--- title: Vietnam — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 7 description: Wikipedia's «Vietnam», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of Mainland Southeast Asia. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/7/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Vietnam # Vietnam · page 7 From Wikipedia, [«Vietnam»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/6/) **7** [8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/8/) [9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/9/) [10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/10/) The traditional focuses of Vietnamese culture are based on humanity (nhân nghĩa) and harmony (hòa), in which family and community values are highly regarded.[\[479\]](../../page/10/#ref-479 "note 479")[568](../../568/ "tree and pragmatics") Vietnam reveres a number of key cultural symbols,[\[483\]](../../page/10/#ref-483 "note 483") such as the [Vietnamese dragon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon) which is derived from [crocodile](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile) and [snake](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake) imagery; Vietnam's national father, [Lạc Long Quân](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lạc_Long_Quân) is depicted as a holy dragon.[\[477\]](../../page/10/#ref-477 "note 477")[\[484\]](../../page/10/#ref-484 "note 484")[\[485\]](../../page/10/#ref-485 "note 485")[569](../../569/ "tree and pragmatics") The lạc is a holy bird representing Vietnam's national mother [Âu Cơ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Âu_Cơ).[570](../../570/ "tree and pragmatics") Other prominent images that are also revered are the [turtle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle), [buffalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_buffalo), and [horse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse).[\[486\]](../../page/10/#ref-486 "note 486")[571](../../571/ "tree and pragmatics") Many Vietnamese also believe in the [supernatural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural) and [spiritualism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_%28beliefs%29) where illness can be brought on by a [curse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse) or [sorcery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft) or caused by non-observance of a religious ethic.[572](../../572/ "tree and pragmatics") Traditional medical practitioners, [amulets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet), and other forms of spiritual protection and religious practices may be employed to treat the ill person.[\[487\]](../../page/10/#ref-487 "note 487")[573](../../573/ "tree and pragmatics") In the modern era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply influenced by government-controlled media and cultural programmes.[\[475\]](../../page/10/#ref-475 "note 475")[574](../../574/ "tree and pragmatics") For many decades, foreign cultural influences, especially those of Western origin, were shunned.[575](../../575/ "tree and pragmatics") But since the recent reformation, Vietnam has seen a greater exposure to neighbouring Southeast Asian, East Asian, as well as Western culture and media.[\[488\]](../../page/10/#ref-488 "note 488")[576](../../576/ "tree and pragmatics") The main Vietnamese formal dress, the [áo dài](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Áo_dài), is worn for special occasions such as weddings and religious festivals.[577](../../577/ "tree and pragmatics") White áo dài is the required uniform for girls in many high schools across the country.[578](../../578/ "tree and pragmatics") Other examples of traditional Vietnamese clothing include the [áo tứ thân](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Áo_tứ_thân), a four-piece woman's dress; the áo ngũ, a form of the thân in five-piece form, mostly worn in the north of the country; the [yếm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yếm), a woman's undergarment; the [áo bà ba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Áo_bà_ba), rural working "[pyjamas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyjamas)" for men and women; the [áo gấm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Áo_gấm), a formal brocade tunic for government receptions; and the áo the, a variant of the áo gấm worn by grooms at weddings.[\[489\]](../../page/10/#ref-489 "note 489")[\[490\]](../../page/10/#ref-490 "note 490")[579](../../579/ "tree and pragmatics") Traditional headwear includes the standard conical [nón lá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nón_lá), the "lampshade-like" [nón quai thao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nón_quai_thao), and the traditional turban, [khăn vấn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khăn_vấn).[\[490\]](../../page/10/#ref-490 "note 490")[\[491\]](../../page/10/#ref-491 "note 491")[580](../../580/ "tree and pragmatics") In tourism, many popular cultural destinations include the former [Imperial City of Huế](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Huế), the [World Heritage Sites](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) of [Phong Nha – Kẻ Bàng National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_Nha_–_Kẻ_Bàng_National_Park), [Hội An](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hội_An_%28city%29) and [Mỹ Sơn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mỹ_Sơn), coastal regions such as Nha Trang, the caves of Hạ Long Bay and the [Marble Mountains](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble_Mountains_%28Vietnam%29).