--- title: South Sudan — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 5 description: Wikipedia's «South Sudan», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: South Sudan (/suːˈdɑːn,_-ˈdæn/), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/page/5/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / South Sudan # South Sudan · page 5 From Wikipedia, [«South Sudan»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/page/4/) **5** ### Education Main article: [Education in South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_South_Sudan) Unlike the previous educational system of the regional Southern Sudan—which was modelled after the system used in the Republic of Sudan since 1990—the current educational system of the Republic of South Sudan follows the 8 + 4 + 4 system (similar to Kenya).[386](../../386/ "tree and pragmatics") Primary education consists of eight years, followed by four years of secondary education, and then four years of university instruction.[387](../../387/ "tree and pragmatics") The primary language at all levels is English, as compared to the Republic of Sudan, where the [language of instruction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_of_instruction) is [Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic).[388](../../388/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2007, South Sudan adopted English as the [official language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language) of communication.[389](../../389/ "tree and pragmatics") There is a severe shortage of English teachers and English-speaking teachers in the scientific and technical fields.[390](../../390/ "tree and pragmatics") On 1 October 2019, the South Sudan Library Foundation opened South Sudan's first public library, the Juba Public Peace Library in Gudele 2.[\[255\]](../../page/5/#ref-255 "note 255")[\[256\]](../../page/5/#ref-256 "note 256")[391](../../391/ "tree and pragmatics") The library currently employs a staff of over 40 volunteers and maintains a collection of over 13,000 books.[\[256\]](../../page/5/#ref-256 "note 256")[392](../../392/ "tree and pragmatics") The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.[\[255\]](../../page/5/#ref-255 "note 255")[\[256\]](../../page/5/#ref-256 "note 256")[\[257\]](../../page/5/#ref-257 "note 257")[393](../../393/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2025, [UNICEF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF) reported that around 3 million children were out of school, limiting their access to education and future opportunities.[\[258\]](../../page/5/#ref-258 "note 258")[394](../../394/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Health Main article: [Health in South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_South_Sudan) South Sudan has one of the weakest health systems in the world, marked by a severely weakened [public health](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health) system, shortages of [qualified health workers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_professional), and restricted access to care.[395](../../395/ "tree and pragmatics") These problems have been shaped by decades of conflict, poverty, low literacy, and the country's largely rural economy, in which much of the population depends on subsistence farming or animal husbandry.[\[259\]](../../page/5/#ref-259 "note 259")[396](../../396/ "tree and pragmatics") Even before independence, South Sudan had among the worst [health indicators](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_indicators) in the world, a situation that has persisted since then.[\[260\]](../../page/5/#ref-260 "note 260")[\[261\]](../../page/5/#ref-261 "note 261")[397](../../397/ "tree and pragmatics") [Neonatal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality) and [maternal mortality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortality) rates remain among the highest globally, life expectancy is low, and in 2016, the country had the second-lowest expected [human capital](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capital) among 195 countries.[\[262\]](../../page/5/#ref-262 "note 262")[398](../../398/ "tree and pragmatics") The country's health burden includes widespread [malaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria),[\[263\]](../../page/5/#ref-263 "note 263") recurrent [cholera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera) outbreaks,[\[264\]](../../page/5/#ref-264 "note 264") [food insecurity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_insecurity_and_famine_in_South_Sudan), and [undernutrition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undernutrition).[\[265\]](../../page/5/#ref-265 "note 265")[\[266\]](../../page/5/#ref-266 "note 266")[399](../../399/ "tree and pragmatics") Conflict and insecurity have further weakened the health system by damaging facilities, reducing access to basic services, and restricting humanitarian access.[\[267\]](../../page/5/#ref-267 "note 267")[400](../../400/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Humanitarian situation The continued fighting has caused severe [humanitarian harm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_crisis).[401](../../401/ "tree and pragmatics") Civilians have been killed, homes and vital infrastructure have been damaged, destroyed or looted, and hundreds of thousands of people have been displaced.[402](../../402/ "tree and pragmatics") Insecurity has also limited humanitarian access, leaving many communities without essential assistance.[\[261\]](../../page/5/#ref-261 "note 261")[403](../../403/ "tree and pragmatics") As of December 2017, an estimated 42% of the South Sudanese population was facing severe security conditions, with most of the affected being young people and children.[\[268\]](../../page/5/#ref-268 "note 268")[404](../../404/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the United Nations, 8.3 million people were in need of humanitarian aid in South Sudan as of January 2021.