---
title: The growth of Bislama as a first language has considerably encroache… — Vanuatu · tree and pragmatics
description: The growth of Bislama as a first language has considerably encroached on the indigenous languages, whose use receded from 73.1% to 63.2% of the population between 1999 and 2009. Who acts: growth, use, Bislama. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Vanuatu» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Vanuatu, sentence 386

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From Wikipedia, [«Vanuatu»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The growth of Bislama as a first language has considerably encroached on the indigenous languages, whose use receded from 73.1% to 63.2% of the population between 1999 and 2009.

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**Who acts:** growth, use, Bislama · **What happens:** encroach, recede, grow · **To what, where:** indigenous languages

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Vanuatu». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (growth, use, Bislama), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Vanuatu:386
# text = The growth of Bislama as a first language has considerably encroached on the indigenous languages, whose use receded from 73.1% to 63.2% of the population between 1999 and 2009.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Bislama	Bislama	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	8	amod	_	_
8	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
9	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux	_	_
10	considerably	considerably	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	encroached	encroach	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
12	on	on	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	indigenous	indigenous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	whose	whose	PRON	WP$	Poss=Yes|PronType=Rel	18	nmod:poss	_	_
18	use	use	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
19	receded	recede	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	11	conj	_	_
20	from	from	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	73.1	73.1	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	22	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
23	to	to	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
24	63.2	63.2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	25	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	%	%	SYM	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	_
26	of	of	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	population	population	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	_
29	between	between	ADP	IN	_	30	case	_	_
30	1999	1999	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	28	nmod	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
32	2009	2009	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	30	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **encroach** | present · perfect | the growth of Bislama as a first language |  |  | the indigenous languages |  | considerably *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **recede** | past | use |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Theme from %=Initial\_Location to %=Destination |
| 3 | **grow** |  | Bislama |  |  |  |  | as a first language | nom growth «process intransitive»: of=agent as=obl |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Vanuatu», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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