---
title: These remittance firms (hawalas) have become a large industry in Som… — Somalia · tree and pragmatics
description: These remittance firms (hawalas) have become a large industry in Somalia, with an estimated US$1.6 billion annually remitted to the region by Somalis in the diaspora via money transfer companies. Who acts: remittance firms, Somalis. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Somalia» with its dependency tree and pr
---

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# Somalia, sentence 423

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From Wikipedia, [«Somalia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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These remittance firms (hawalas) have become a large industry in Somalia, with an estimated US$1.6 billion annually remitted to the region by Somalis in the diaspora via money transfer companies.

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**Who acts:** remittance firms, Somalis · **What happens:** become, estimate, remit · **To what, where:** large industry, an, region

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Somalia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (remittance firms, Somalis), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Somalia:423
# text = These remittance firms (hawalas) have become a large industry in Somalia, with an estimated US$1.6 billion annually remitted to the region by Somalis in the diaspora via money transfer companies.
1	These	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	_
2	remittance	remittance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	firms	firm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
4	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	hawalas	hawala	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	5	punct	_	_
7	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	industry	industry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	xcomp	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Somalia	Somalia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
15	with	with	SCONJ	IN	_	23	mark	_	_
16	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
17	estimated	estimate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	23	advcl	_	_
18	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	$	$	SYM	$	_	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	1.6	1.6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	21	compound	_	_
21	billion	billion	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
22	annually	annually	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	remitted	remit	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	_
24	to	to	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	26	det	_	_
26	region	region	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
27	by	by	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	Somalis	somali	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obl	_	_
29	in	in	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
31	diaspora	diaspora	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	_
32	via	via	ADP	IN	_	35	case	_	_
33	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	34	compound	_	_
34	transfer	transfer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	compound	_	_
35	companies	company	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | present · perfect | this remittance firms | a large industry in Somalia |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **estimate** | participle | Somalis in the diaspora *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **remit** | participle · passive | Somalis in the diaspora | an | the region |  |  | via transfer companies; annually *property* | vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent subject=Theme to region=Recipient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Somalia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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