[\[269\]](../../page/5/#ref-269 "note 269")[405](../../405/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2025, 7.7 million people, or 57% of the population, faced acute food insecurity, with conflict as the main driver,[\[270\]](../../page/5/#ref-270 "note 270") next to escalating insecurity that displaced large numbers of people, together with recurrent flooding that continued to undermine livelihoods and agricultural production.[\[271\]](../../page/5/#ref-271 "note 271")[406](../../406/ "tree and pragmatics") [Malnutrition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition) also worsened, with 2.3 million children at risk of acute malnutrition, amid access constraints, health service disruptions, and a [cholera outbreak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_cholera_epidemic_%282024–present%29) affecting [Upper Nile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Nile_State) and [Unity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_State) states.[\[270\]](../../page/5/#ref-270 "note 270")[407](../../407/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2026, South Sudan remained in a severe humanitarian crisis, with around 10 million people, about two-thirds of the population, estimated to need humanitarian assistance.[408](../../408/ "tree and pragmatics") More than 2.3 million South Sudanese were refugees or asylum-seekers abroad, while 2.5 million people were internally displaced.[409](../../409/ "tree and pragmatics") Food insecurity was acute: the IPC projected that over 7.5 million people would face high levels of acute food insecurity during the 2026 lean season, with several areas at risk of famine.[\[261\]](../../page/5/#ref-261 "note 261")[410](../../410/ "tree and pragmatics") The crisis in South Sudan has been worsened by the [war in neighbouring Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_%282023–present%29).[411](../../411/ "tree and pragmatics") By April 2026, more than 1.3 million people had entered South Sudan, including 900,000 South Sudanese returnees.[\[261\]](../../page/5/#ref-261 "note 261")[412](../../412/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Refugees Main article: [Refugees of South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_South_Sudan) As a result of [the war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War) that erupted in December 2013, more than 2.3 million people, one in every five people in South Sudan, were forced to flee their homes.[413](../../413/ "tree and pragmatics") This included about 1.66 million [internally displaced](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced) people (IDPs), an estimated 53.4% of whom were children, and nearly 644,900 refugees in neighbouring countries.[414](../../414/ "tree and pragmatics") Some 185,000 IDPs sought refuge in UN Protection of Civilians sites, while around 90% remained outside these locations, either on the move or sheltering elsewhere.[\[272\]](../../page/5/#ref-272 "note 272")[415](../../415/ "tree and pragmatics") In response, UNHCR stepped up its engagement through an inter-agency collaborative approach under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, and working with the [International Organization for Migration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration).[416](../../416/ "tree and pragmatics") In early February 2013, UNHCR started distributing relief items outside the UN base in Malakal, South Sudan, which was expected to reach 10,000 people.[\[273\]](../../page/5/#ref-273 "note 273")[417](../../417/ "tree and pragmatics") As of February 2014, South Sudan was host to over 230,000 [refugees](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee), with the vast majority, over 209,000, having arrived recently from Sudan, because of the [War in Darfur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur).[418](../../418/ "tree and pragmatics") Other African countries that contribute the most refugees to South Sudan are the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[\[273\]](../../page/5/#ref-273 "note 273")[419](../../419/ "tree and pragmatics") By January 2025, more than one million people had fled the 2023 [war in Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_%282023–present%29) for South Sudan.[\[274\]](../../page/5/#ref-274 "note 274")[420](../../420/ "tree and pragmatics") By November 2025, the continued arrivals, alongside returning South Sudanese nationals, placed additional pressure on already strained markets, services, and natural resources, while a prolonged economic crisis sharply reduced household purchasing power.[421](../../421/ "tree and pragmatics") These conditions were further aggravated by disease outbreaks, limited access to health care, and inadequate [water, sanitation, and hygiene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASH) services.[\[271\]](../../page/5/#ref-271 "note 271")[422](../../422/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture Main article: [Culture of South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_South_Sudan) See also: [Tourism in South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Sudan) Due to the many years of civil war, South Sudan's culture is heavily influenced by its neighbours.[423](../../423/ "tree and pragmatics") Many South Sudanese fled to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda where they interacted with the nationals and learned their languages and culture.[424](../../424/ "tree and pragmatics") Most of those who remained in Sudan until or after independence partially assimilated to Sudanese culture and speak [Juba Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba_Arabic) or [Sudanese Arabic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Arabic).[425](../../425/ "tree and pragmatics") Most South Sudanese value knowing one's tribal origin, its traditional culture and [dialect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect) even while in exile and [diaspora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora).[426](../../426/ "tree and pragmatics") Although the common languages spoken are Juba Arabic and English, [Swahili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language) might be introduced to the population to improve the country's relations with its East African neighbours.