---
title: In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by de… — Timor-Leste · tree and pragmatics
description: In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution. Who acts: deforestation. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Timor-Leste» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Timor-Leste, sentence 137

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From Wikipedia, [«Timor-Leste»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution.

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**Who acts:** deforestation · **What happens:** threaten, overfish · **To what, where:** local ecosystems, addition, pollution

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Timor-Leste». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (deforestation), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Timor-Leste:137
# text = In addition to climate change, local ecosystems are threatened by deforestation, land degradation, overfishing, and pollution.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	addition	addition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	climate	climate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	change	change	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
7	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	ecosystems	ecosystem	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj:pass	_	_
9	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	threatened	threaten	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
11	by	by	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	deforestation	deforestation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	_
15	degradation	degradation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	overfishing	overfish	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	pollution	pollution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **threaten** | present · passive | deforestation and land degradation | local ecosystems |  | addition to climate change |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus subject=Experiencer |
| 2 | **overfish** | gerund | deforestation and land degradation *not said here* | pollution |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Timor-Leste», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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