--- title: Somalia — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 5 description: Wikipedia's «Somalia», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Somalia # Somalia · page 5 From Wikipedia, [«Somalia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/4/) **5** [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/7/) - [Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland) [corpus](../../../Somaliland/ "in our corpus") ---- [Awdal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awdal) [Woqooyi Galbeed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woqooyi_Galbeed)\*\* [Togdheer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togdheer)\* [Sanaag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaag)\* [Sool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sool)\*; [North East](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatumo_State) ---- [Togdheer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togdheer)\* [Sanaag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaag)\* [Sool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sool)\*; [Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland) ---- [Bari](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari,_Somalia) [Nugaal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nugal,_Somalia) [Mudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudug)\*\*\*; [Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmudug) ---- [Galguduud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galguduud) [Mudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudug)\*\*\*[347](../../347/ "tree and pragmatics") - [Hirshabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshabelle) ---- [Hiran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiran,_Somalia) [Middle Shabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Shabelle); [South West](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia) ---- [Bakool](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakool) [Bay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay,_Somalia) [Lower Shabelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Shabelle); [Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubaland) ---- [Gedo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedo) [Middle Juba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Juba) [Lower Juba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Juba); [Banaadir](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banaadir) ---- [Mogadishu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu) [corpus](../../../Mogadishu/ "in our corpus")[348](../../348/ "tree and pragmatics") \* Disputed[349](../../349/ "tree and pragmatics") \*\* Separated to [Maroodi Jeex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex) and [Sahil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland) by Somaliland[350](../../350/ "tree and pragmatics") \*\*\* Shared by Puntland and Galmudug[351](../../351/ "tree and pragmatics") Northern Somalia is now de facto divided up among the [autonomous regions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_regions_of_Somalia) of [Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland) (which considers itself an [autonomous state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_state)), [Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland) [corpus](../../../Somaliland/ "in our corpus") (a self-declared, [partially-recognised state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition)) and newly established [North East State of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_State_of_Somalia).[352](../../352/ "tree and pragmatics") In central Somalia, [Galmudug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmudug) is another regional entity that emerged just south of Puntland.[353](../../353/ "tree and pragmatics") [Jubaland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubaland) in the far south is a fourth autonomous region within the federation.[\[1\]](../../page/7/#ref-1 "note 1")[354](../../354/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2014, a new [South West State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_State) was likewise established.[\[222\]](../../page/7/#ref-222 "note 222")[355](../../355/ "tree and pragmatics") In April 2015, a formation conference was also launched for a new [Hirshabelle State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirshabelle_State).[\[223\]](../../page/7/#ref-223 "note 223")[356](../../356/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Federal Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia) was tasked in 2012 with selecting the ultimate number and boundaries of the autonomous regional states (officially [Federal Member States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Member_States)) within the Federal Republic of Somalia.[\[17\]](../../page/7/#ref-17 "note 17")[\[224\]](../../page/7/#ref-224 "note 224")[357](../../357/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Foreign relations Main article: [Foreign relations of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia) Somalia's [foreign relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia) are handled by the President as the head of state, the Prime Minister as the head of government, and the federal [Ministry of Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_%28Somalia%29).[\[17\]](../../page/7/#ref-17 "note 17")[358](../../358/ "tree and pragmatics") According to Article 54 of the national constitution, the allocation of powers and resources between the Federal Government and the Federal Republic of Somalia's constituent Federal Member States shall be negotiated and agreed upon by the Federal Government and the Federal Member States, except in matters pertaining to foreign affairs, national defence, citizenship and immigration, and monetary policy.[359](../../359/ "tree and pragmatics") Article 53 also stipulates that the Federal Government shall consult the Federal Member States on major issues related to international agreements, including negotiations vis-a-vis foreign trade, finance and treaties.[\[17\]](../../page/7/#ref-17 "note 17")[360](../../360/ "tree and pragmatics") The Federal Government maintains [bilateral relations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_relations) with a number of other central governments in the international community.