[\[275\]](../../page/5/#ref-275 "note 275")[427](../../427/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Music Many music artists from South Sudan use English, Swahili, Juba Arabic, their native African language or a mix of all.[428](../../428/ "tree and pragmatics") Popular artists like Barbz, [Yaba Angelosi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaba_Angelosi), De Peace Child sing [Afro-beat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-beat), R&B, and [Zouk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouk_%28musical_movement%29); [Dynamq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamq) is popular for his [reggae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae) releases; and Emmanuel Kembe who sings [folk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music), reggae and Afro-beat.[\[276\]](../../page/5/#ref-276 "note 276")[429](../../429/ "tree and pragmatics") Also hip hop artists like [Emmanuel Jal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Jal), FTG Metro, Flizzame and Dugga Mulla (of FMG).[430](../../430/ "tree and pragmatics") Emmanuel being one of the South Sudaneses music artists who have broken through on an international level[\[277\]](../../page/5/#ref-277 "note 277") with his unique form of [hip hop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music) and a positive message in his lyrics.[\[278\]](../../page/5/#ref-278 "note 278")[431](../../431/ "tree and pragmatics") Jal, a former [child soldier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_soldier) turned musician, received good airplay and album reviews in the UK[\[279\]](../../page/5/#ref-279 "note 279") and has also been sought out for the lecture circuit with major talks at popular talkfests like [TED](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_%28conference%29).[\[280\]](../../page/5/#ref-280 "note 280")[432](../../432/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Media Main article: [Media of South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_South_Sudan) While former Information Minister [Barnaba Marial Benjamin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaba_Marial_Benjamin) vowed that South Sudan will respect [freedom of the press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press) and allow journalists unrestricted access in the country, the chief editor of [Juba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba) [corpus](../../../Juba/ "in our corpus") newspaper [The Citizen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Citizen_%28South_Sudan%29) claimed that in the absence of a formal freedom of the press law, he and his staff have faced abuse at the hands of security forces.[433](../../433/ "tree and pragmatics") This alleged fettering of media freedom was attributed in an [Al Jazeera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network) report to the difficulty [SPLM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPLM) has faced in reforming itself as a legitimate government after years of leading a rebellion against the Sudanese government.[434](../../434/ "tree and pragmatics") The Citizen is South Sudan's largest newspaper, but poor infrastructure and poverty have kept its staff relatively small and limited the efficiency of both its reporting and its circulation outside of Juba, with no dedicated news bureaus in outlying states and newspapers often taking several days to reach states like [Northern Bahr el Ghazal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Bahr_el_Ghazal).[\[281\]](../../page/5/#ref-281 "note 281")[435](../../435/ "tree and pragmatics") In May 2020, South Sudan Friendship Press was established as the country's first dedicated online news website.[\[282\]](../../page/5/#ref-282 "note 282")[436](../../436/ "tree and pragmatics") Nile citizens is laid out as the nation's committed web-based news site.[\[283\]](../../page/5/#ref-283 "note 283")[437](../../437/ "tree and pragmatics") #### Censorship On 1 November 2011, South Sudan's National Security Services (NSS) arrested the editor of a private Juba-based daily, Destiny, and suspended its activities indefinitely.[438](../../438/ "tree and pragmatics") This was in response to an opinion article by columnist Dengdit Ayok, entitled "Let Me Say So", which criticised the president for allowing his daughter to marry an Ethiopian national, and accused him of "staining his patriotism".[439](../../439/ "tree and pragmatics") An official letter accused the newspaper of breaking "the media code of conduct and professional ethics", and of publishing "illicit news" that was defamatory, inciting, and invading the privacy of personalities.[440](../../440/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Committee to Protect Journalists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists) had voiced concerns over media freedoms in South Sudan in September.[\[284\]](../../page/5/#ref-284 "note 284")[441](../../441/ "tree and pragmatics") The NSS released the journalists without charge after having held them for 18 days.[\[285\]](../../page/5/#ref-285 "note 285")[442](../../442/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2015, Salva Kiir threatened to kill journalists who reported "against the country".[\[286\]](../../page/5/#ref-286 "note 286")[443](../../443/ "tree and pragmatics") Work conditions have become terrible for journalists, and many have left the country, such as documentarian Ochan Hannington.[\[287\]](../../page/5/#ref-287 "note 287")[444](../../444/ "tree and pragmatics") In August 2015, after journalist Peter Moi was killed in a targeted attack, being the seventh journalist killed during the year, South Sudanese journalists held a 24-hour news blackout.[\[288\]](../../page/5/#ref-288 "note 288")[445](../../445/ "tree and pragmatics") In August 2017, a 26-year-old American journalist, Christopher Allen, was killed in [Kaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya,_South_Sudan), [Yei River State](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yei_River_State), during fighting between government and opposition forces.[446](../../446/ "tree and pragmatics") Christopher Allen was a freelance journalist who had worked for several US news outlets.