree and pragmatics") There are 75 mammal species, among them [marmots](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmot), [Alpine ibex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_ibex), and [chamois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois).[232](../../232/ "tree and pragmatics") There are numerous [deer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer), [roe deer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_deer), [boar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boar), and [hares](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare).[\[105\]](../../page/7/#ref-105 "note 105")[233](../../233/ "tree and pragmatics") The [edible dormouse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_dormouse) is often found in the Slovenian beech forests.[234](../../234/ "tree and pragmatics") Trapping these animals is a long tradition and is part of Slovenian national identity.[\[106\]](../../page/7/#ref-106 "note 106")[235](../../235/ "tree and pragmatics") Some important carnivores include the [Eurasian lynx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_lynx),[\[107\]](../../page/7/#ref-107 "note 107")[\[108\]](../../page/7/#ref-108 "note 108") [European wild cats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_wild_cat), foxes (especially the [red fox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox)), and [European jackal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_jackal).[\[109\]](../../page/7/#ref-109 "note 109")[236](../../236/ "tree and pragmatics") There are [hedgehogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog), [martens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten), and snakes such as [vipers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viperinae) and [grass snakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_snake).[237](../../237/ "tree and pragmatics") According to recent estimates, Slovenia has c. 40–60 [wolves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf)[\[110\]](../../page/7/#ref-110 "note 110") and about 450 [brown bears](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_bear).[\[111\]](../../page/7/#ref-111 "note 111")[\[112\]](../../page/7/#ref-112 "note 112")[238](../../238/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovenia is home to an exceptionally diverse number of cave species, with a few tens of [endemic species](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism).[\[113\]](../../page/7/#ref-113 "note 113")[239](../../239/ "tree and pragmatics") Among the cave vertebrates, the only known one is the [olm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olm), living in Karst, Lower Carniola, and White Carniola.[240](../../240/ "tree and pragmatics") The only regular species of [cetaceans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea) found in the northern Adriatic sea is the [bottlenose dolphin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin) (Tursiops truncatus).[\[114\]](../../page/7/#ref-114 "note 114")[241](../../241/ "tree and pragmatics") There are a wide variety of birds, such as the [tawny owl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_owl), the [long-eared owl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-eared_owl), the [eagle owl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_owl), [hawks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk), and [short-toed eagles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-toed_eagle).[242](../../242/ "tree and pragmatics") Other birds of prey have been recorded, as well as a growing number of ravens, [crows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow) and [magpies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magpie) migrating into Ljubljana and Maribor where they thrive.[\[115\]](../../page/7/#ref-115 "note 115")[243](../../243/ "tree and pragmatics") Other birds include [black](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_woodpecker) and [green](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_green_woodpecker) [woodpeckers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodpecker) and the [white stork](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_stork), which nests mainly in [Prekmurje](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekmurje).[244](../../244/ "tree and pragmatics") There are 13 domestic animals native to Slovenia,[\[116\]](../../page/7/#ref-116 "note 116") of eight species (hen, pig, dog, horse, sheep, goat, honey bee, and cattle).[\[117\]](../../page/7/#ref-117 "note 117")[245](../../245/ "tree and pragmatics") Among these are the [Karst Shepherd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_Shepherd),[\[118\]](../../page/7/#ref-118 "note 118") the [Carniolan honeybee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carniolan_honeybee), and the [Lipizzan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipizzan) horse.[\[117\]](../../page/7/#ref-117 "note 117")[246](../../246/ "tree and pragmatics") The [marble trout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_trout) or marmorata (Salmo marmoratus) is an indigenous Slovenian fish.[\[119\]](../../page/7/#ref-119 "note 119")[247](../../247/ "tree and pragmatics") Extensive breeding programmes have been introduced to repopulate the marble [trout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout) into lakes and streams invaded by non-indigenous species of trout.[248](../../248/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovenia is also home to the [wels catfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wels_catfish).[249](../../249/ "tree and pragmatics") More than 2,400 fungal species have been recorded from Slovenia[\[120\]](../../page/7/#ref-120 "note 120") and, since that figure does not include lichen-forming fungi, the total number of Slovenian fungi already known is undoubtedly much higher.[250](../../250/ "tree and pragmatics") Many more remain to be discovered.[251](../../251/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovenia is the second most-forested country in Europe,[\[85\]](../../page/7/#ref-85 "note 85") with 60.4% of the territory covered by forests.[\[86\]](../../page/7/#ref-86 "note 86")[252](../../252/ "tree and pragmatics") The forests are an important natural resource, and logging is kept to a minimum.[\[121\]](../../page/7/#ref-121 "note 121")[253](../../253/ "tree and pragmatics") In the interior of the country are typical Central European forests, predominantly [oak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak) and [beech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech).[254](../../254/ "tree and pragmatics") In the mountains, [spruce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce), [fir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir), and [pine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine) are more common.[255](../../255/ "tree and pragmatics") Pine trees grow on the [Karst Plateau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_Plateau), although only one-third of the region is covered by pine forest.[256](../../256/ "tree and pragmatics") The [lime/linden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia) tree, common in Slovenian forests, is a national symbol.