---
title: To varying degrees, a majority of Swedes, especially those born afte… — Sweden · tree and pragmatics
description: To varying degrees, a majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, understand and speak English, owing to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films, and the
---

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# Sweden, sentence 559

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From Wikipedia, [«Sweden»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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To varying degrees, a majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, understand and speak English, owing to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films, and the relative similarity of the two languages which makes learning English easier.

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**Who acts:** Swedes, tradition, relative similarity · **What happens:** vary, bear, understand, speak, owe, trade · **To what, where:** degrees, Swedes, English, popularity, links, foreign television shows · **Speech:** someone speaks here

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Sweden». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Swedes, tradition, relative similarity), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Sweden:559
# text = To varying degrees, a majority of Swedes, especially those born after World War II, understand and speak English, owing to trade links, the popularity of overseas travel, a strong Anglo-American influence and the tradition of subtitling rather than dubbing foreign television shows and films, and the relative similarity of the two languages which makes learning English easier.
1	To	to	SCONJ	IN	_	2	mark	_	_
2	varying	vary	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	degrees	degree	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	majority	majority	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Swedes	swede	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
10	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
11	those	that	PRON	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	18	nsubj	_	_
12	born	bear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
13	after	after	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	World	World	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	War	War	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
16	II	II	NUM	CD	NumForm=Roman|NumType=Card	15	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
18	understand	understand	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	speak	speak	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	conj	_	_
21	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	owing	owe	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	20	advcl	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	25	mark	_	_
25	trade	trade	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	23	xcomp	_	_
26	links	link	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
28	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	29	det	_	_
29	popularity	popularity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obl	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	overseas	overseas	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	32	amod	_	_
32	travel	travel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	39	punct	_	_
34	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	39	det	_	_
35	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
36	Anglo	Anglo	X	AFX	_	38	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
37	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	36	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	American	American	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	39	amod	_	_
39	influence	influence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	conj	_	_
40	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	42	cc	_	_
41	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	42	det	_	_
42	tradition	tradition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	conj	_	_
43	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	44	mark	_	_
44	subtitling	subtitle	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	42	acl	_	_
45	rather	rather	ADV	RB	ExtPos=CCONJ	47	cc	_	_
46	than	than	ADP	IN	_	45	fixed	_	_
47	dubbing	dub	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	44	conj	_	_
48	foreign	foreign	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	50	amod	_	_
49	television	television	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	50	compound	_	_
50	shows	show	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	47	obj	_	_
51	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	52	cc	_	_
52	films	film	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	50	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
53	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	57	punct	_	_
54	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	57	cc	_	_
55	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	57	det	_	_
56	relative	relative	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	57	amod	_	_
57	similarity	similarity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
58	of	of	ADP	IN	_	61	case	_	_
59	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	61	det	_	_
60	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	61	nummod	_	_
61	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	57	nmod	_	_
62	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	63	nsubj	_	_
63	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	57	acl:relcl	_	_
64	learning	learn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	63	xcomp	_	_
65	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	64	obj	_	_
66	easier	easy	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	63	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
67	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **vary** | gerund |  | degrees |  |  |  | the relative similarity of the two languages *obl*; a majority of Swedes *obj* | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient NP.extent PP.initial\_state PP.result»: agent=Causer degree=Patient majority=Extent |
| 2 | **bear** | participle |  |  |  |  | after World War |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **understand** | present | Swedes | Swedes *not said here* |  |  |  | especially *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer swede=Stimulus |
| 4 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | Swedes *not said here* | English |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 5 | **owe** | gerund | Swedes *not said here* | the popularity of overseas travel and a strong American influence and the tradition |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **trade** | to-infinitive | Swedes *not said here* | links |  |  |  |  | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent link=Theme |
| 7 | **subtitle** | gerund | the tradition *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 8 | **dub** | gerund | the tradition *not said here* | foreign television shows and films |  |  |  |  | vn dub-29.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent show=Theme |
| 9 | **make** | present | the relative similarity of the two languages |  |  |  |  | easy *property* | tree rules |
| 10 | **learn** | gerund | the relative similarity of the two languages *not said here* | English |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent english=Topic |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Sweden», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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