[447](../../447/ "tree and pragmatics") He had been reportedly embedded with the opposition forces in South Sudan for a week before he was killed.[\[289\]](../../page/5/#ref-289 "note 289")[448](../../448/ "tree and pragmatics") The same month, President Salva Kiir said the millions of civilians fleeing South Sudan were being driven by the propaganda from social media users conspiring against his government.[\[290\]](../../page/5/#ref-290 "note 290")[449](../../449/ "tree and pragmatics") Just a month prior in July 2017, access to major news websites and popular blogs including [Sudan Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Tribune) and Radio Tamazuj[\[291\]](../../page/5/#ref-291 "note 291") had been blocked by the government without formal notice.[\[292\]](../../page/5/#ref-292 "note 292")[450](../../450/ "tree and pragmatics") In June 2020, access to [Sudans Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudans_Post), a local news website, was blocked by the government following the publication of an article deemed defamatory by the NSS.[\[293\]](../../page/5/#ref-293 "note 293")[451](../../451/ "tree and pragmatics") Two months later, Qurium Media Foundation, a Swedish non-profit organisation, announced that it has deployed a mirror for the website to circumvent the government blocking.[\[294\]](../../page/5/#ref-294 "note 294")[452](../../452/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sports Main article: [Sport in South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_South_Sudan) Many traditional and modern games and sports are popular in South Sudan, particularly wrestling and mock battles.[453](../../453/ "tree and pragmatics") The traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest seasons to celebrate the harvests and finish the farming seasons.[454](../../454/ "tree and pragmatics") During the matches, they smeared themselves with [ochre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochre) – perhaps to enhance the grip or heighten their perception.[455](../../455/ "tree and pragmatics") The matches attracted large numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their favourite wrestlers.[456](../../456/ "tree and pragmatics") Though these were perceived as competition, they were primarily for entertainment.[\[295\]](../../page/5/#ref-295 "note 295")[457](../../457/ "tree and pragmatics") [Association football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) is also becoming popular in South Sudan, and there are many initiatives by the Government of South Sudan and other partners to promote the sport and improve the level of play.[458](../../458/ "tree and pragmatics") One of these initiatives is South Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA).[459](../../459/ "tree and pragmatics") SSYSA is already holding football clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki areas of Juba in which young boys are coached.[460](../../460/ "tree and pragmatics") In recognition of these efforts with youth football, the country recently hosted the [CECAFA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_East_and_Central_Africa_Football_Associations) youth football competitions.[461](../../461/ "tree and pragmatics") Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger East African Schools Sports tournaments.[\[296\]](../../page/5/#ref-296 "note 296")[462](../../462/ "tree and pragmatics") The [South Sudan national association football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_national_football_team) joined the [Confederation of African Football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football) in February 2012 and became a full [FIFA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA) member in May 2012.[\[297\]](../../page/5/#ref-297 "note 297")[463](../../463/ "tree and pragmatics") The team played its first match against [Tusker FC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusker_FC) of the [Kenyan Premier League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_Premier_League) on 10 July 2011 in Juba as part of independence celebrations,[\[298\]](../../page/5/#ref-298 "note 298") scoring early but losing 1–3 to the more experienced team.[\[299\]](../../page/5/#ref-299 "note 299")[464](../../464/ "tree and pragmatics") Famous South Sudanese footballers are [Machop Chol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machop_Chol), [James Moga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moga), [Richard Justin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Justin), [Athir Thomas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athir_Thomas), [Goma Genaro Awad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_Genaro_Awad), [Khamis Leyano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamis_Leyano), [Khamis Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamis_Martin), William Afani Clicks and [Roy Gulwak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Gulwak).[465](../../465/ "tree and pragmatics") The South Sudanese can boast links to top basketball players.[466](../../466/ "tree and pragmatics") [Luol Deng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luol_Deng) was a [National Basketball Association](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association) star in the United States; at the international level, he represented [Great Britain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_basketball_team).[467](../../467/ "tree and pragmatics") Other leading international basketball players from South Sudan include [Manute Bol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manute_Bol), [Kueth Duany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kueth_Duany), [Deng Gai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Gai), [Ater Majok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ater_Majok), [Wenyen Gabriel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenyen_Gabriel), and [Thon Maker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thon_Maker).[468](../../468/ "tree and pragmatics") The [South Sudan national basketball team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_national_basketball_team) played its first match against the [Uganda national basketball team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_national_basketball_team) on 10 July 2011 in Juba.