--- title: Transnistria — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 4 description: Wikipedia's «Transnistria», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) and locally as Pridnestrovie, is a landlocked breakaway state internationally recognised as part of Moldov --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Transnistria/page/4/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Transnistria # Transnistria · page 4 From Wikipedia, [«Transnistria»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Transnistria/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Transnistria/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Transnistria/page/3/) **4** ## Economy See also: [Economy of Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova) Transnistria has a [mixed economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_economy).[254](../../254/ "tree and pragmatics") Following a large scale [privatisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatisation) process in the late 1990s,[\[165\]](../../page/4/#ref-165 "note 165") most of the companies in Transnistria are now privately owned.[255](../../255/ "tree and pragmatics") The economy is based on a mix of [heavy industry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industry) (steel production), electricity production, and [manufacturing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing) (textile production), which together account for about 80% of the total industrial output.[\[166\]](../../page/4/#ref-166 "note 166")[256](../../256/ "tree and pragmatics") Transnistria has its own central bank, the [Transnistrian Republican Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistrian_Republican_Bank), which issues its national currency, the [Transnistrian ruble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistrian_ruble).[257](../../257/ "tree and pragmatics") It is convertible at a freely floating exchange rate but only in Transnistria.[258](../../258/ "tree and pragmatics") In May 2019, [NBM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_of_Moldova) governor [Octavian Armașu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavian_Armașu) described the acceptance of the [Moldovan leu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovan_leu) in Transnistria as a prerequisite for integration into Moldova's banking system.[\[167\]](../../page/4/#ref-167 "note 167")[259](../../259/ "tree and pragmatics") Transnistria's economy is frequently described as dependent on [contraband](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraband)[\[168\]](../../page/4/#ref-168 "note 168") and [gunrunning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunrunning).[\[169\]](../../page/4/#ref-169 "note 169")[\[170\]](../../page/4/#ref-170 "note 170")[\[171\]](../../page/4/#ref-171 "note 171")[260](../../260/ "tree and pragmatics") Some commentators, including [Zbigniew Brzezinski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski), have even labelled it a [mafia state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_state).[\[172\]](../../page/4/#ref-172 "note 172")[\[173\]](../../page/4/#ref-173 "note 173")[261](../../261/ "tree and pragmatics") These allegations are denied by the Transnistrian government, and sometimes downplayed by the officials of Russia and Ukraine.[\[174\]](../../page/4/#ref-174 "note 174")[262](../../262/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Economic history After World War II, Transnistria was heavily industrialised, to the point that, in 1990, it was responsible for 40% of Moldova's GDP and 90% of its electricity,[\[175\]](../../page/4/#ref-175 "note 175") although it accounted for only 17% of Moldova's population.[263](../../263/ "tree and pragmatics") After the [collapse of the Soviet Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union), Transnistria wanted to return to a "Brezhnev-style [planned economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy)".[\[176\]](../../page/4/#ref-176 "note 176")[264](../../264/ "tree and pragmatics") However, several years later, it decided to head toward a [market economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_economy).[265](../../265/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Macroeconomics According to the government of Transnistria, the 2007 GDP was 6789 mln ruble (appx US$799 million) and the GDP per capita was about US$1,500.[266](../../266/ "tree and pragmatics") The GDP increased by 11.1% and inflation rate was 19.3% with the GDP per capita being $2,140, higher than the contemporaneous Moldovan GDP per capita of $2,040.[\[177\]](../../page/4/#ref-177 "note 177")[267](../../267/ "tree and pragmatics") Transnistria's government budget for 2007 was US$246 million, with an estimated deficit of about US$100 million[\[178\]](../../page/4/#ref-178 "note 178") that the government planned to cover with income from privatisations.