[361](../../361/ "tree and pragmatics") Among these are [Djibouti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti–Somalia_relations), [Ethiopia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia–Somalia_relations), [Egypt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt–Somalia_relations), the [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia–United_Arab_Emirates_relations), [Yemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia–Yemen_relations), [Turkey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia–Turkey_relations), [Italy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy–Somalia_relations), the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia–United_Kingdom_relations), [Denmark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark–Somalia_relations), [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France–Somalia_relations), the [United States](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia–United_States_relations), the [People's Republic of China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China–Somalia_relations), [Japan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan–Somalia_relations), [Russian Federation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia–Somalia_relations) and [South Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia–South_Korea_relations).[362](../../362/ "tree and pragmatics") Additionally, Somalia has several [diplomatic missions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Somalia) abroad.[363](../../363/ "tree and pragmatics") There are likewise various [foreign embassies and consulates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Somalia) based in the capital Mogadishu and elsewhere in the country.[364](../../364/ "tree and pragmatics") Somalia is also a member of many international organisations, such as the [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations),[\[225\]](../../page/7/#ref-225 "note 225") African Union[\[226\]](../../page/7/#ref-226 "note 226") and [Arab League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League).[\[227\]](../../page/7/#ref-227 "note 227")[365](../../365/ "tree and pragmatics") It was a founding member of the [Organisation of Islamic Cooperation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation) in 1969.[\[228\]](../../page/7/#ref-228 "note 228")[\[229\]](../../page/7/#ref-229 "note 229")[366](../../366/ "tree and pragmatics") Other memberships include the [African Development Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Development_Bank), [East African Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community),[\[230\]](../../page/7/#ref-230 "note 230") [Group of 77](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77), [Intergovernmental Authority on Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Authority_on_Development), [International Bank for Reconstruction and Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development), [International Civil Aviation Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization), [International Development Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Development_Association), [International Finance Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation), [Non-Aligned Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement),[\[231\]](../../page/7/#ref-231 "note 231") [World Federation of Trade Unions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions) and [World Meteorological Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization).[367](../../367/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Military Main article: [Somali Armed Forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces) The Somali Armed Forces (SAF) are the military forces of the Federal Republic of Somalia.[\[232\]](../../page/7/#ref-232 "note 232")[368](../../368/ "tree and pragmatics") Headed by the President as Commander in Chief, they are constitutionally mandated to ensure the nation's sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity.[\[17\]](../../page/7/#ref-17 "note 17")[369](../../369/ "tree and pragmatics") The SAF was initially made up of the [Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_National_Army), [Navy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Navy), [Air Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Air_Force), [Police Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Police_Force) and the [National Security Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Service_%28Somalia%29).[\[233\]](../../page/7/#ref-233 "note 233")[370](../../370/ "tree and pragmatics") In the post-independence period, it grew to become among the larger militaries on the continent.[\[147\]](../../page/7/#ref-147 "note 147")[371](../../371/ "tree and pragmatics") The subsequent outbreak of the [civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War) in 1991 led to the disbandment of the Somali National Army.[\[234\]](../../page/7/#ref-234 "note 234")[372](../../372/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2004, the gradual process of reconstituting the military was put in motion with the establishment of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG).[373](../../373/ "tree and pragmatics") The Somali Armed Forces are now overseen by the [Ministry of Defence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_%28Somalia%29) of the Federal Government of Somalia, formed in mid-2012.[374](../../374/ "tree and pragmatics") In January 2013, the Somali federal government also reopened the national intelligence service in Mogadishu, renaming the agency the [National Intelligence and Security Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Agency_%28Somalia%29) (NISA).[\[235\]](../../page/7/#ref-235 "note 235")[375](../../375/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Somaliland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces) and [Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland_Security_Force) regional governments maintain their own security and police forces.[376](../../376/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Human rights Main article: [Human rights in Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somalia) Human rights are guaranteed in the [Federal Constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Somalia).