---
title: Over the last decades, air pollution has become a pressing concern a… — Tirana · tree and pragmatics
description: Over the last decades, air pollution has become a pressing concern as the number of cars has increased. Who acts: air pollution, pressing concern. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Tirana» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Tirana, sentence 119

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From Wikipedia, [«Tirana»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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Over the last decades, air pollution has become a pressing concern as the number of cars has increased.

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**Who acts:** air pollution, pressing concern · **What happens:** become, press, increase · **To what, where:** pressing concern, number

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Tirana». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (air pollution, pressing concern), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Tirana:119
# text = Over the last decades, air pollution has become a pressing concern as the number of cars has increased.
1	Over	over	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	decades	decade	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	pollution	pollution	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	become	become	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	pressing	press	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	amod	_	_
12	concern	concern	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	xcomp	_	_
13	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	19	mark	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	cars	car	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
18	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	aux	_	_
19	increased	increase	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | present · perfect | air pollution | a pressing concern |  |  | decade |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **press** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **increase** | present · perfect · passive | a pressing concern *not said here* | the number of cars |  |  |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V NP.patient»: subject=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Tirana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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