[\[179\]](../../page/4/#ref-179 "note 179")[268](../../268/ "tree and pragmatics") The budget for 2008 is US$331 million, with an estimated deficit of about US$80 million.[\[180\]](../../page/4/#ref-180 "note 180")[269](../../269/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2004, Transnistria had debts of US$1.2 billion (two-thirds are with Russia) that was per capita about six times higher than in Moldova (without Transnistria).[\[181\]](../../page/4/#ref-181 "note 181")[270](../../270/ "tree and pragmatics") In March 2007 the debt to [Gazprom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom) for the acquisition of natural gas increased to US$1.3 billion.[271](../../271/ "tree and pragmatics") On 22 March 2007 Gazprom sold Transnistria's gas debt to the Russian businessman [Alisher Usmanov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisher_Usmanov), who controls [Moldova Steel Works](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova_Steel_Works), the largest enterprise in Transnistria.[272](../../272/ "tree and pragmatics") Transnistria's president Igor Smirnov announced that Transnistria will not pay its gas debt because "Transnistria has no legal debt to Gazprom".[\[182\]](../../page/4/#ref-182 "note 182")[\[183\]](../../page/4/#ref-183 "note 183")[273](../../273/ "tree and pragmatics") In November 2007, the total debt of Transnistria's public sector was up to US$1.64 billion.[\[180\]](../../page/4/#ref-180 "note 180")[274](../../274/ "tree and pragmatics") In the first half of 2023, the economic situation worsened with imports increasing 12% to $1.32 billion and exports falling by 10% to just $346m, the trade deficit of $970m, almost equal to the GDP of Transnistria in the whole of 2021, being financed by the non-payment of natural gas supplies from Russia.[\[184\]](../../page/4/#ref-184 "note 184")[275](../../275/ "tree and pragmatics") ### External trade In 2020, the Transnistrian Customs reported exports of US$633.1 million and imports of US$1,052.7 million.[\[185\]](../../page/4/#ref-185 "note 185")[276](../../276/ "tree and pragmatics") In the early 2000s over 50% of the export went to the CIS, mainly to Russia, but also to Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova (which Transnistrian authorities consider foreign).[\[165\]](../../page/4/#ref-165 "note 165")[\[166\]](../../page/4/#ref-166 "note 166")[277](../../277/ "tree and pragmatics") Main non-CIS markets for the Transnistrian goods were Italy, Egypt, Greece, Romania, and Germany.[\[165\]](../../page/4/#ref-165 "note 165")[278](../../278/ "tree and pragmatics") The CIS accounted for over 60% of the imports, while the share of the EU was about 23%.[279](../../279/ "tree and pragmatics") The main imports were non-precious metals, food products, and electricity.[280](../../280/ "tree and pragmatics") After Moldova signed the Association Agreement with the EU in 2014, Transnistria – being claimed as part of Moldova – enjoyed the tariff-free exports to the EU.[281](../../281/ "tree and pragmatics") As a result, in 2015, 27% of Transnistria's US$189 million exports went to the EU, while exports to Russia went down to 7.7%.[282](../../282/ "tree and pragmatics") This shift towards the EU market continued to grow in 2016.[\[186\]](../../page/4/#ref-186 "note 186")[283](../../283/ "tree and pragmatics") From March 2022, with the Ukrainian border closed to Transnistria, all trade goods to and from Transnistria have needed to flow through Moldova, Transnistria now has to comply with Moldovan and EU standards when exporting products.[\[187\]](../../page/4/#ref-187 "note 187")[284](../../284/ "tree and pragmatics") Transnistria reported on trade in the first half of 2023.[285](../../285/ "tree and pragmatics") 48% of exports were to the rest of Moldova, over 33% went to the EU and 9% to Russia.[286](../../286/ "tree and pragmatics") 68% of imports came from Russia, 14% from the EU and 7% from Moldova.[\[184\]](../../page/4/#ref-184 "note 184")[287](../../287/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2024, as a result of the free trade agreement between Moldova and the European Union, from which Transnistria also benefits, Moldova decided that imports/exports to/from Transnistria should be treated the same as imports/exports to/from Moldova, accordingly Transnistria importers wishing to import from/through Moldova must register and may, depending on the goods, be subject to taxes on imported goods, payable to Moldova.