[\[492\]](../../page/10/#ref-492 "note 492")[581](../../581/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Literature Main article: [Vietnamese literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_literature), [Vietnamese poetry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_poetry), [Vietnamese mythology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_mythology), [Vietnamese fairy tales](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_fairy_tales) Vietnamese literature has a centuries-deep history and the country has a rich tradition of [folk literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_literature) based on the typical–to-eight-verse poetic form ([lục bát](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lục_bát)) called ca dao, which usually focuses on village ancestors and heroes.[\[493\]](../../page/10/#ref-493 "note 493")[582](../../582/ "tree and pragmatics") Written literature has been found dating back to the 10th century [Ngô dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngô_dynasty), with notable ancient authors including [Nguyễn Trãi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyễn_Trãi), [Hồ Xuân Hương](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hồ_Xuân_Hương), [Nguyễn Du](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyễn_Du) and [Nguyễn Đình Chiểu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyễn_Đình_Chiểu).[583](../../583/ "tree and pragmatics") Some literary genres play an important role in theatrical performance, such as hát nói in [ca trù](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca_trù).[\[494\]](../../page/10/#ref-494 "note 494")[584](../../584/ "tree and pragmatics") Some poetic unions have also been formed in Vietnam, such as the tao đàn.[585](../../585/ "tree and pragmatics") Vietnamese literature has been influenced by Western styles in recent times, with the first literary transformation movement of [thơ mới](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thơ_mới) emerging in 1932.[\[495\]](../../page/10/#ref-495 "note 495")[586](../../586/ "tree and pragmatics") Vietnamese folk literature is an intermingling of many forms.[587](../../587/ "tree and pragmatics") It is not only an oral tradition, but a mixing of three media: hidden (only retained in the memory of folk authors), fixed (written), and shown (performed).[588](../../588/ "tree and pragmatics") Folk literature usually exists in many versions, passed down orally, and has unknown authors.[589](../../589/ "tree and pragmatics") [Myths](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myths) consist of stories about supernatural beings, heroes, and creator gods, and reflect the viewpoint of ancient people about human life.[\[496\]](../../page/10/#ref-496 "note 496")[590](../../590/ "tree and pragmatics") They consist of creation stories, stories about their origins (Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ), [culture heroes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_heroes) ([Sơn Tinh and Thủy Tinh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sơn_Tinh_–_Thủy_Tinh)) which are referred to as a mountain and water spirit respectively and many other folklore tales.[\[480\]](../../page/10/#ref-480 "note 480")[\[497\]](../../page/10/#ref-497 "note 497")[591](../../591/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Music Main article: [Music of Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam) Traditional Vietnamese music varies between the country's northern and southern regions.[\[498\]](../../page/10/#ref-498 "note 498")[592](../../592/ "tree and pragmatics") Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest musical form and is traditionally more formal.[593](../../593/ "tree and pragmatics") The origins of Vietnamese classical opera ([tuồng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuồng)) can be traced to the Mongol invasions in the 13th century when the Vietnamese captured a [Chinese opera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_opera) troupe.[\[499\]](../../page/10/#ref-499 "note 499")[594](../../594/ "tree and pragmatics") Throughout its history, Vietnam has been the most heavily impacted by the [Chinese musical tradition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_China) along with those of Japan, [Korea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea) and [Mongolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia) [corpus](../../../Mongolia/ "in our corpus").[\[498\]](../../page/10/#ref-498 "note 498")[595](../../595/ "tree and pragmatics") [Nhã nhạc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhã_nhạc) is a refined form of imperial court music, [chèo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chèo) is a form of generally satirical [musical theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre), while [xẩm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xẩm) is a type of Vietnamese [folk music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music).[596](../../596/ "tree and pragmatics") [Quan họ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_họ) (alternate singing) is popular in the [Bắc Ninh province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bắc_Ninh_province).[597](../../597/ "tree and pragmatics") Another form of music called [chầu văn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chầu_văn) is used to invoke spirits during ceremonies.[598](../../598/ "tree and pragmatics") [Nhạc dân tộc cải biên](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhạc_dân_tộc_cải_biên) is a modern form of Vietnamese folk music which arose in the 1950s, while [ca trù](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca_trù) is a complex form of sung poetry.[599](../../599/ "tree and pragmatics") Hò is a diverse genre of work songs performed in central and southern Vietnam.