---
title: However, urban growth, which is estimated to be increasing by 500 he… — Tunis · tree and pragmatics
description: However, urban growth, which is estimated to be increasing by 500 hectares per year, is gradually changing the landscape with urban sprawl. Who acts: urban growth. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Tunis» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Tunis, sentence 148

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From Wikipedia, [«Tunis»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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However, urban growth, which is estimated to be increasing by 500 hectares per year, is gradually changing the landscape with urban sprawl.

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**Who acts:** urban growth · **What happens:** estimate, increase, change · **To what, where:** urban growth, landscape

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Tunis». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (urban growth), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Tunis:148
# text = However, urban growth, which is estimated to be increasing by 500 hectares per year, is gradually changing the landscape with urban sprawl.
1	However	however	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	urban	urban	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	estimated	estimate	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
10	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	aux	_	_
11	increasing	increase	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	advcl	_	_
12	by	by	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	500	500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	14	nummod	_	_
14	hectares	hectare	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	_
15	per	per	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
18	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
19	gradually	gradually	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
20	changing	change	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	landscape	landscape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obj	_	_
23	with	with	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	urban	urban	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	sprawl	sprawl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	20	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **estimate** | present · passive |  | urban growth |  |  |  |  | vn estimate-34.2-1 «NP V NP.value»: subject=Value |
| 2 | **increase** | to-infinitive · progressive |  |  |  |  |  | by 500 hectares per year | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **change** | present · progressive | urban growth | the landscape |  |  |  | with urban sprawl; gradually, however *property* | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP PP.co-agent»: agent=Agent landscape=Theme with sprawl=Co-Agent |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Tunis», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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