--- title: Uganda — English Wikipedia · full text with trees description: Wikipedia's «Uganda», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Uganda # Uganda From Wikipedia, [«Uganda»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. The English Wikipedia article «Uganda», whole: 53 sections, 610 sentences and 11797 words, its 253 notes at the end. The marks in brackets «[n]» are Wikipedia's own, each leading to its note and source; the small number after every sentence leads to the sentence's own page with its syntax tree and pragmatics, parsed by Mova itself. **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/page/6/) | Facts | | | --- | --- | | | **Republic of Uganda[\[1\]](page/6/#ref-1 "note 1") · Jamhuri ya Uganda** | | | **Motto:** "For God and My Country"; "Kwa Mungu na nchi yangu" | | | **Anthem:** "[Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Uganda,_Land_of_Beauty)" | | Capital and largest city | [Kampala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala) [corpus](../Kampala/ "in our corpus") | | Official languages | [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_English); [Swahili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language) | | Other languages | See [Languages of Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Uganda) | | [Dialect of English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English) | [Uglish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_English) | | [Ethnic groups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group) (2024 census)[\[2\]](page/6/#ref-2 "note 2")[\[3\]](page/6/#ref-3 "note 3") | 15.3% [Baganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baganda); 9.1% [Banyankole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkole_people); 8.1% [Basoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soga_people); 6.4% [Bakiga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiga_people); 6.8% [Iteso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teso_people); 5.9% [Langi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lango_people); 4.5% [Bagisu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisu_people); 4.2% [Acholi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acholi_people); 2.6% [Lugbara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugbara_people); 37.1% [others](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Uganda) | | Religion (2024 census)[\[2\]](page/6/#ref-2 "note 2") | 81.7% [Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Uganda); 42% [Roman Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic); 29% [Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant); 13.2% [Islam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Uganda); 3.3% unclassified; 1.6% others; 0.2% [no religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_Uganda) | | [Demonym](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym) | [Ugandan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandans) | | Government | Unitary [presidential republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_republic) | | • [President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Uganda) | [Yoweri Museveni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni) | | • [Vice President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Uganda) | [Jessica Alupo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Alupo) | | • [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Uganda) | [Robinah Nabbanja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinah_Nabbanja) | | • [Deputy Prime Ministers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Uganda) | [Rebecca Kadaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Kadaga) and [Lukia Isanga Nakadama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukia_Isanga_Nakadama) | | • [Speaker of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_Parliament_%28Uganda%29) | [Jacob Oboth-Oboth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Oboth-Oboth) | | • [Deputy Speaker of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_Parliament_%28Uganda%29#Deputy_Speaker) | [Thomas Tayebwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Tayebwa) | | Legislature | [Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Uganda) | | **Independence from the [United Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom) [corpus](../United_Kingdom/ "in our corpus")** | | | • [Dominion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_%281962–1963%29) | 9 October 1962 | | • [Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic) declared | 9 October 1963 | | • [Current constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Uganda#Fourth_consitution) | 8 October 1995 | | **Area** | | | • Total | 241,038 km² (93,065 sq mi) ([79th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area)) | | • Water (%) | 15.39 | | **Population** | | | • 2024 census | 45,905,417[\[4\]](page/6/#ref-4 "note 4") ([35th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population)) | | • Density | 157.1/km² (406.9/sq mi) ([75th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density)) | | [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) ([PPP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity)) | 2025 estimate | | • Total | $187.11 billion[\[5\]](page/6/#ref-5 "note 5") ([82nd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29)) | | • Per capita | $3,900[\[5\]](page/6/#ref-5 "note 5") ([161st](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita)) | | [GDP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product) (nominal) | 2025 estimate | | • Total | $64.280 billion[\[5\]](page/6/#ref-5 "note 5") ([88th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29)) | | • Per capita | $1,340[\[5\]](page/6/#ref-5 "note 5") ([160th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_%28nominal%29_per_capita)) | | [Gini](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient) (2019) | 