---
title: South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last fo… — South Africa · tree and pragmatics
description: South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily because of overpopulation, sprawling development patterns, and deforestation during the 19th century. Who acts: South. A sentence of Wikipedia's «South Africa» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# South Africa, sentence 230

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From Wikipedia, [«South Africa»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily because of overpopulation, sprawling development patterns, and deforestation during the 19th century.

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**Who acts:** South · **What happens:** lose, sprawl · **To what, where:** large area, development patterns

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «South Africa». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (South), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:South_Africa:230
# text = South Africa has lost a large area of natural habitat in the last four decades, primarily because of overpopulation, sprawling development patterns, and deforestation during the 19th century.
1	South	South	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	natural	natural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	habitat	habitat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
13	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
14	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	decades	decade	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	primarily	primarily	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
18	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	20	case	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	fixed	_	_
20	overpopulation	overpopulation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
22	sprawling	sprawl	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	20	conj	_	_
23	development	development	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	compound	_	_
24	patterns	pattern	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	22	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
26	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
27	deforestation	deforestation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	_
28	during	during	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
29	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	19th	19th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	31	amod	_	_
31	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | present · perfect | South | a large area of natural habitat |  |  | decade | overpopulation and deforestation during the 19th century *parataxis* | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent area=Eventuality |
| 2 | **sprawl** | gerund | South *not said here* | development patterns |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location pattern=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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