[377](../../377/ "tree and pragmatics") They fall under the Ministry of Human Rights established in August 2013.[\[236\]](../../page/7/#ref-236 "note 236")[378](../../378/ "tree and pragmatics") The central authorities concurrently inaugurated a National Human Rights Day, endorsed an official Human Rights Roadmap,[\[237\]](../../page/7/#ref-237 "note 237") and completed Somalia's first National Gender Policy.[\[238\]](../../page/7/#ref-238 "note 238")[379](../../379/ "tree and pragmatics") However, both male and female [same-sex sexual activity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somalia) are [punishable by death](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality) within Somalia.[\[239\]](../../page/7/#ref-239 "note 239")[380](../../380/ "tree and pragmatics") On 3 October 2020, a [UN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN) human rights investigator raised concerns over Somali government's backtracking of human rights commitments.[\[240\]](../../page/7/#ref-240 "note 240")[381](../../381/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Economy Main article: [Economy of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Somalia) According to the [CIA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA) and the [Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia), with ongoing civil unrest, the Somali [economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy) is primarily limited to [livestock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock) and [remittance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remittance)/[money transfers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_transfer) from Somalis living in more economically advanced countries, and local [telecommunications](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia).[\[1\]](../../page/7/#ref-1 "note 1")[\[241\]](../../page/7/#ref-241 "note 241")[382](../../382/ "tree and pragmatics") Owing to a dearth of formal government statistics and ongoing decades-long [iterations of civil war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War), it is difficult to gauge the size or growth of the economy.[383](../../383/ "tree and pragmatics") For 1994, the CIA estimated the [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDP) at US$3.3 billion.[\[242\]](../../page/7/#ref-242 "note 242")[384](../../384/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2001, it was estimated to be US$4.1 billion.[\[243\]](../../page/7/#ref-243 "note 243")[385](../../385/ "tree and pragmatics") By 2009, the CIA estimated that the GDP had grown to US$5.731 billion, with a projected real growth rate of 2.6%.[\[1\]](../../page/7/#ref-1 "note 1")[386](../../386/ "tree and pragmatics") According to a 2007 [British Chambers of Commerce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Chambers_of_Commerce) report, during a period of relatively less internal warfare, the private sector had also grown, particularly in the service sector.[387](../../387/ "tree and pragmatics") Unlike the pre-civil war period, when most services and the industrial sector were [government-run](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government-owned_corporation), the 2007 report noted substantial, albeit unmeasured, private investment in commercial activities; this has been largely financed by the [Somali diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_diaspora), and included trade and marketing, money transfer services, transportation, communications, fishery equipment, airlines, telecommunications, education, health, construction and hotels.[\[244\]](../../page/7/#ref-244 "note 244")[388](../../388/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2007, [Libertarian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian) economist [Peter Leeson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Leeson) attributed this increased economic activity to the Somali [customary law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law) (referred to as [Xeer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeer)), which he suggests provides a stable environment to conduct business in.[\[245\]](../../page/7/#ref-245 "note 245")[389](../../389/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the Central Bank of Somalia, the country's GDP per capita as of 2012 was US$226, a slight reduction in real terms from 1990.[390](../../390/ "tree and pragmatics") About 43% of the population lives on less than 1 US dollar a day, with around 24% of those found in urban areas and 54% living in rural areas.[\[241\]](../../page/7/#ref-241 "note 241")[391](../../391/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Ministry of Finance of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_%28Somalia%29) projected the 2025 GDP to be $13.3 billion.[\[246\]](../../page/7/#ref-246 "note 246")[392](../../392/ "tree and pragmatics") Somalia's economy consists of both traditional and modern production, with a gradual shift toward modern industrial techniques.[393](../../393/ "tree and pragmatics") Somalia has the largest population of camels in the world.[\[247\]](../../page/7/#ref-247 "note 247")[394](../../394/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the Central Bank of Somalia, about 80% of the population are nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists, who keep goats, sheep, camels and cattle.[395](../../395/ "tree and pragmatics") The nomads also gather resins and gums to supplement their income.[\[241\]](../../page/7/#ref-241 "note 241")[396](../../396/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Agriculture See also: [Agriculture in Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somalia) Agriculture is the most important economic sector of Somalia.[397](../../397/ "tree and pragmatics") It accounts for about 65% of the GDP and employs 65% of the workforce.[\[244\]](../../page/7/#ref-244 "note 244")[398](../../398/ "tree and pragmatics") Livestock contributes about 40% to GDP and more than 50% of export earnings.