---
title: In Mpumalanga, several stone circles have been found along with a st… — South Africa · tree and pragmatics
description: In Mpumalanga, several stone circles have been found along with a stone arrangement that has been named Adam's Calendar, and the ruins are thought to be created by the Bakone, a Northern Sotho group. Who acts: Bakone. A sentence of Wikipedia's «South Africa» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# South Africa, sentence 46

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From Wikipedia, [«South Africa»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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In Mpumalanga, several stone circles have been found along with a stone arrangement that has been named Adam's Calendar, and the ruins are thought to be created by the Bakone, a Northern Sotho group.

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**Who acts:** Bakone · **What happens:** find, name, think, create · **To what, where:** several stone circles, Mpumalanga, stone arrangement, ruins

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «South Africa». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Bakone), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:South_Africa:46
# text = In Mpumalanga, several stone circles have been found along with a stone arrangement that has been named Adam's Calendar, and the ruins are thought to be created by the Bakone, a Northern Sotho group.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Mpumalanga	Mpumalanga	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	circles	circle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
8	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
10	along	along	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	stone	stone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	arrangement	arrangement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	18	obj	_	_
16	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	18	aux:pass	_	_
18	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	acl:relcl	_	_
19	Adam	Adam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	's	's	PART	POS	_	19	case	_	_
21	Calendar	Calendar	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	27	cc	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	ruins	ruin	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj:pass	_	_
26	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	aux:pass	_	_
27	thought	think	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	_
28	to	to	PART	TO	_	30	mark	_	_
29	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	30	aux:pass	_	_
30	created	create	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	27	xcomp	_	_
31	by	by	ADP	IN	_	33	case	_	_
32	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	33	det	_	_
33	Bakone	Bakone	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
35	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
36	Northern	northern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	38	amod	_	_
37	Sotho	Sotho	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	38	compound	_	_
38	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	33	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | present · perfect · passive |  | several stone circles |  | Mpumalanga |  | along a stone arrangement | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |
| 2 | **name** | present · perfect · passive |  | a stone arrangement |  |  |  | Adam's Calendar *xcomp* | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: that=Theme |
| 3 | **think** *speech: other* | present · passive |  | the ruins |  |  |  |  | vn consider-29.9-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Attribute clause=Theme |
| 4 | **create** | to-infinitive · passive | the Bakone |  |  |  |  |  | vn create-26.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «South Africa», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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