[600](../../600/ "tree and pragmatics") There is a range of traditional instruments, including the [đàn bầu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Đàn_bầu) (a monochord [zither](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zither)), the [đàn gáo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Đàn_gáo) (a two-stringed [fiddle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle) with coconut body), and the [đàn nguyệt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Đàn_nguyệt) (a two-stringed fretted moon [lute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute)).[601](../../601/ "tree and pragmatics") In recent times, there have been some efforts at mixing Vietnamese traditional music—especially folk music—with modern music to revive and promote national music in the modern context and educate the younger generations about Vietnam's traditional musical instruments and singing styles.[\[500\]](../../page/10/#ref-500 "note 500")[602](../../602/ "tree and pragmatics") [Bolero](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolero#Vietnam) music has gained popularity in the country since the 1930s, albeit with a different style—a combination of traditional Vietnamese music with Western elements.[\[501\]](../../page/10/#ref-501 "note 501")[603](../../603/ "tree and pragmatics") In the 21st century, the modern Vietnamese [pop music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music) industry known as [V-pop](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-pop) incorporates elements of many popular genres worldwide, such as [electronic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music), [dance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music) and [R&B](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R&B).[\[502\]](../../page/10/#ref-502 "note 502")[\[503\]](../../page/10/#ref-503 "note 503")[604](../../604/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Media Main article: [Media of Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Vietnam) Vietnam's media sector is regulated by the government under the 2004 Law on Publication.[\[504\]](../../page/10/#ref-504 "note 504")[605](../../605/ "tree and pragmatics") It is generally perceived that the country's media sector is controlled by the government and follows the official communist party line, though some newspapers are relatively outspoken.[\[505\]](../../page/10/#ref-505 "note 505")[\[506\]](../../page/10/#ref-506 "note 506")[606](../../606/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Voice of Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_Vietnam) (VOV) is the official state-run national radio broadcasting service, broadcasting internationally via shortwave using rented transmitters in other countries and providing broadcasts from its website, while [Vietnam Television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Television) (VTV) is the national television broadcasting company.[607](../../607/ "tree and pragmatics") Since 1997, Vietnam has regulated public [internet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet) access extensively using both legal and technical means.[608](../../608/ "tree and pragmatics") The resulting lockdown is widely referred to as the "[Bamboo Firewall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Vietnam)".[\[507\]](../../page/10/#ref-507 "note 507")[609](../../609/ "tree and pragmatics") The collaborative project [OpenNet Initiative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenNet_Initiative) classifies Vietnam's level of online political censorship to be "pervasive",[\[508\]](../../page/10/#ref-508 "note 508") while [Reporters Without Borders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders) (RWB) considers Vietnam to be one of 15 global "internet enemies".[\[509\]](../../page/10/#ref-509 "note 509")[610](../../610/ "tree and pragmatics") Though the government of Vietnam maintains that such censorship is necessary to safeguard the country against obscene or sexually explicit content, many political and religious websites that are deemed to be undermining state authority are also blocked.[\[510\]](../../page/10/#ref-510 "note 510")[611](../../611/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Cuisine Main article: [Vietnamese cuisine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine) Traditionally, Vietnamese cuisine is based around [five fundamental](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxing_%28Chinese_philosophy%29) taste "elements" (ngũ vị): spicy (metal), sour (wood), salty (water), bitter (fire), and sweet (earth).[\[511\]](../../page/10/#ref-511 "note 511")[612](../../612/ "tree and pragmatics") Common ingredients include [fish sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_sauce), [shrimp paste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_paste), [soy sauce](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce), rice, fresh [herbs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb), fruits, and [vegetables](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable).[613](../../613/ "tree and pragmatics") Vietnamese recipes use [lemongrass](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbopogon), [ginger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger), [mint](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha), [rau răm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau_răm), [long coriander](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum), [Saigon cinnamon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon_cinnamon), [bird's eye chilli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_eye_chilli), [lime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_%28fruit%29) and [basil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil) leaves.[\[512\]](../../page/10/#ref-512 "note 512")[614](../../614/ "tree and pragmatics") Traditional Vietnamese cooking is known for its fresh ingredients, minimal use of oil, and reliance on herbs and vegetables; it is considered one of the healthiest cuisines worldwide.