[\[188\]](../../page/4/#ref-188 "note 188")[288](../../288/ "tree and pragmatics") On 30 December 2024, Tirasteploenegro released a set of instructions – anticipating the expiration of Gazprom's deal with Ukraine, saying to only drain the pipes and batteries in emergencies, to close every tap that has been running (if the water supply disappears) to avoid flooding when it turns back on, to "dress warmly", to avoid fires during winter and autumn, to not use gas or electric stoves for heating rooms as it may lead to tragedy, and to instead use factory-made electric heaters only; not home-made ones.[\[189\]](../../page/4/#ref-189 "note 189")[289](../../289/ "tree and pragmatics") On 1 January 2025, [Gazprom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom)'s deal with Ukraine to transport gas through it expired, as Ukraine had refused to extend the deal, calling it a "historic moment".[\[190\]](../../page/4/#ref-190 "note 190")[290](../../290/ "tree and pragmatics") This caused a severe gas shortage, and so only critical infrastructure was allowed to be heated, and houses were dropped from it to save on gas.[\[191\]](../../page/4/#ref-191 "note 191")[291](../../291/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Cuciurgan power station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuciurgan_power_station), which is both Transnistria's and Moldova's main plant, is now also being fuelled with coal, however the supply is only enough for 50 days.[\[192\]](../../page/4/#ref-192 "note 192")[\[191\]](../../page/4/#ref-191 "note 191")[292](../../292/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Economic sectors The leading industry is steel, due to the Moldova Steel Works (part of the Russian [Metalloinvest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloinvest) holding) in Rîbnița, which accounts for about 60% of the budget revenue of Transnistria.[\[103\]](../../page/4/#ref-103 "note 103")[293](../../293/ "tree and pragmatics") The largest company in the textile industry is [Tirotex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirotex), which claims to be the second largest textile company in Europe.[\[193\]](../../page/4/#ref-193 "note 193")[294](../../294/ "tree and pragmatics") The energy sector is dominated by Russian companies.[295](../../295/ "tree and pragmatics") The largest power company Moldavskaya GRES ([Cuciurgan power station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuciurgan_power_station)) is in [Dnestrovsc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnestrovsc) and owned by [Inter RAO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_RAO) UES,[\[194\]](../../page/4/#ref-194 "note 194") and the gas transmission and distribution company [Tiraspoltransgaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiraspoltransgaz) is probably controlled by Gazprom, although Gazprom has not confirmed the ownership officially.[296](../../296/ "tree and pragmatics") The banking sector of Transnistria consists of 8 commercial banks, including [Gazprombank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprombank_%28Transnistria%29).[297](../../297/ "tree and pragmatics") The oldest alcohol producer [KVINT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVINT), located in Tiraspol, produces and exports brandy, wines and vodka.[298](../../298/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Demographics Main article: [Demographics of Moldova](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Moldova), [Demographic history of Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Transnistria) ### 2015 census Main article: [2015 Transnistrian census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Transnistrian_census) In October 2015, Transnistrian authorities organised [another separate census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Transnistrian_census) from the [2014 Moldovan census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Moldovan_census).[\[195\]](../../page/4/#ref-195 "note 195")[299](../../299/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the 2015 census, the population of the region was 475,373, a 14.5% decrease from the figure recorded in the 2004 census.[300](../../300/ "tree and pragmatics") The [urbanisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisation) rate was 69.9%.[301](../../301/ "tree and pragmatics") By ethnic composition, the population of Transnistria was distributed as follows: Russians – 29.1%, Moldovans – 28.6%, Ukrainians – 22.9%, Bulgarians – 2.4%, Gagauzians – 1.1%, Belarusians – 0.5%, Transnistrian – 0.2%, other nationalities – 1.4%.[302](../../302/ "tree and pragmatics") About 14% of the population did not declare their nationality.[303](../../303/ "tree and pragmatics") Also, for the first time, the population had the option to identify as "Transnistrian".