---
title: In the 1960s, many planters began fencing off and clearing large are… — Vanuatu · tree and pragmatics
description: In the 1960s, many planters began fencing off and clearing large areas of bushland for cattle ranching, which were often deemed to be communally-held kastom lands by Ni-Vanuatu. Who acts: many planters, held kastom. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Vanuatu» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Vanuatu, sentence 120

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From Wikipedia, [«Vanuatu»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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In the 1960s, many planters began fencing off and clearing large areas of bushland for cattle ranching, which were often deemed to be communally-held kastom lands by Ni-Vanuatu.

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**Who acts:** many planters, held kastom · **What happens:** begin, fence off, clear, deem, hold, be · **To what, where:** 1960s, large areas, cattle ranching

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Vanuatu». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (many planters, held kastom), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Vanuatu:120
# text = In the 1960s, many planters began fencing off and clearing large areas of bushland for cattle ranching, which were often deemed to be communally-held kastom lands by Ni-Vanuatu.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	1960s	1960s	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Card	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	planters	planter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	began	begin	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	fencing	fence	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	xcomp	_	_
9	off	off	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	clearing	clear	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	conj	_	_
12	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	areas	area	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obj	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	bushland	bushland	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	for	for	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	cattle	cattle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	ranching	ranching	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
20	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	23	nsubj:pass	_	_
21	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	23	aux:pass	_	_
22	often	often	ADV	RB	_	23	advmod	_	_
23	deemed	deem	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	18	acl:relcl	_	_
24	to	to	PART	TO	_	30	mark	_	_
25	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	30	cop	_	_
26	communally	communally	ADV	RB	_	30	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	held	hold	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	29	amod	_	_
29	kastom	kastom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	30	nsubj	_	_
30	lands	land	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	23	advcl	_	_
31	by	by	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
32	Ni	Ni	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	30	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
34	Vanuatu	Vanuatu	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	32	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **begin** | past | many planters |  |  | the 1960s |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **fence off** | gerund | many planters *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn battle-36.4 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **clear** | gerund | many planters *not said here* | large areas of bushland |  |  |  | for cattle ranching | vn preparing-26.3-1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent area=Product for ranching=Beneficiary |
| 4 | **deem** | past · passive |  | cattle ranching |  |  |  | often *property* | vn consider-29.9-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Attribute |
| 5 | **hold** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 6 | **is** | to-infinitive | held kastom |  |  |  |  | by Ni and Vanuatu; communally, land *property* | tree rules |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Vanuatu», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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