[\[1\]](../../page/7/#ref-1 "note 1")[399](../../399/ "tree and pragmatics") Other principal exports include [fish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish), [charcoal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal) and [bananas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana); [sugar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar), [sorghum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum) and [corn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn) are products for the domestic market.[\[1\]](../../page/7/#ref-1 "note 1")[400](../../400/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the Central Bank of Somalia, imports of goods total about US$460 million per year, surpassing aggregate imports prior to the start of the civil war in 1991.[401](../../401/ "tree and pragmatics") Exports, which total about US$270 million annually, have also surpassed pre-war aggregate export levels.[402](../../402/ "tree and pragmatics") Somalia has a trade deficit of about US$190 million per year, but this is exceeded by remittances sent by Somalis in the diaspora, estimated to be about US$1 billion.[\[241\]](../../page/7/#ref-241 "note 241")[403](../../403/ "tree and pragmatics") With the advantage of being located near the Arabian Peninsula, Somali traders have increasingly begun to challenge [Australia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia) [corpus](../../../Australia/ "in our corpus")'s traditional dominance over the Gulf Arab livestock and meat market, offering quality animals at very low prices.[404](../../404/ "tree and pragmatics") In response, Gulf Arab states have started to make strategic investments in the country, with [Saudi Arabia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia) [corpus](../../../Saudi_Arabia/ "in our corpus") building livestock export infrastructure and the [United Arab Emirates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates) [corpus](../../../United_Arab_Emirates/ "in our corpus") purchasing large farmlands.[\[248\]](../../page/7/#ref-248 "note 248")[405](../../405/ "tree and pragmatics") Somalia is also a major world supplier of [frankincense](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankincense) and [myrrh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh).[\[249\]](../../page/7/#ref-249 "note 249")[406](../../406/ "tree and pragmatics") The modest [industrial sector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sector), based on the processing of agricultural products, accounts for 10% of Somalia's GDP.[\[1\]](../../page/7/#ref-1 "note 1")[407](../../407/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the [Somali Chamber of Commerce and Industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry), over six private [airline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline) firms also offer commercial flights to both domestic and international locations, including [Daallo Airlines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daallo_Airlines), [Jubba Airways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubba_Airways), [African Express Airways](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Express_Airways), East Africa 540, Central Air and Hajara.[\[250\]](../../page/7/#ref-250 "note 250")[408](../../408/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2008, the Puntland government signed a multimillion-dollar deal with [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai)'s Lootah Group, a regional industrial group operating in the Middle East and Africa.[409](../../409/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the agreement, the first phase of the investment is worth [Dhs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_dirham) 170 m and will see a set of new companies established to operate, manage and build [Bosaso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosaso)'s free trade zone and sea and airport facilities.[410](../../410/ "tree and pragmatics") The Bosaso Airport Company is slated to develop the airport complex to meet international standards, including a new 3400 m runway, main and auxiliary buildings, taxi and apron areas, and security perimeters.[\[251\]](../../page/7/#ref-251 "note 251")[411](../../411/ "tree and pragmatics") Prior to the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, the roughly 53 state-owned small, medium and large manufacturing firms were foundering, with the ensuing conflict destroying many of the remaining industries.[412](../../412/ "tree and pragmatics") However, primarily as a result of substantial local investment by the Somali diaspora, many of these small-scale plants have reopened and newer ones have been created.[413](../../413/ "tree and pragmatics") The latter include fish-canning and meat-processing plants in the northern regions, as well as about 25 factories in the Mogadishu area, which manufacture [pasta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta), [mineral water](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_water), [confections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confections), [plastic bags](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bag), [fabric](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile), hides and skins, [detergent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergent) and [soap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap), [aluminium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium), foam [mattresses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattress) and [pillows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillow), fishing [boats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat), carry out packaging, and [stone processing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonemasonry).[\[252\]](../../page/7/#ref-252 "note 252")[414](../../414/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2004, a US$8.3 million [Coca-Cola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola) bottling plant also opened in the city, with investors hailing from various constituencies in Somalia.[\[253\]](../../page/7/#ref-253 "note 253")[415](../../415/ "tree and pragmatics") [Foreign investment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment) also included multinationals including [General Motors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors) and [Dole Fruit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dole_Fruit).