[257](../../257/ "tree and pragmatics") The [tree line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line) is at 1700 to 1,800 m.[\[122\]](../../page/7/#ref-122 "note 122")[258](../../258/ "tree and pragmatics") In the Alps, flowers such as [Daphne blagayana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_blagayana), [gentians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentian) ([Gentiana clusii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiana_clusii), [Gentiana froelichii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentiana_froelichii)), [Primula auricula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primula_auricula), [edelweiss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leontopodium_alpinum) (the symbol of Slovene mountaineering), [Cypripedium calceolus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypripedium_calceolus), [Fritillaria meleagris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritillaria_meleagris) (snake's head fritillary), and [Pulsatilla grandis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsatilla_grandis) are found.[259](../../259/ "tree and pragmatics") Slovenia is home to many plants from [ethnobotanically](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany) useful groups.[260](../../260/ "tree and pragmatics") Of 59 known species of ethnobotanical importance, some species such as [Aconitum napellus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitum_napellus), [Cannabis sativa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa) and [Taxus baccata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_baccata) are restricted for use as per the Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia.[\[123\]](../../page/7/#ref-123 "note 123")[261](../../261/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Governance and politics Main article: [Politics of Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Slovenia) See also: [Foreign relations of Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovenia) Slovenia is a [parliamentary democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system) republic with a [multi-party system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_system).[262](../../262/ "tree and pragmatics") According to [International IDEA's](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance) Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Slovenia performs in the high range on overall democratic measures, with particular strengths in political representation, including elected government and inclusive suffrage.[\[124\]](../../page/7/#ref-124 "note 124")[\[125\]](../../page/7/#ref-125 "note 125")[\[126\]](../../page/7/#ref-126 "note 126")[263](../../263/ "tree and pragmatics") ### President The [head of state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state) is the [president](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Slovenia), who is elected by popular vote and has an important integrative role.[\[127\]](../../page/7/#ref-127 "note 127")[264](../../264/ "tree and pragmatics") The president is elected for five years and at maximum for two consecutive terms.[265](../../265/ "tree and pragmatics") The president has a representative role and is the commander-in-chief of the [Slovenian armed forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Slovenia).[\[128\]](../../page/7/#ref-128 "note 128")[266](../../266/ "tree and pragmatics") The president convenes and dissolves Parliament, may express opinions to the National Assembly on any matter of public importance, and has plenary power to call [general elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_election), [byelections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelection) and [snap elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_election).[267](../../267/ "tree and pragmatics") The president also nominates prominent state officials, including the prime minister and justices of the Constitutional Court, for the consideration of the National Assembly; conducts Slovenia's foreign relations in consultation with the Government; exercises supreme command and control over the [Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenian_Armed_Forces), including the use of significant war powers; confers state honours; and grants pardons, commutations, reprieves, and respites to individuals convicted of criminal offences.[268](../../268/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Government The executive and [administrative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_%28government%29) authority in Slovenia is held by the [Government of Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Slovenia) (Vlada Republike Slovenije),[\[70\]](../../page/7/#ref-70 "note 70") led by the [prime minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia).[269](../../269/ "tree and pragmatics") The prime minister chairs the full Council of Ministers or [cabinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_%28government%29), who are in turn elected by the [National Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_%28Slovenia%29) (Državni zbor Republike Slovenije).[270](../../270/ "tree and pragmatics") The Government is responsible for, among other things, executing the domestic and foreign policies of the state, directing and coordinating the activities of state agencies, preparing and administering the state budget, negotiating and concluding treaties, and implementing both laws passed by the National Assembly and decrees issued by the president.[\[129\]](../../page/7/#ref-129 "note 129")[\[130\]](../../page/7/#ref-130 "note 130")[271](../../271/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Parliament #### Organisation The legislative authority is held by the [bicameral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicameral) [Parliament of Slovenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Slovenia), characterised by an asymmetric duality.[\[131\]](../../page/7/#ref-131 "note 131")[272](../../272/ "tree and pragmatics") The bulk of power is concentrated in the National Assembly, which consists of ninety members.[273](../../273/ "tree and pragmatics") Of those, 88 are elected by all the citizens in a system of [proportional representation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation), whereas two are elected by the registered members of the [autochthonous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenism) Hungarian and Italian [minorities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Minorities).[274](../../274/ "tree and pragmatics") Elections take place every four years.[275](../../275/ "tree and pragmatics") The [National Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_%28Slovenia%29) (Državni svet Republike Slovenije), consisting of forty members, appointed to represent social, economic, professional and local interest groups, has a limited advisory and control power.[\[131\]](../../page/7/#ref-131 "note 131")[276](../../276/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Slovenia/page/7/) - ← 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