---
title: The very high level of immigration is driven by Spain's cultural tie… — Spain · tree and pragmatics
description: The very high level of immigration is driven by Spain's cultural ties with Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its underground economy, and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors, which demand more low-cost labour than can be of
---

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# Spain, sentence 494

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From Wikipedia, [«Spain»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The very high level of immigration is driven by Spain's cultural ties with Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its underground economy, and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors, which demand more low-cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce.

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**Who acts:** cultural ties, agricultural construction sectors, national workforce · **What happens:** drive, demand, offer · **To what, where:** high level, cost labour

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Spain». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (cultural ties, agricultural construction sectors, national workforce), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Spain:494
# text = The very high level of immigration is driven by Spain's cultural ties with Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its underground economy, and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors, which demand more low-cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	very	very	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	immigration	immigration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	driven	drive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
10	Spain	Spain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	's	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	cultural	cultural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	ties	tie	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	Latin	Latin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	America	America	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
18	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	20	nmod:poss	_	_
19	geographical	geographical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	position	position	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	porosity	porosity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	appos	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
25	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	borders	border	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	30	punct	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	30	det	_	_
29	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	30	amod	_	_
30	size	size	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
31	of	of	ADP	IN	_	34	case	_	_
32	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	34	nmod:poss	_	_
33	underground	underground	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	34	amod	_	_
34	economy	economy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	38	punct	_	_
36	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	38	cc	_	_
37	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	38	det	_	_
38	strength	strength	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
39	of	of	ADP	IN	_	44	case	_	_
40	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	44	det	_	_
41	agricultural	agricultural	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	44	amod	_	_
42	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	44	cc	_	_
43	construction	construction	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	44	compound	_	_
44	sectors	sector	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	38	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
45	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	47	punct	_	_
46	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	47	nsubj	_	_
47	demand	demand	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	44	acl:relcl	_	_
48	more	more	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	49	advmod	_	_
49	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	51	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
50	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	49	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
51	cost	cost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	52	compound	_	_
52	labour	labour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	47	obj	_	_
53	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	56	mark	_	_
54	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	56	aux	_	_
55	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	56	aux:pass	_	_
56	offered	offer	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	47	advcl	_	_
57	by	by	ADP	IN	_	60	case	_	_
58	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	60	det	_	_
59	national	national	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	60	amod	_	_
60	workforce	workforce	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	56	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
61	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive** | present · passive | Spain's cultural ties with Latin America and level's geographical position and the large size of level's underground economy | the high level of immigration |  |  |  | the strength of the agricultural construction sectors *conj* | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme subject=Trajectory |
| 2 | **demand** *speech: request* | present | the agricultural construction sectors | cost labour |  |  |  |  | vn require-103-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme labour=Precondition |
| 3 | **offer** | can · passive | the national workforce |  |  |  |  |  | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Spain», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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