[\[254\]](../../page/7/#ref-254 "note 254")[416](../../416/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Monetary and payment system Main article: [Central Bank of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia), [Somali shilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_shilling) The Central Bank of Somalia is the official [monetary authority](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_authority) of Somalia.[\[241\]](../../page/7/#ref-241 "note 241")[417](../../417/ "tree and pragmatics") In terms of financial management, it is in the process of assuming the task of both formulating and implementing [monetary policy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary_policy).[\[255\]](../../page/7/#ref-255 "note 255")[418](../../418/ "tree and pragmatics") Owing to a lack of confidence in the local currency, the [US dollar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_dollar) is widely accepted as a medium of exchange alongside the Somali shilling.[419](../../419/ "tree and pragmatics") [Dollarisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollarisation) notwithstanding, the large issuance of the Somali shilling has increasingly fuelled price hikes, especially for low value transactions.[420](../../420/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the Central Bank, this inflationary environment is expected to come to an end as soon as the bank assumes full control of monetary policy and replaces the presently circulating currency introduced by the private sector.[\[255\]](../../page/7/#ref-255 "note 255")[421](../../421/ "tree and pragmatics") Although Somalia has had no central monetary authority for more than 15 years between the outbreak of the civil war in 1991 and the subsequent reestablishment of the Central Bank of Somalia in 2009, the nation's payment system is fairly advanced primarily due to the widespread existence of private [money transfer operators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Somalia#Finance) (MTO) that have acted as informal banking networks.[\[256\]](../../page/7/#ref-256 "note 256")[422](../../422/ "tree and pragmatics") These remittance firms ([hawalas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala)) have become a large industry in Somalia, with an estimated US$1.6 billion annually remitted to the region by [Somalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalis) in the diaspora via money transfer companies.[\[1\]](../../page/7/#ref-1 "note 1")[423](../../423/ "tree and pragmatics") Most are members of the Somali Money Transfer Association (SOMTA), an umbrella organisation that regulates the community's money transfer sector, or its predecessor, the Somali Financial Services Association (SFSA).[\[257\]](../../page/7/#ref-257 "note 257")[\[258\]](../../page/7/#ref-258 "note 258")[424](../../424/ "tree and pragmatics") The largest of the Somali MTOs is [Dahabshiil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahabshiil), a Somali-owned firm employing more than 2,000 people across 144 countries with branches in [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London) [corpus](../../../London/ "in our corpus") and [Dubai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai).[\[258\]](../../page/7/#ref-258 "note 258")[425](../../425/ "tree and pragmatics") With a significant improvement in local security, Somali expatriates began returning to the country for investment opportunities.[426](../../426/ "tree and pragmatics") Coupled with modest foreign investment, the inflow of funds have helped the Somali shilling increase considerably in value.[427](../../427/ "tree and pragmatics") By March 2014, the currency had appreciated by almost 60% against the US dollar over the previous 12 months.[428](../../428/ "tree and pragmatics") The Somali shilling was the strongest among the 175 global currencies traded by [Bloomberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P.), rising close to 50 percentage points higher than the next most robust global currency over the same period.[\[259\]](../../page/7/#ref-259 "note 259")[429](../../429/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Somalia Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_Stock_Exchange) (SSE) is the national [bourse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_exchange) of Somalia.[430](../../430/ "tree and pragmatics") It was founded in 2012 to attract investment from both Somali-owned firms and global companies in order to accelerate the ongoing post-conflict reconstruction process in Somalia.[\[260\]](../../page/7/#ref-260 "note 260")[431](../../431/ "tree and pragmatics") In June 2025, the National Securities Exchange of Somalia (NSES) was launched in Mogadishu, with future plans to trade stocks and [sukuk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukuk) bonds.[\[261\]](../../page/7/#ref-261 "note 261")[\[262\]](../../page/7/#ref-262 "note 262")[432](../../432/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Energy and natural resources Main article: [Mineral industry of Somalia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Somalia), [Oil exploration in Puntland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_exploration_in_Puntland) The World Bank reports that, in 2007, [electricity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity) was largely supplied by local businesses.[\[244\]](../../page/7/#ref-244 "note 244")[433](../../433/ "tree and pragmatics") Among these domestic firms is the [Somali Energy Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Energy_Company), which performs generation, transmission and distribution of electric power.[\[263\]](../../page/7/#ref-263 "note 263")[434](../../434/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2010, the nation produced 310 million kWh and consumed 288.3 million kWh of electricity, ranked 170th and 177th, respectively, according to the CIA.[\[1\]](../../page/7/#ref-1 "note 1")[435](../../435/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/4/) **5** [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/6/) [7](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/7/) - ← previous: [page 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/4/) - next →: [page 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Somalia/page/6/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)