[\[298\]](../../page/5/#ref-298 "note 298")[469](../../469/ "tree and pragmatics") The nation made their debut at the [FIBA Basketball World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup) in [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup).[470](../../470/ "tree and pragmatics") The also made their [AfroBasket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AfroBasket) debut in [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_AfroBasket_2021) finishing 7th.[471](../../471/ "tree and pragmatics") One athlete from South Sudan, [Guor Marial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guor_Marial), competed in the [2012 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics).[472](../../472/ "tree and pragmatics") Due to South Sudan not yet having an official Olympics organisation, and Marial not yet possessing American citizenship, he, along with three athletes from the former [Netherlands Antilles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles), competed under the banner of [Independent Olympic Athletes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Olympic_Athletes_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics).[473](../../473/ "tree and pragmatics") On 2 August at the 128th IOC Session, South Sudan was granted full recognition of its [National Olympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_National_Olympic_Committee).[474](../../474/ "tree and pragmatics") [South Sudan competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics) with three athletes in track and field.[475](../../475/ "tree and pragmatics") No medals were won during this Olympics.[\[300\]](../../page/5/#ref-300 "note 300")[476](../../476/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [Outline of South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_South_Sudan) ## Further reading – [Sudan](http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html) Walter C. Soderlund, E. Donald Briggs, *The Independence of South Sudan: The Role of Mass Media in the Responsibility to Prevent*, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2014. pp. $38.99 (paper), ISBN 978-1-77112-117-0 Mohamed Omer Beshir: *The Southern Sudan. Background to Conflict*. C. Hurst & Co., London 1968. Biel, Melha Rout (2007). "South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement". Netzbandt Verlag. Daly, M. W.; Rolandsen, Øystein H. (2016). "A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence". Cambridge University Press. Tvedt, Terje (2004). "South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols)". IB Tauris. "[Profile: Southern Sudan leader Salva Kiir](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12107760)". [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News). 5 January 2011. "[No One to Intervene: Gaps in Civilian Protection in Southern Sudan](http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/HRW_GapsCivlianProtection_SouthernSudan.pdf)". [Human Rights Watch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch). June 2009. ## External links [Government of South Sudan](https://twitter.com/southsudangov?lang=en) [Government of South Sudan](https://www.southsudanembassyusa.org/) – USA and UN Mission [Government of South Sudan](https://embrss.org.uk/) – UK Mission [South Sudan](https://web.archive.org/web/20260118125100/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/). *[The World Factbook](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook)*. [Central Intelligence Agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency). [South Sudan profile](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082) from the [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News). Cana, Frank Richardson. [Photographer's Account of South Sudan – "The Cost of Silence: A Traveling Exhibition"](http://sudanproject.ryanspencerreed.com/gallery/) ["Sudan's Shaky Peace"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101020011532/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/11/southern-sudan/teague-text), *[National Geographic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society)*, November 2010. [Photo gallery](https://web.archive.org/web/20101017153604/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/11/southern-sudan/steinmetz-photography) by [George Steinmetz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Steinmetz). [UN Outrage at South Sudan Attack](https://web.archive.org/web/20140419170725/http://www.hnkcnews.com/2014/04/19/un-outrage-at-south-sudan-attack/) [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/page/4/) **5** ## References {#references} 1\. "[The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011](http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/home/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file/FINAL%20TCRSS.doc)". Government of South Sudan. 2\. [United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF): [*The impact of language policy and practice on children's learning: Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa 2016*](https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF%282016%29LanguageandLearning-SouthSudan-CaseStudy.pdf) (PDF; 672 kB), Pages 1–3, Retrieved 9 September 2018 3\. Manfredi, Stefano (2018). "[Juba Arabic (Árabi Júba): a "less indigenous" language of South Sudan](https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1702685/508881/06%20ManfrediTosco.pdf)". *Sociolinguistic Studies*. 4\. Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2016), [*A new state, an old language policy, and a pidgin-creolo: Juba Arabic in South Sudan, Forthcoming: Sociolinguistic Studies 2016*](https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01357537/document) (PDF; 1141 kB), Pages 1–18, Retrieved 9 September 2018 5\. Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2013), [*Language uses vs. language policy: South Sudan and Juba Arabic in the post-independence era*](https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102624/document) (PDF; 301 kB), Pages 798–802, III Congresso Coordinamento Universitario per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, Sep 2013, Turin, Italy. JUNCO, Journal of Universities and International Development Cooperation, 2014, Imagining Cultures of Cooperation – Proceedings of the III CUCS Congress, Turin 19–21 September 2013, Retrieved 9 September 2018 6\. [Ethnologue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue): [*Ethnologue Languages of the World – South Sudan*](https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SS/languages) , Retrieved 9 September 2018. 7\. 2023. 8\. "[World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (South Sudan)](https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025)". International Monetary Fund. 9\. "[Gini Index](http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/)". World Bank. 10\. "[Human Development Report 2025](https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf)". 11\. "[New country, new number: Country code 211 officially assigned to South Sudan](http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx)". International Telecommunication Union. 14 July 2011. 12\. Registered and operational since 2019 13\. "[.ss Domain Delegation Data](https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ss.html)". [ICANN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN). 14\. "[South Sudan joins list of least developed countries, bringing global total to 49](https://unctad.org/press-material/south-sudan-joins-list-least-developed-countries-bringing-global-total-49)". UNCTAD. 2012-12-26. 15\. "[Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 1)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sJugNxYVA8)". 10 July 2011. 16\. "[Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 2)](https://www.youtube.com/user/Laseranthem#p/a/u/0/v5m4JUyBW38)". 19 June 2011. 17\. "[The World's Youngest Countries](https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-youngest-countries-of-the-world.html)". *WorldAtlas*. 28 May 2018. 18\. "[South Sudan rivals strike power-sharing deal](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51562367)". [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News). 22 February 2020. 19\. Malak, Garang A. (22 February 2020). "[Trust issues persist in Juba despite new dawn](https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Trust-issues-persist-in-South-Sudan/4552908-5464954-format-xhtml-fexisgz/index.html)". *The East African*. 20\. "['Children's crisis' in South Sudan must be addressed, says top UN official calling for real accountability](https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/09/1018671)". 7 September 2018. 21\. Worsnip, Patrick (14 July 2011). "[South Sudan admitted to U.N. as 193rd member](http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sudan-un-membership-idUKTRE76D3I120110714)". [Reuters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters). 22\. "[UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State](https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1=)". United Nations News Service. 14 July 2011. 23\. "[South Sudan Becomes African Union's 54th Member](https://www.voanews.com/a/south-sudan-becomes-african-unions-54th-member-126320433/158563.html)". Voice of America News. 28 July 2011. 24\. "South Sudan admitted into EAC", Daily Nation, 2 March 2016, reprinted at nation.co.ke, accessed 4 March 2016 25\. "[Ethiopia Agrees to Back Somalia Army Operations, IGAD Says](http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html)". *Bloomberg Businessweek*. 25 November 2011. 26\. "[GDP per capita, current prices](https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD?year=2025)". IMF. 27\. International Association for the History of Religions (1959). "Numen". EJ Brill. 28\. "[The Empires of the Western Sudan](https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/wsem/hd_wsem.htm)". [Metropolitan Museum of Art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art). October 2000. 29\. "[Sudan: A Country Study](https://archive.org/details/sudancountrystud00metz_0)". GPO for the Library of Congress. 1991. 30\. Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Columbia University Press. New York. ISBN 978-0-231-70414-4 31\. [Richard Cockett](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cockett) Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. ISBN 978-0-300-16273-8 32\. Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Ethnic Groups and Flashpoints. p. xv. Columbia University Press. New York. ISBN 978-0-231-70414-4 33\. Levering Lewis, David (1995). "The Race to Fashoda". Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 34\. Kenneth Okeny (1991). "[The 1947 Juba Conference](https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=111593646)". *Northeast African Studies*. 35\. Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Columbia University Press. New York. p. 16 ISBN 978-0-231-70414-4 36\. "[South Sudan](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/#people-and-society)". *The World Factbook*. Central Intelligence Agency. 2025-10-01. 37\. "[A boost for food security in South Sudan as nine ventures bag US$200,000 in WFP-UNDP's IGNITE Food Systems Challenge](https://www.wfp.org/news/boost-food-security-south-sudan-nine-ventures-bag-us200000-wfp-undps-ignite-food-systems)". World Food Programme. 12 May 2022. 38\. "[United Nations Office for Project Services website](https://www.unops.org/news-and-stories/stories/roads-to-food-security-in-south-sudan)". 39\. Fick, Maggie (30 January 2011). "[Over 99 pct in Southern Sudan vote for secession](https://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2011-01-30-2052877353_x.htm)". *USA Today*. 40\. Kron, Josh (23 January 2011). "[Southern Sudan Nears a Decision on One Matter: Its New Name](https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/africa/24sudan.html)". *[The New York Times](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times)*. 41\. "[South Sudan profile](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082)". BBC News. 8 January 2014. 42\. "[99.57% of Southern Sudanese vote yes to independence](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12317927)". BBC News. 30 January 2011. 