---
title: In the 19th century, with the arrival of Western traders and mission… — Tonga · tree and pragmatics
description: In the 19th century, with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed, especially in religion. as of 2013, almost 98% of residents profess Christianity. Who acts: Tongan culture, Western traders. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Tonga» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Tonga, sentence 228

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From Wikipedia, [«Tonga»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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In the 19th century, with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed, especially in religion. as of 2013, almost 98% of residents profess Christianity.

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**Who acts:** Tongan culture, Western traders · **What happens:** change, profess, arrive · **To what, where:** religion, Christianity

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Tonga». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Tongan culture, Western traders), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Tonga:228
# text = In the 19th century, with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed, especially in religion. as of 2013, almost 98% of residents profess Christianity.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	19th	19th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	4	amod	_	_
4	century	century	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	arrival	arrival	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	Western	western	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	traders	trader	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	missionaries	missionary	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
15	Tongan	tongan	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	culture	culture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
17	changed	change	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
20	in	in	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	religion	religion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
23	as	as	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	25	case	_	_
24	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	fixed	_	_
25	2013	2013	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	32	punct	_	_
27	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	28	advmod	_	_
28	98	98	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	29	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	32	nsubj	_	_
30	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
31	residents	resident	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	29	nmod	_	_
32	profess	profess	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	parataxis	_	_
33	Christianity	Christianity	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	17	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | past | Tongan culture |  |  | religion | century | as 2013 | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **profess** | present |  | Christianity |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1-2 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent christianity=Theme |
| 3 | **arrive** |  | Western traders and missionaries |  |  |  |  |  | nom arrival «act intransitive»: of=agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Tonga», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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