---
title: During the era of Western imperialism, Siam remained the only countr… — Thailand · tree and pragmatics
description: During the era of Western imperialism, Siam remained the only country in Southeast Asia to avoid colonisation by European powers, although it ceded territory, trade rights, and legal privileges through several unequal treaties. Who acts: Siam, colonisation. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Thailand» with 
---

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# Thailand, sentence 15

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From Wikipedia, [«Thailand»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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During the era of Western imperialism, Siam remained the only country in Southeast Asia to avoid colonisation by European powers, although it ceded territory, trade rights, and legal privileges through several unequal treaties.

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**Who acts:** Siam, colonisation · **What happens:** remain, avoid, cede · **To what, where:** only country, Southeast Asia, colonisation, territory, several unequal treaties

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Thailand». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Siam, colonisation), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Thailand:15
# text = During the era of Western imperialism, Siam remained the only country in Southeast Asia to avoid colonisation by European powers, although it ceded territory, trade rights, and legal privileges through several unequal treaties.
1	During	during	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	era	era	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	Western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	imperialism	imperialism	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
8	Siam	Siam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	remained	remain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	Southeast	Southeast	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	Asia	Asia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	avoid	avoid	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	advcl	_	_
18	colonisation	colonisation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
19	by	by	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	European	European	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	powers	power	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
23	although	although	SCONJ	IN	_	25	mark	_	_
24	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	25	nsubj	_	_
25	ceded	cede	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
26	territory	territory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
28	trade	trade	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	29	compound	_	_
29	rights	right	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	26	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
32	legal	legal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	33	amod	_	_
33	privileges	privilege	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	_
34	through	through	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
35	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	37	amod	_	_
36	unequal	unequal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	37	amod	_	_
37	treaties	treaty	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **remain** | past | Siam | the only country |  | Southeast Asia | during the era of Western imperialism |  | vn seem-109-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme country=Attribute |
| 2 | **avoid** | to-infinitive | Siam *not said here* | colonisation |  |  |  | by European powers | vn avoid-52 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent colonisation=Location |
| 3 | **cede** | past | colonisation | territory and trade rights |  | several unequal treaties |  | legal privileges *obl* | vn future\_having-13.3 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent territory=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Thailand», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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