[\[513\]](../../page/10/#ref-513 "note 513")[615](../../615/ "tree and pragmatics") The use of meats such as pork, beef, and chicken was relatively limited in the past.[616](../../616/ "tree and pragmatics") Instead freshwater fish, [crustaceans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean) (particularly [crabs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab)), and [molluscs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc) became widely used.[617](../../617/ "tree and pragmatics") Fish sauce, soy sauce, prawn sauce, and limes are among the main flavouring ingredients.[618](../../618/ "tree and pragmatics") Vietnam has a strong [street food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_food) culture, with 40 popular dishes commonly found throughout the country.[\[514\]](../../page/10/#ref-514 "note 514")[619](../../619/ "tree and pragmatics") Many notable Vietnamese dishes such as [gỏi cuốn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gỏi_cuốn) (salad roll), [bánh cuốn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bánh_cuốn) (rice noodle roll), [bún riêu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bún_riêu) (rice vermicelli soup) and [phở](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phở) noodles originated in the north and were introduced to central and southern Vietnam by northern migrants.[\[515\]](../../page/10/#ref-515 "note 515")[\[516\]](../../page/10/#ref-516 "note 516")[620](../../620/ "tree and pragmatics") Local foods in the north are often less spicy than southern dishes, as the colder northern climate limits the production and availability of spices.[\[517\]](../../page/10/#ref-517 "note 517")[621](../../621/ "tree and pragmatics") [Black pepper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_pepper) is frequently used in place of [chillis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_pepper) to produce spicy flavours.[622](../../622/ "tree and pragmatics") While drinks are usually served cold with [ice cubes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cube), especially during the [summer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer), hot drinks, such as [tea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea), may be served to [treat illnesses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_medicine) and welcome guests.[623](../../623/ "tree and pragmatics") Some examples of basic Vietnamese drinks include [cà phê đá](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_iced_coffee) (Vietnamese iced coffee), [cà phê trứng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_coffee) (egg coffee), [chanh muối](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanh_muối) (salted pickled lime juice), [cơm rượu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cơm_rượu) (glutinous rice wine), [nước mía](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nước_mía) (sugarcane juice) and [trà sen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_lotus_tea) (Vietnamese lotus tea).[\[518\]](../../page/10/#ref-518 "note 518")[624](../../624/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Holidays and festivals Main article: [Public holidays in Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vietnam), [List of traditional festivals in Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_traditional_festivals_in_Vietnam) The country has eleven nationally recognised holidays.[625](../../625/ "tree and pragmatics") These include: [New Year's Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day) on 1 January; lunisolar [Vietnamese New Year](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tết) (Tết Nguyên Đán) from the last day of the last [lunar month](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar) to fifth day of the first lunar month; [Hùng Kings' Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hùng_Kings%27_Festival) on the 10th day of the third lunar month; [Reunification Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunification_Day) on 30 April; [International Workers' Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day) on 1 May; and [National Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_%28Vietnam%29) on 2 September.[\[519\]](../../page/10/#ref-519 "note 519")[\[520\]](../../page/10/#ref-520 "note 520")[\[521\]](../../page/10/#ref-521 "note 521")[626](../../626/ "tree and pragmatics") During Tết, many Vietnamese from major cities return to their hometowns or villages for family reunions and to pray for dead ancestors.[\[522\]](../../page/10/#ref-522 "note 522")[\[523\]](../../page/10/#ref-523 "note 523")[627](../../627/ "tree and pragmatics") Older people usually give the young a [lì xì](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_envelope) (red envelope), while special holiday food, such as [bánh chưng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bánh_chưng) (rice cake) in a square shape together with variety of [dried fruits](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruit), are presented in the house for visitors.[\[524\]](../../page/10/#ref-524 "note 524")[628](../../628/ "tree and pragmatics") Other festivals includeTết Nguyên Tiêu, [Tết Trung Thu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tết_Trung_Thu), and various temple and nature festivals.[\[525\]](../../page/10/#ref-525 "note 525")[629](../../629/ "tree and pragmatics") In the highlands, [Elephant Race Festivals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_racing) are held annually in spring; riders will ride their elephants for about 1.6 km and the winning elephant will be given sugarcane.[\[526\]](../../page/10/#ref-526 "note 526")[630](../../630/ "tree and pragmatics") [Traditional Vietnamese weddings](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_wedding) remain popular.