42.7[\[6\]](page/6/#ref-6 "note 6"); medium inequality | | [HDI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) (2023) | 0.582[\[7\]](page/6/#ref-7 "note 7"); medium ([157th](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index)) | | Currency | [Ugandan shilling](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_shilling) ([UGX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217)) | | Time zone | [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time)+3 ([EAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa_Time)) | | Calling code | [+256](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/+256) | | [Internet TLD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain) | [.ug](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ug) | | | +006 from [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) [corpus](../Kenya/ "in our corpus") and [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania) [corpus](../Tanzania/ "in our corpus") | Uganda,[\[8\]](page/6/#ref-8 "note 8") officially the Republic of Uganda,[\[9\]](page/6/#ref-9 "note 9") is a [landlocked country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country) in [East Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa).[1](1/ "tree and pragmatics") It is bordered to the east by [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) [corpus](../Kenya/ "in our corpus"), to the north by [South Sudan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan) [corpus](../South_Sudan/ "in our corpus"), to the west by the [Democratic Republic of the Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) [corpus](../Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo/ "in our corpus"), to the south-west by [Rwanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda) [corpus](../Rwanda/ "in our corpus"), and to the south by [Tanzania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania) [corpus](../Tanzania/ "in our corpus").[2](2/ "tree and pragmatics") The southern part includes a substantial portion of [Lake Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria), shared with Kenya and Tanzania.[3](3/ "tree and pragmatics") Uganda is in the [African Great Lakes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Great_Lakes) region, lies within the [Nile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile) basin, and has a varied [equatorial climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_climate). as of 2024, it had a population of 45.9 million, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital and largest city, [Kampala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala) [corpus](../Kampala/ "in our corpus").[\[4\]](page/6/#ref-4 "note 4")[4](4/ "tree and pragmatics") Uganda is named after the [Buganda kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda), which encompasses a large portion of the south, including Kampala, and whose language [Luganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luganda) is widely spoken; the official language is English, while [Swahili](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili) is the second official language.[5](5/ "tree and pragmatics") The region was populated by people of various ethnicities before Bantu and Nilotic groups arrived around 3,000 years ago.[6](6/ "tree and pragmatics") These new inhabitants established influential kingdoms such as the [Empire of Kitara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Kitara).[7](7/ "tree and pragmatics") The arrival of [Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs) traders in the 1830s and British explorers in the late 19th century marked the beginning of foreign influence.[8](8/ "tree and pragmatics") The British established the [Protectorate of Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Uganda) in 1894, setting the stage for future political dynamics.[9](9/ "tree and pragmatics") Uganda gained independence in 1962, with [Milton Obote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Obote) as the first prime minister.[10](10/ "tree and pragmatics") The 1966 [Mengo Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengo_Crisis) marked a significant conflict with the Buganda kingdom, as well as the country's conversion from a [parliamentary system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system) to a [presidential system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system).[11](11/ "tree and pragmatics") Obote was overthrown in a [military coup in 1971](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Ugandan_coup_d%27état) by [Idi Amin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_Amin), who subsequently ruled the country under a brutal dictatorship until he was overthrown in 1979 during the [Uganda–Tanzania War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda–Tanzania_War).[12](12/ "tree and pragmatics") Obote returned to power following the controversial [1980 Ugandan general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Ugandan_general_election), prompting a [six-year guerrilla war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War), ending with the victory of [Yoweri Museveni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni)'s [National Resistance Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Resistance_Movement) in 1986.[13](13/ "tree and pragmatics") While Museveni's rule resulted in stability and economic growth, political oppression and human rights abuses continued.[14](14/ "tree and pragmatics") The abolition of presidential term limits as well as allegations of electoral fraud and repression have raised concerns about Uganda's democratic future.[15](15/ "tree and pragmatics") Museveni was elected president in the [2011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Ugandan_general_election), [2016](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Ugandan_general_election), [2021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ugandan_general_election), and [2026](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Ugandan_general_election) general elections.