---
title: The Tuvaluan language has borrowed from the Samoan language, as a co… — Tuvalu · tree and pragmatics
description: The Tuvaluan language has borrowed from the Samoan language, as a consequence of Christian missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries being predominantly Samoan. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Tuvalu» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Tuvalu, sentence 352

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From Wikipedia, [«Tuvalu»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The Tuvaluan language has borrowed from the Samoan language, as a consequence of Christian missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries being predominantly Samoan.

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**What happens:** borrow, be · **To what, where:** Tuvaluan language, Samoan language, Samoan

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Tuvalu». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Tuvalu:352
# text = The Tuvaluan language has borrowed from the Samoan language, as a consequence of Christian missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries being predominantly Samoan.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Tuvaluan	Tuvaluan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	Samoan	samoan	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	consequence	consequence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	Christian	Christian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	missionaries	missionary	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nmod	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
19	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
20	19th	19th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	24	amod	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	early	early	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	conj	_	_
23	20th	20th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	24	amod	_	_
24	centuries	century	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obl	_	_
25	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	27	cop	_	_
26	predominantly	predominantly	ADV	RB	_	27	advmod	_	_
27	Samoan	Samoan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | present · perfect · passive |  | the Tuvaluan language |  | the Samoan language |  | as a consequence of Christian missionaries | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: subject=Theme from language=Source |
| 2 | **is a** | gerund |  | Samoan |  |  | century | predominantly *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Tuvalu», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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