[\[9\]](../../page/4/#ref-9 "note 9")[304](../../304/ "tree and pragmatics") According to another source, the largest ethnic groups in 2015 were 161,300 [Russians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians) (34%), 156,600 [Moldovans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovans) (33%), and 126,700 [Ukrainians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians) (26.7%).[305](../../305/ "tree and pragmatics") [Bulgarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians) comprised 13,300 (2.8%), Gagauz 5,700 (1.2%) and [Belarusians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians) 2,800 (0.6%).[306](../../306/ "tree and pragmatics") [Germans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans) accounted for 1,400 or 0.3% and [Poles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people) for 1,000 or 0.2%.[307](../../307/ "tree and pragmatics") All other ethnic groups combined accounted for 5,700 people or 1.2%.[\[196\]](../../page/4/#ref-196 "note 196")[308](../../308/ "tree and pragmatics") ### 2004 census Main article: [2004 Transnistrian census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Transnistrian_census) In 2004, Transnistrian authorities organised [a separate census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Transnistrian_census) from the [2004 Moldovan Census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Moldovan_Census).[\[197\]](../../page/4/#ref-197 "note 197")[309](../../309/ "tree and pragmatics") As per 2004 census, in the areas controlled by the PMR government, there were 555,347 people, including 177,785 Moldovans (32.1%) 168,678 Russians (30.4%) 160,069 Ukrainians (28.8%) 13,858 Bulgarians (2.5%) 4,096 [Gagauzians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagauzians) (0.7%), 1,791 Poles (0.3%), 1,259 [Jews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews) (0.2%), 507 [Roma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people) (0.1%) and 27,454 others (4.9%).[\[198\]](../../page/4/#ref-198 "note 198")[310](../../310/ "tree and pragmatics") Of these, 439,243 lived in Transnistria itself, and 116,104 lived in localities controlled by the PMR government, but formally belonging to other districts of Moldova: the city of Bender (Tighina), the communes of Proteagailovca, Gîsca, Chițcani, Cremenciug, and the village of Roghi of commune Molovata Nouă.[311](../../311/ "tree and pragmatics") Moldovans were the largest ethnic group, representing an overall majority in the two districts in the central Transnistria (Dubăsari District, 50.2%, and Grigoriopol District, 64.8%) a 47.8% relative majority in the northern Camenca District, and a 41.5% relative majority in the southern (Slobozia District).[312](../../312/ "tree and pragmatics") In Rîbnița District they were a 29.9% minority, and in the city of Tiraspol, they constituted a 15.2% minority of the population.[313](../../313/ "tree and pragmatics") As per last census, Russians were the second largest ethnic group, representing a 41.6% relative majority in the city of Tiraspol, a 24.1% minority in Slobozia, a 19.0% minority in Dubăsari, a 17.2% minority in Râbnița, a 15.3% minority in Grigoriopol, and a 6.9% minority in Camenca.[314](../../314/ "tree and pragmatics") Ukrainians were the third largest ethnic group, representing a 45.41% relative majority in the northern Rîbnița District, a 42.6% minority in Camenca, a 33.0% minority in Tiraspol, a 28.3% minority in Dubăsari, a 23.4% minority in Slobozia, and a 17.4% minority in Grigoriopol.[315](../../315/ "tree and pragmatics") A substantial number of Poles clustered in northern Transnistria were [Ukrainianised](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainianisation) during Soviet rule.[316](../../316/ "tree and pragmatics") Bulgarians were the fourth largest ethnic group in Transnistria, albeit much less numerous than the three larger ethnicities.[317](../../317/ "tree and pragmatics") Most Bulgarians in Transnistria are [Bessarabian Bulgarians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabian_Bulgarians), descendants of expatriates who settled in Bessarabia in the 18th–19th century.[318](../../318/ "tree and pragmatics") The major centre of Bulgarians in Transnistria is the large village of [Parcani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcani,_Transnistria) (situated between the cities of Tiraspol and Bender), which had an absolute Bulgarian majority and a total population of around 10,000.[319](../../319/ "tree and pragmatics") In Bender (Tighina) and the other non-[Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria_%28geographical_region%29) localities under PMR control, ethnic Russians represented a 43.4% relative majority, followed by Moldovans at 26.2%, Ukrainians at 17.1%, Bulgarians at 2.9%, Gagauzians at 1.0%, Jews at 0.3%, Poles at 0.2%, Roma at 0.1%, and others at 7.8%.