43\. "[Crisis in Abyei: South Sudan must act and stop violence between Dinka groups](https://theconversation.com/crisis-in-abyei-south-sudan-must-act-and-stop-violence-between-dinka-groups-224409)". The Conversation. 5 March 2024. 44\. Francis, Okech (3 March 2025). "["We don't have protection": The worsening crisis in disputed Abyei](https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2025/03/03/we-dont-have-protection-worsening-crisis-disputed-abyei)". The New Humanitarian. 45\. [South Sudan becomes an independent nation](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14089843) , BBC News. 46\. "[South Sudan](https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/)". *CIA World Factbook*. 47\. "[UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State](https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/07/381552)". *UN News*. 14 July 2011. 48\. "[au.int: *African Union Welcomes South Sudan as the 54th Member State of the Union*](http://www.au.int/en/content/african-union-welcomes-south-sudan-54th-member-state-union)". 49\. "[The LRA and Sudan](http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2011/01/20111585750480428.html)". [Al Jazeera English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English). 5 January 2011. 50\. PiersDillonScott (17 September 2011). "[Google Maps officially recognises South Sudan as an independent country](https://sociable.co/web/google-maps-officially-recognises-south-sudan-as-an-independent-country/)". *The Sociable*. 51\. "[South Sudan army kills fighters in clashes](http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/04/2011424145446998235.html)". Al Jazeera English. 24 April 2011. 52\. Fick, Maggie; Straziuso, Jason (2 June 2011). "[Civilians dead in South Sudan battle](http://archive.boston.com/news/world/africa/articles/2011/06/02/hundreds_of_civilian_casualties_in_s_sudan_battle/)". *The Boson Globe*. Associated Press. 53\. "[Thousands flee South Sudan tribal conflict](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/01/201212101840599359.html)". [Al Jazeera English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English). 3 January 2012. 54\. "[United Nations urges South Sudan to Help Avert Possible Attack](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-27/united-nations-urges-south-sudan-to-help-avert-possible-attack.html)". [Bloomberg Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Television). 27 December 2011. 55\. "[Sudan and South Sudan in fierce oil border clashes](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17515209)". BBC News Africa. 27 March 2012. 56\. "[The SPLM and the Rise of Autocracy in South Sudan](https://southsudannewsagency.net/index.php/2013/09/05/the-splm-and-the-rise-of-autocracy-in-south-sudan/)". 5 September 2013. 57\. Kulish, Nicholas (9 January 2014). "[New Estimate Sharply Raises Death Toll in South Sudan](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/world/africa/new-estimate-sharply-raises-death-toll-in-south-sudan.html)". *The New York Times*. 58\. "[Yoweri Museveni: Uganda troops fighting South Sudan rebels](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25759650)". BBC News. 16 January 2014. 59\. "[South Sudan country profile](http://bbc.com/news/world-africa-14069082)". BBC News. 6 August 2018. 60\. "[South Sudan rebel chief Riek Machar sworn in as vice-president](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36140423)". BBC News. 26 April 2016. 61\. "[South Sudan opposition replaces missing leader Machar](http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/south-sudan-opposition-replaces-missing-leader-machar-160723144856580.html)". Al Jazeera. 23 July 2016. 62\. "[South Sudan conflict: Sacked VP Riek Machar goes into exile](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37116862)". BBC News. 18 August 2016. 63\. "[The revenge of Salva Kiir](https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/02/the-revenge-of-salva-kiir-south-sudan-genocide-ethnic-cleansing/)". *Foreign Policy*. 2 January 2017. 64\. "[South Sudan's warring leaders agree to share power, again](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-sudans-warring-leaders-agree-to-share-power-again/2018/07/25/6ca19412-902b-11e8-ae59-01880eac5f1d_story.html)". *[The Washington Post](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post)*. 25 July 2018. 65\. "[Nearly 400,000 'excess deaths' caused by South Sudan war](https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/report-400000-excess-deaths-south-sudan-58090309)". *ABC News*. 26 September 2018. 66\. "[Study estimates 190,000 people killed in South Sudan's civil war](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-toll/study-estimates-190000-people-killed-in-south-sudans-civil-war-idUSKCN1M626R)". Reuters. 26 September 2018. 67\. "[South Sudan 'coup leaders' face treason trial](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25944446)". BBC News. 29 January 2014. 68\. "[A new report estimates that more than 380,000 people have died in South Sudan's civil war](https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-new-report-estimates-more-than-380000-people-have-died-in-south-sudans-civil-war/2018/09/25/e41fcb84-c0e7-11e8-9f4f-a1b7af255aa5_story.html)". *The Washington Post*. 26 September 2018. 69\. "[South Sudan rivals strike power-sharing deal](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51562367)". [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News). 22 February 2020. 70\. Mednick, Sam. "[After 6 years of war, will peace finally come to South Sudan?](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/2/23/after-6-years-of-war-will-peace-finally-come-to-south-sudan)". Al Jazeera. 71\. "[Violence in South Sudan engulfs country, 10 years after independence 'children all have guns'](https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1085202)". UN News. 2021-02-19. 72\. "[Republic of South Sudan](https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states/south-sudan)". East Africa Community. 73\. "[South Sudan again delays its 1st election, until late 2024](https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-sudan-south-juba-4f35064ef1173a9e14f6e60f55d36b50)". Associated Press. 