---
title: The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air m… — Sofia · tree and pragmatics
description: The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and nitrogen oxide. Who acts: geographic position, air masses, air pollution. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Sofia» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Sofia, sentence 72

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From Wikipedia, [«Sofia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and nitrogen oxide.

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**Who acts:** geographic position, air masses, air pollution · **What happens:** limit, increase, flow, chance · **To what, where:** flow, chances

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Sofia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (geographic position, air masses, air pollution), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Sofia:72
# text = The geographic position of the Sofia Valley limits the flow of air masses, increasing the chances of air pollution by particulate matter and nitrogen oxide.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	geographic	geographic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	position	position	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Sofia	Sofia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	Valley	Valley	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
8	limits	limit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	flow	flow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	compound	_	_
13	masses	mass	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	increasing	increase	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
16	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	chances	chance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	obj	_	_
18	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	pollution	pollution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
21	by	by	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	particulate	particulate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	compound	_	_
23	matter	matter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	nitrogen	nitrogen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	compound	_	_
26	oxide	oxide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **limit** | present | the geographic position of the Sofia Valley | the flow of air masses |  |  |  |  | vn limit-76 «NP V NP»: agent=Causer flow=Patient |
| 2 | **increase** | gerund | the geographic position of the Sofia Valley *not said here* | the chances of air pollution |  |  |  | by particulate matter and nitrogen oxide | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Causer chance=Patient |
| 3 | **flow** |  | air masses |  |  |  |  |  | nom flow «event intransitive»: of=agent |
| 4 | **chance** |  | air pollution |  |  |  |  |  | nom chance «state intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Sofia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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