[320](../../320/ "tree and pragmatics") ### 1989 census Main article: [1989 Transnistrian census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Transnistrian_census) At the [census of 1989](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Transnistrian_census), the population was 679,000 (including all the localities in the security zone, even those under Moldovan control).[321](../../321/ "tree and pragmatics") The ethnic composition of the region has [been unstable in recent history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Transnistria), with the most notable change being the decreasing share of Moldovan and Jewish population segments and increase of the Russian.[322](../../322/ "tree and pragmatics") For example, the percentage of Russians grew from 13.7% in 1926 to 25.5% in 1989 and further to 30.4% in 2004, while the Moldovan population decreased from 44.1% in 1926 to 39.9% in 1989 and 31.9% in 2004.[323](../../323/ "tree and pragmatics") Only the proportion of Ukrainians remained reasonably stable – 27.2% in 1926, 28.3% in 1989 and 28.8% in 2004.[324](../../324/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Religion Main article: [Religion in Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Transnistria) PMR official statistics show that 92% of the Transnistrian population adhere to [Eastern Orthodox Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity), with 4% adhering to [Roman Catholicism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism).[\[199\]](../../page/4/#ref-199 "note 199")[325](../../325/ "tree and pragmatics") Roman Catholics are mainly located in northern Transnistria, where a notable [Polish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people) minority lives.[\[200\]](../../page/4/#ref-200 "note 200")[326](../../326/ "tree and pragmatics") Transnistria's government has supported the restoration and construction of new Orthodox churches.[327](../../327/ "tree and pragmatics") It affirms that the republic has [freedom of religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_religion) and states that 114 religious beliefs and congregations are officially registered.[328](../../328/ "tree and pragmatics") However, as recently as 2005, registration hurdles were met with by some religious groups, notably the [Jehovah's Witnesses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses).[\[201\]](../../page/4/#ref-201 "note 201")[329](../../329/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2007, the US-based [Christian Broadcasting Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network) denounced the persecution of [Protestants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism) in Transnistria.[\[202\]](../../page/4/#ref-202 "note 202")[330](../../330/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Education Transnistria has kept to the Russian educational standards, mainly using the Russian curriculum.[\[203\]](../../page/4/#ref-203 "note 203")[331](../../331/ "tree and pragmatics") Higher education diplomas issued by Transnistrian authorities are not recognised by most countries, resulting in graduates being unable to obtain well-paid jobs in Moldova or Western countries, leaving Russia as the default location for students and graduates.[\[203\]](../../page/4/#ref-203 "note 203")[332](../../332/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Culture ### Media Main article: [Mass media of Transnistria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_of_Transnistria) There is a regular mix of modern news media in Transnistria with a number of television stations, newspapers, and radio stations.[333](../../333/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) the media climate in Transnistria is restrictive and the authorities continue a long-standing campaign to silence independent opposition voices and groups.[\[204\]](../../page/4/#ref-204 "note 204")[334](../../334/ "tree and pragmatics") According to a US Department of State report for 2006, "Both of the region's major newspapers were controlled by the authorities.[335](../../335/ "tree and pragmatics") There was one independent weekly newspaper in Bender and another in the northern city of Rîbnița ...[336](../../336/ "tree and pragmatics") Separatist authorities harassed independent newspapers for critical reporting of the Transnistrian regime ...[337](../../337/ "tree and pragmatics") Most television and radio stations and print publication were controlled by Transnistrian authorities, which largely dictated their editorial policies and finance operations.[338](../../338/ "tree and pragmatics") Some broadcast networks, such as the [TSV](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSV_%28TV_channel%29) television station and the INTER-FM radio station, were owned by Transnistria's largest monopoly, [Sheriff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_%28company%29), which also holds a majority in the region's legislature ...