---
title: Universal elections took place in 1994, following which all racial g… — South Africa · tree and pragmatics
description: Universal elections took place in 1994, following which all racial groups have held political representation in the country's liberal democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. Who acts: Universal elections, liberal democracy. A sentence of Wikipedia's «South Africa» wit
---

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# South Africa, sentence 18

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From Wikipedia, [«South Africa»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Universal elections took place in 1994, following which all racial groups have held political representation in the country's liberal democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces.

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**Who acts:** Universal elections, liberal democracy · **What happens:** take, follow, hold, comprise · **To what, where:** place, 1994, political representation, liberal democracy, parliamentary republic

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «South Africa». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Universal elections, liberal democracy), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:South_Africa:18
# text = Universal elections took place in 1994, following which all racial groups have held political representation in the country's liberal democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces.
1	Universal	universal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	elections	election	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	1994	1994	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	following	follow	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	case	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	nsubj	_	_
10	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	12	det	_	_
11	racial	racial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	groups	group	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
13	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
14	held	hold	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	3	conj	_	_
15	political	political	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	representation	representation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	's	's	PART	POS	_	19	case	_	_
21	liberal	liberal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	democracy	democracy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	25	nsubj	_	_
25	comprises	comprise	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	22	acl:relcl	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
27	parliamentary	parliamentary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	republic	republic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	31	cc	_	_
30	nine	nine	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	31	nummod	_	_
31	provinces	province	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	28	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | Universal elections | place |  | 1994 |  |  | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent place=Value in 1994=Location |
| 2 | **follow** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **hold** | present · perfect | Universal elections *not said here* | political representation |  | the country's liberal democracy |  | follow all racial groups | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent representation=Theme in democracy=Location |
| 4 | **comprise** | present | the country's liberal democracy | a parliamentary republic and nine provinces |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme republic=Pivot |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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