[16](16/ "tree and pragmatics") Human rights issues, corruption, and regional conflicts, such as involvement in the Congo Wars and the struggle against the [Lord's Resistance Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army) (LRA), continue to challenge Uganda.[17](17/ "tree and pragmatics") Despite this, it has made progress in education and health, improving literacy and reducing HIV infection, though challenges in maternal health and gender inequality persist.[18](18/ "tree and pragmatics") Geographically, Uganda is diverse, with volcanic hills, mountains, and lakes, including [Lake Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria), the world's second-largest freshwater lake.[19](19/ "tree and pragmatics") The country has significant natural resources, including fertile agricultural land and untapped [oil reserves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserve), contributing to its economic development.[20](20/ "tree and pragmatics") The service sector dominates the economy, surpassing agriculture.[21](21/ "tree and pragmatics") Uganda's rich [biodiversity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity), with national parks and wildlife reserves, attracts tourism, a vital sector for the economy.[22](22/ "tree and pragmatics") Uganda is a member of the [United Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations), the [Commonwealth of Nations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations), the [African Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union), [G77](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_77), the [East African Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_Community), and the [Organisation of Islamic Cooperation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation).[23](23/ "tree and pragmatics") ## History Main article: [History of Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Uganda) ### Precolonial Uganda Main article: [Early history of Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_history_of_Uganda) Much of Uganda was inhabited by [Central Sudanic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages)- and [Kuliak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuliak_languages)-speaking farmers and herders until 3,000 years ago, when [Bantu speakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages) arrived in the south and [Nilotic speakers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilotic_languages) arrived in the northeast.[24](24/ "tree and pragmatics") By 1500 AD, they had all been assimilated into [Bantu-speaking cultures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples) south of [Mount Elgon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Elgon), the [Nile River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_River), and [Lake Kyoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kyoga).[\[10\]](page/6/#ref-10 "note 10")[25](25/ "tree and pragmatics") According to [oral tradition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition) and archaeological studies, the [Empire of Kitara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Kitara) covered an important part of the [Great Lakes Area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_of_Africa), from the northern lakes [Albert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Albert_%28Africa%29) and Kyoga to the southern lakes [Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria) and [Tanganyika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika).[\[11\]](page/6/#ref-11 "note 11")[26](26/ "tree and pragmatics") Kitara is claimed as the antecedent of the [Tooro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooro_Kingdom), [Ankole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankole), and [Busoga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busoga) kingdoms.[\[12\]](page/6/#ref-12 "note 12")[27](27/ "tree and pragmatics") Some [Luo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_people#Uganda) invaded Kitara and assimilated with the Bantu society there, establishing the Biito dynasty of the current [Omukama](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omukama_of_Bunyoro) (ruler) of [Bunyoro-Kitara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro).[\[13\]](page/6/#ref-13 "note 13")[28](28/ "tree and pragmatics") [Arab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab) traders moved into the land from the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in the 1830s for trade and commerce.[\[14\]](page/6/#ref-14 "note 14")[29](29/ "tree and pragmatics") In the late 1860s, [Bunyoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro) in Mid-Western Uganda found itself threatened from the north by Egyptian-sponsored agents.[\[15\]](page/6/#ref-15 "note 15")[30](30/ "tree and pragmatics") Unlike the Arab traders from the East African coast who sought trade, these agents were promoting foreign conquest.[31](31/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1869, [Khedive](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khedive) [Ismail Pasha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_of_Egypt) of Egypt, seeking to annex the territories north of the borders of [Lake Victoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria) and east of [Lake Albert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Albert_%28Africa%29) and "south of [Gondokoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondokoro)",[\[16\]](page/6/#ref-16 "note 16") sent a British explorer, [Samuel Baker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Baker), on a military expedition to the frontiers of Northern Uganda, with the objective of suppressing the slave-trade there and opening the way to commerce and "civilization".