[339](../../339/ "tree and pragmatics") In July 2005 the Transnistrian Supreme Council amended the election code to prohibit media controlled by the Transnistrian authorities from publishing results of polls and forecasts related to elections".[\[151\]](../../page/4/#ref-151 "note 151")[340](../../340/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sport Transnistria is notable for being home to the [Sheriff Tiraspol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_Tiraspol) football club, which in [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021–22_UEFA_Champions_League) became the first team representing Moldova to qualify for the [UEFA Champions League](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League) group stage.[\[205\]](../../page/4/#ref-205 "note 205")[341](../../341/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2022, [UEFA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA) blocked Sheriff from playing home games in Transnistria.[\[206\]](../../page/4/#ref-206 "note 206")[342](../../342/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [List of active separatist movements in Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe) ## Further reading Beyer, John, and Stefan Wolff. "Linkage and leverage effects on Moldova's Transnistria problem." *East European Politics* 32.3 (2016): 335–354 [online](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21599165.2015.1124092). Blakkisrud, Helge, and Pål Kolstø. "From secessionist conflict toward a functioning state: processes of state-and nation-building in Transnistria." *Post-Soviet Affairs* 27.2 (2011): 178–210 [online](https://www.academia.edu/download/59478168/Post-Soviet_Affairs_Blakkisrud___Kolsto_PMR_from_secessionist20190601-116312-ykxnkt.pdf). Cojocaru, Natalia. "Nationalism and identity in Transnistria." *Innovation* 19.3–4 (2006): 261–272 [online](https://www.offiziere.ch/wp-content/uploads/13511610601029813.pdf) . Lucas, Edward. (3 May 2007) [The black hole that ate Moldova](https://www.economist.com/europe/2007/05/03/the-black-hole-that-ate-moldova). The Economist. Retrieved 17 January 2023. Lynch, Dov. *Russian peacekeeping strategies in the CIS: the case of Moldova, Georgia and Tajikistan* (Springer, 1999). Maksymiuk, J. (15 September 2006). [Transdniester Conflict: Long in the making](https://www.rferl.org/a/1071378.html). *Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty*. Protsyk, Oleh. "Representation and democracy in Eurasia's unrecognized states: The case of Transnistria." *Post-Soviet Affairs* 25.3 (2009): 257–281 [online](http://www.policy.hu/protsyk/Publications/Articles/PSATrans09.pdf). ## External links [Profile of Trans-Dniester](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18284837), [BBC News](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News). [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Transnistria/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Transnistria/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Transnistria/page/3/) **4** ## References {#references} 1\. Smoltczyk, Alexander (24 April 2014). "[Hopes Rise in Transnistria of a Russian Annexation](http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/transnistria-soviet-leftover-or-russian-foothold-in-europe-a-965801.html)". *Der Spiegel*. 2\. (no text) 3\. "[On the situation of Russian schools in Moldova](http://www.osce.org/pc/81039?download=true)". [OSCE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE). 14 July 2011. 4\. "[Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR](http://usefoundation.org/view/436)". U.S. English Foundation Research. 2016. 5\. "[Russian language in Moldova could lose their status (Русский язык в Молдове может потерять свой статус)](http://korrespondent.net/world/1539496-russkij-yazyk-v-moldove-mozhet-poteryat-svoj-status)". KORRESPONDENT. 6 April 2013. 6\. There is [an ethnolinguistic controversy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversy_over_ethnic_and_linguistic_identity_in_Moldova) whether [Moldovans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldovans) are the same as [Romanians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians) or a distinct ethnic group. 7\. The Supreme Soviet changed the official name of the republic from Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic to Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on 5 November 1991. See: "Postanovlenie verkhovnogo soveta Pridnestrovskoi Moldavskoi Respubliki ob izmenenii nazvaniia respubliki", *Dnestrovskaia pravda*, 6 November 1991, 1. 8\. "[Peste 358 mii de locuitori din Regiunea Transnistreană dețin cetățenia Republicii Moldova și peste 367 mii figurează în registrul de stat al populației](https://gov.md/ro/content/peste-358-mii-de-locuitori-din-regiunea-transnistreana-sunt-cetateni-ai-republicii-moldova)". *www.gov.md/ro*. Guvernul Republicii Moldova (Biroul Politici de Reintegrare). 