---
title: The opposition had accusations of fraud and irregularities. — Togo · tree and pragmatics
description: The opposition had accusations of fraud and irregularities. Who acts: opposition. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Togo» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Togo, sentence 119

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From Wikipedia, [«Togo»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The opposition had accusations of fraud and irregularities.

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**Who acts:** opposition · **What happens:** have, accuse · **To what, where:** accusations, fraud

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Togo». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (opposition), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Togo:119
# text = The opposition had accusations of fraud and irregularities.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	opposition	opposition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	accusations	accusation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	fraud	fraud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	irregularities	irregularity	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the opposition | accusations of fraud and irregularities |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent accusation=Patient |
| 2 | **accuse** |  |  | fraud and irregularities |  |  |  |  | nom accusation «communication transitive»: of=patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Togo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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