2022-08-04. 74\. "[South Sudan postpones long-delayed election by two years, presidency says](https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-sudan-postpones-long-delayed-election-by-two-years-presidency-says-2024-09-13/)". Reuters. 13 September 2024. 75\. "[Stakes rise for South Sudan: What's happening, and why it matters](https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166333)". *UN News*. 2025-11-11. 76\. Princewill, Nimi (29 March 2025). "[The world's youngest country fought for decades to govern itself. Now it's on the cusp of another civil war](https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/29/africa/sudan-peace-deal-cusp-civil-war-intl/index.html)". *[CNN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN)*. 77\. "[Nearly 170 killed, 50 injured in armed youth attack on South Sudan county](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/nearly-170-killed-50-injured-in-armed-youth-attack-on-south-sudan-county/3846437)". *Anadolu Ajansı*. 2026-03-02. 78\. Press, Associated (2026-03-02). "[169 people killed, including women and children, after insurgents raid a village in a remote area of South Sudan](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/169-people-killed-including-women-and-children-after-insurgents-raid-a-village-in-a-remote-area-of-south-sudan)". *PBS News*. 79\. Ross, Will (9 January 2011). "[Southern Sudan votes on independence](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12144675)". BBC News. 80\. e.g. example reference in "[Bahr el Jabal](https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Bahr+al+Jabal)". *The Free Dictionary*. 81\. Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". *Nature Communications*. 82\. Burgess, Neil; D'Amico Hales, Jennifer; Underwood, Emma (2004). "Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment". Island Press. 83\. "[Average weather in Juba, Sudan](http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Juba,Sudan)". *weather-and-climate.com*. 84\. 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"[South Sudan passes interim constitution amid concerns over presidential powers](http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-passes-interim,39457)". *[Sudan Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Tribune)*. 8 July 2011. 90\. "[The Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005](http://gurtong.brandx.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=1atewJwi6UU=&tabid=341)". 91\. Henneberg, Ingo (2013). "[Das politische System des Südsudan](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305220861)" \[The Political System of South Sudan\]. *Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America*. 92\. "[South Sudan president dissolves parliament as part of peace deal](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/9/south-sudan-president-dissolves-parliament-as-part-of-peace-deal)". Al Jazeera. 9 May 2021. 93\. V-Dem Institute (2023). "[The V-Dem Dataset](https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/)". 94\. "[New capital city for South Sudan?](http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan)". Radio Netherlands. 6 February 2011. 95\. "[South Sudan to establish a new capital city and relocate from Juba after independence](http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-to-establish-a-new,37886)". *Sudan Tribune*. 6 February 2011. 96\. "[South Sudan profile](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14019208)". BBC News. 5 July 2011. 97\. "[South Sudan relocates its capital from Juba to Ramciel](http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-relocates-its-capital,40027)". *Sudan Tribune*. 3 September 2011. 98\. Amos, Mashel (29 April 2011). "[The search for new nation's capital in South Sudan](http://www.independent.co.ug/News/regional-news/4130-the-search-for-new-nations-capital-in-south-sudan)". *The Independent*. 99\. "[Lakes Leaders Visit Prospective South Sudanese Capital](http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/4879/Lakes-Leaders-Visit-Prospective-South-Sudanese-Capital.aspx)". *Gurtong*. 15 February 2011. 100\. Mesa, Jesus (26 June 2024). "[Mystery Surrounds New Capital in World's Youngest Country](https://www.newsweek.com/south-sudan-capital-ramciel-satellite-images-megacity-construction-1917829)". *Newsweek*. 101\. "[After 6 years of war, will peace finally come to South Sudan?](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/6-years-war-peace-finally-south-sudan-200223114919537.html)". Al Jazeera. 102\. d e k u e k (15 February 2020). "[So it has been decided that #SouthSudan shall revert to 10 states plus Abyei, Pibor and Ruweng Administrative Areas.‌](https://web.archive.org/web/20200215082944/https://twitter.com/dekuekd/status/1228596792155000833)". 103\. "[South Sudan becomes an independent nation](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14089843)". 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Johnson, *The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars* 109\. Prieto, Fernando (18 November 2014). "Did the US act as a 'defensive-positionalist' power and was it primary moved by local and regional stability concerns when it recognized South Sudan in 2011?". *Research Study SIS 686*. 110\. "[UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd member](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14151390)". BBC News. 14 July 2011. 111\. "[The Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 285th meeting held on 13 July 2011, was briefed by the Commissioner for Peace and Security on the accession to independence of the Republic of South Sudan](http://www.au.int/en/content/peace-and-security-council-african-union-au-its-285th-meeting-held-13-july-2011-was-briefe-1)". African Union. 13 July 2011. 112\. "[South Sudan: Big trading potential for EAC](http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?article455)". IGIHE. 8 July 2011. 113\. 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[1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/page/4/) **5** - ← previous: [page 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/South_Sudan/page/4/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)