17 April 2024. 9\. "[ru:Перепись населения ПМР](http://newspmr.com/novosti-pmr/obshhestvo/15927)" \[Population census of PMR\]. *newspmr.com*. 9 March 2017. 10\. "[Макроэкономика: Динамика и структура валового внутреннего продукта в 2021 году \[Macroeconomics: Dynamics and structure of GDP in 2021\] / Nr.2/249 - pg.3 (2022)](http://cbpmr.net/data/prbvd249_1.pdf)". *www.cbpmr.net*. Приднестровский Республиканский Банк \[Pridnestrovian Republican Bank\]. 11\. For other names, see #Toponymy and terminology. 12\. Law No. 173 from 22 July 2005 "About main notes about special legal status of settlements of left bank of Dnestr (Transnistria)": [Romanian](http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=313004&lang=1) , [Russian](http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=313004&lang=2) 13\. "[Moldova. territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)](https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2051.html)". *CIA World Factbook*. CIA. 14\. Herd, Graeme P.; Moroney, Jennifer D. P. (2003). "Security Dynamics in the Former Soviet Bloc". Routledge. 15\. Zielonka, Jan (2001). "Democratic Consolidation in Eastern Europe". Oxford University Press. 16\. "[TRANSDNIESTRIAN CONFLICT](https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/13611.pdf)". *State Department*. 17\. Article 55 of the [Constitution of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic](https://web.archive.org/web/20170519050154/http://president.gospmr.ru/pravovye-akty/konstitutsiya-pmr/) 18\. Jos Boonstra, Senior Researcher, Democratisation Programme, FRIDE. [Moldova, Transnistria and European Democracy Policies](http://fride.org/download/COM_Moldav_ENG_feb07.pdf) , 2007 19\. Hinteregger, Gerald; Heinrich, Hans-Georg (2004). "[Russia – Continuity and Change](https://archive.org/details/russiacontinuity0000unse/page/174)". Springer. 20\. Rosenstiel, Francis; Lejard, Edith; Boutsavath, Jean; Martz, Jacques (2002). "Annuaire Europeen 2000/European Yearbook 2000". Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 21\. Bartmann, Barry; Tozun, Bahcheli (2004). "De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty". Routledge. 22\. "[European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine (EUBAM)](http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/Mission_achievementsNov07.pdf)". November 2007. 23\. "[Background – EU Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine](http://www.eubam.org/en/about/overview)". Eubam.org. 24\. *Der [n-tv](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-tv) Atlas. Die Welt hinter den Nachrichten. [Bertelsmann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann) Lexicon Institute. 2008. page 31* 25\. 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"[Head of Foreign Ministry of the Republic of South Ossetia congratulated Minister of Foreign Affairs of the PMR with Sixth Anniversary of Creation of Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations](https://mid.gospmr.org/en/ftG)". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PMR. 15 June 2012. 30\. Vichos, Ioannis F.. "[Moldova's Energy Strategy and the 'Frozen Conflict' of Transnistria](http://www.ekemeuroenergy.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=179:moldovas-energy-strategy-and-the-frozen-conflict-of-transnistria&catid=45:caspian-sea-black-sea-and-south-east-europe&Itemid=69)". Ekemeuroenergy.org. 31\. Necșuțu, Mădălin (16 March 2022). "[Council of Europe Designates Transnistria 'Russian Occupied Territory'](https://balkaninsight.com/2022/03/16/council-of-europe-designates-transnistria-russian-occupied-territory/)". *balkaninsight.com*. [Balkan Insight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Insight). 32\. 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"[Новости: Молдова: Пусть у меня будут руки по локти в крови, но я вышвырну оккупантов, пришельцев и манкуртов за Днестр](http://www.terra.md/ru/news/moldova/sdoxla_sobaka_lari/)". *Terra*. 38\. "[Пусть у меня будут руки по локти в крови, но я вышвырну оккупантов, пришельцев и манкуртов за Днестр](http://nbm-md.1gb.ru/news/main/sdoxla_sobaka_lari/)". 39\. "[Рошка считает, что у его партии благородное и уважаемое прошлое](http://materik.ru/country/detail.php?ID=3509)". 40\. "["Немного О "Героях" Или 20 Лет По Кругу" Печальные Итоги Молдавской Независимости](http://enews.md/articles/view/2751/)". 41\. "[Regarding the basic provisions of the special legal status of the localities on the left side of the Dniester (Transnistria)](http://lex.justice.md/viewdoc.php?action=view&view=doc&id=313004&lang=1)". *lex.justice.md/*. 42\. 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