---
title: Each painting has an inscription below it, which collectively has be… — Somaliland · tree and pragmatics
description: Each painting has an inscription below it, which collectively has been estimated to be around 2,500 years old. Who acts: painting. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Somaliland» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Somaliland, sentence 33

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From Wikipedia, [«Somaliland»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Each painting has an inscription below it, which collectively has been estimated to be around 2,500 years old.

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**Who acts:** painting · **What happens:** have, estimate, be · **To what, where:** inscription

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Somaliland». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (painting), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Somaliland:33
# text = Each painting has an inscription below it, which collectively has been estimated to be around 2,500 years old.
1	Each	each	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	painting	painting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	inscription	inscription	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	below	below	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj:pass	_	_
10	collectively	collectively	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
11	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
12	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	13	aux:pass	_	_
13	estimated	estimate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	parataxis	_	_
14	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
15	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	19	cop	_	_
16	around	around	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	_
17	2,500	2500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	18	nummod	_	_
18	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obl:unmarked	_	_
19	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | each painting | a inscription |  | inscription |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent inscription=Patient |
| 2 | **estimate** | present · perfect · passive |  | a inscription |  |  |  | collectively *property* | vn estimate-34.2-1 «NP V NP.value»: subject=Value |
| 3 | **is** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  | year | old *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Somaliland», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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