[32](32/ "tree and pragmatics") The Banyoro resisted Baker, who had to fight a desperate battle to secure his retreat.[33](33/ "tree and pragmatics") Baker regarded the resistance as an act of treachery, and he denounced the Banyoro in a book (Ismailia – A Narrative Of The Expedition To Central Africa For The Suppression Of Slave Trade, Organised By Ismail, Khadive Of Egypt (1874))[\[16\]](page/6/#ref-16 "note 16") that was widely read in Britain.[34](34/ "tree and pragmatics") Later, the British arrived in Uganda with a predisposition against the kingdom of [Bunyoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro-Kitara) and sided with the kingdom of [Buganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda).[35](35/ "tree and pragmatics") This eventually cost Bunyoro half of its territory, which was given to Buganda as a reward from the British.[36](36/ "tree and pragmatics") Two of the numerous "lost counties" were [restored to Bunyoro after independence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Ugandan_lost_counties_referendum).[\[17\]](page/6/#ref-17 "note 17")[\[18\]](page/6/#ref-18 "note 18")[37](37/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1860s, while Arabs sought influence from the north, British explorers searching for the source of the [Nile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile)[\[19\]](page/6/#ref-19 "note 19") arrived in Uganda.[38](38/ "tree and pragmatics") They were followed by British Anglican missionaries who arrived in the kingdom of Buganda in 1877 and French Catholic missionaries in 1879.[39](39/ "tree and pragmatics") This situation gave rise to the death of the [Uganda Martyrs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs) in 1885—after the conversion of [Muteesa I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muteesa_I_of_Buganda) and much of his court, and the succession of his [anti-Christian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment) son [Mwanga.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanga_II_of_Buganda)[\[20\]](page/6/#ref-20 "note 20")[40](40/ "tree and pragmatics") The British government chartered the [Imperial British East Africa Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company) (IBEAC) to negotiate trade agreements in the region beginning in 1888.[\[21\]](page/6/#ref-21 "note 21")[41](41/ "tree and pragmatics") From 1886, there was a series of religious wars in Buganda, initially between Muslims and Christians and then, from 1890, between "ba-Ingleza" Protestants and "ba-Fransa" Catholics.[42](42/ "tree and pragmatics") These factions were named after the imperial powers with which they were aligned.[\[22\]](page/6/#ref-22 "note 22")[\[23\]](page/6/#ref-23 "note 23")[43](43/ "tree and pragmatics") Because of civil unrest and financial burdens, IBEAC claimed that it was unable to "maintain their occupation" in the region.[\[24\]](page/6/#ref-24 "note 24")[44](44/ "tree and pragmatics") The British government sought to protect its interests along the Nile trade route and established the Uganda Protectorate in 1894.[\[21\]](page/6/#ref-21 "note 21")[\[25\]](page/6/#ref-25 "note 25")[45](45/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Uganda Protectorate (1894–1962) Main article: [Protectorate of Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Uganda) The [Protectorate of Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_Uganda) was a [protectorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate) of the [British Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire) from 1894 to 1962.[46](46/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1893, the [Imperial British East Africa Company](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_British_East_Africa_Company) transferred its administration rights of territory consisting mainly of the Kingdom of [Buganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda) to the British government.[47](47/ "tree and pragmatics") The IBEAC relinquished its control over Uganda after Ugandan internal religious wars had driven it into bankruptcy.[\[26\]](page/6/#ref-26 "note 26")[48](48/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1894, the Uganda Protectorate was established, and the territory was extended beyond the borders of Buganda by signing more treaties with the other kingdoms ([Toro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro_%28kingdom%29) in 1900,[\[27\]](page/6/#ref-27 "note 27") [Ankole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankole) in 1901, and [Bunyoro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro) in 1933[\[28\]](page/6/#ref-28 "note 28")) to an area that roughly corresponds to that of present-day Uganda.[\[29\]](page/6/#ref-29 "note 29")[49](49/ "tree and pragmatics") The status of [protectorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate) meant that Uganda retained a degree of self-government that would have otherwise been limited under a full colonial administration, compared to neighbouring [Kenya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya) [corpus](../Kenya/ "in our corpus"), which had been made a colony.[\[30\]](page/6/#ref-30 "note 30")[50](50/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 1890s, 32,000 labourers from British India were [recruited to East Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_diaspora_in_East_Africa) under indentured labour contracts to construct the [Uganda Railway](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_Railway).[\[31\]](page/6/#ref-31 "note 31")[51](51/ "tree and pragmatics") Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 decided to remain in East Africa after the line's completion.[\[32\]](page/6/#ref-32 "note 32")[52](52/ "tree and pragmatics") Subsequently, some became traders and took control of cotton ginning and sartorial retail.[\[33\]](page/6/#ref-33 "note 33")[53](53/ "tree and pragmatics") From 1900 to 1920, a [sleeping sickness](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis) epidemic in the southern part of Uganda, along the north shores of Lake Victoria, killed more than 250,000 people.[\[34\]](page/6/#ref-34 "note 34")[54](54/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Independence (1962–1965) Uganda gained independence from the UK on 9 October 1962 with [Queen Elizabeth II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II) as head of state and [Queen of Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda).[55](55/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1963, Uganda de facto became a republic whilst maintaining its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations.[\[35\]](page/6/#ref-35 "note 35")[56](56/ "tree and pragmatics") The position of [governor-general of Uganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uganda) (who served as representative of the Queen) was abolished in October 1963, one year after independence, although the country would not officially proclaim itself a republic until the 1966 crisis.[\[36\]](page/6/#ref-36 "note 36")[57](57/ "tree and pragmatics") The first post-independence election, held in 1962, was won by an alliance between the [Uganda People's Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda_People%27s_Congress) (UPC) and [Kabaka Yekka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaka_Yekka) (KY).[58](58/ "tree and pragmatics") UPC and KY formed the first post-independence government with [Milton Obote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Obote) as executive prime minister, with the Buganda Kabaka (King) [Edward Muteesa II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutesa_II_of_Buganda) holding the largely ceremonial position of president.[\[37\]](page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[\[38\]](page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[59](59/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Buganda crisis (1962–1966) Main article: [Mengo Crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengo_Crisis) Uganda's immediate post-independence years were dominated by the relationship between the central government and the largest regional kingdom, [Buganda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda).[\[39\]](page/6/#ref-39 "note 39")[60](60/ "tree and pragmatics") The issue of how to manage the largest monarchy within the framework of a unitary state had been a problem since the British creation of the Protectorate of Uganda.[61](61/ "tree and pragmatics") Colonial governors had failed to come up with a formula that worked.[62](62/ "tree and pragmatics") This was further complicated by Buganda's nonchalant attitude to its relationship with the central government.[63](63/ "tree and pragmatics") Buganda never sought independence but rather appeared to be comfortable with a loose arrangement that guaranteed them privileges above the other subjects within the protectorate or a special status when the British left.[64](64/ "tree and pragmatics") This was evidenced in part by hostilities between the British colonial authorities and Buganda prior to independence.[\[40\]](page/6/#ref-40 "note 40")[65](65/ "tree and pragmatics") Within Buganda, there were divisions between those who wanted the [Kabaka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabaka_of_Buganda) to remain a dominant monarch and those who wanted to join with the rest of Uganda to create a modern secular state.[66](66/ "tree and pragmatics") The split resulted in the creation of two dominant Buganda based parties – the Kabaka Yekka (Kabaka Only) KY, and the [Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28Uganda%29) (DP) that had roots in the Catholic Church.[67](67/ "tree and pragmatics") The bitterness between these two parties was extremely intense especially as the first elections for the post-Colonial parliament approached.[68](68/ "tree and pragmatics") The Kabaka particularly disliked the DP leader, [Benedicto Kiwanuka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedicto_Kiwanuka).[\[41\]](page/6/#ref-41 "note 41")[69](69/ "tree and pragmatics") Outside Buganda, a soft-spoken politician from Northern Uganda, [Milton Obote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Obote), had forged an alliance of non-Buganda politicians to form the Uganda People's Congress (UPC).[70](70/ "tree and pragmatics") The UPC at its heart was dominated by politicians who wanted to rectify what they saw as the regional inequality that favoured Buganda's special status.[71](71/ "tree and pragmatics") This drew in substantial support from outside Buganda.[72](72/ "tree and pragmatics") The party, however, remained a loose alliance of interests, but Obote showed great skill at negotiating them into a common ground based on a federal formula.[\[42\]](page/6/#ref-42 "note 42")[73](73/ "tree and pragmatics") At Independence, the Buganda question remained unresolved.[74](74/ "tree and pragmatics") Uganda was one of the few colonial territories that achieved independence without a dominant political party with a clear majority in parliament.[75](75/ "tree and pragmatics") In the pre-Independence elections, the UPC ran no candidates in Buganda and won 37 of the 61 directly elected seats (outside Buganda).[76](76/ "tree and pragmatics") The DP won 24 seats outside Buganda.[77](77/ "tree and pragmatics") The "special status" granted to Buganda meant that the 21 Buganda seats were elected by proportional representation reflecting the elections to the Buganda parliament – the Lukikko.[78](78/ "tree and pragmatics") KY won all 21 seats.[\[43\]](page/6/#ref-43 "note 43")[79](79/ "tree and pragmatics") **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/page/6/) - next →: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Uganda/page/2/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)