[\[527\]](../../page/10/#ref-527 "note 527")[631](../../631/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Sports Main article: [Sport in Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Vietnam), [List of Vietnamese traditional games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_traditional_games) The [Vovinam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vovinam), Kim Kê and Võ Bình Định are widespread in Vietnam,[\[528\]](../../page/10/#ref-528 "note 528")[\[529\]](../../page/10/#ref-529 "note 529") while [football](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football) is the country's most popular sport.[\[530\]](../../page/10/#ref-530 "note 530")[632](../../632/ "tree and pragmatics") Its [national team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_national_football_team) won the [ASEAN Football Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Championship) in [2008](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_AFF_Championship), [2018](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_AFF_Championship) and [2024](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_ASEAN_Championship); and reached the [2007 AFC Asian Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_AFC_Asian_Cup), [quarter-finals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup_knockout_stage#Vietnam_vs_Japan) of [2019 AFC Asian Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_AFC_Asian_Cup),[\[531\]](../../page/10/#ref-531 "note 531")[\[532\]](../../page/10/#ref-532 "note 532")[\[533\]](../../page/10/#ref-533 "note 533") its junior team of [under-23](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_national_under-23_football_team) became the runners-up of [2018 AFC U-23 Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_AFC_U-23_Championship) and reached fourth place in [2018 Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2018_Asian_Games), while the [under-20](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_national_under-20_football_team) managed to qualify the [2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup) for the first time in their football history.[633](../../633/ "tree and pragmatics") And the [under-17](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_national_under-17_football_team) achieved fourth place among 10 Teams of the [2000 AFC U-16 Championship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_AFC_U-16_Championship).[\[534\]](../../page/10/#ref-534 "note 534")[\[535\]](../../page/10/#ref-535 "note 535")[634](../../634/ "tree and pragmatics") The [women's national football team](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_women%27s_national_football_team) had first appearance at the [FIFA Women's World Cup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup) in [2023](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup), became the first 11-a-side national football team to participate in a World Cup tournament, and also traditionally dominates the [Southeast Asian Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_Southeast_Asian_Games#Women%27s_tournament), along with its chief rival, [Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_women%27s_national_football_team).[635](../../635/ "tree and pragmatics") Other Western sports such as [badminton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton), [tennis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis), [volleyball](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball), [ping-pong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping-pong) and [chess](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess) are also widely popular.[636](../../636/ "tree and pragmatics") Vietnam has participated in the [Summer Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games) since [1952](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics).[637](../../637/ "tree and pragmatics") After the partition of the country in 1954, only South Vietnam competed in the games, sending athletes to the [1956](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics) and [1972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics) Olympics.[638](../../638/ "tree and pragmatics") Since the reunification of Vietnam in 1976, it has competed as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, attending every Summer Olympics from [1988](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics) onwards.[639](../../639/ "tree and pragmatics") The present Vietnam Olympic Committee was formed in 1976 and recognised by the [International Olympic Committee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee) (IOC) in 1979.[\[536\]](../../page/10/#ref-536 "note 536")[640](../../640/ "tree and pragmatics") Vietnam has never participated in the [Winter Olympic Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games).[641](../../641/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2016, Vietnam won its first [gold medal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_medal) at the Olympics.[\[537\]](../../page/10/#ref-537 "note 537")[642](../../642/ "tree and pragmatics") Basketball has become an increasingly popular sport in Vietnam, especially in [Ho Chi Minh City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City), [Hanoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi) [corpus](../../../Hanoi/ "in our corpus") and [Can Tho](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cần_Thơ) (formerly [Soc Trang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sóc_Trăng_province)).[\[538\]](../../page/10/#ref-538 "note 538")[643](../../643/ "tree and pragmatics") The country also held a national [multi-sport event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-sport_event), the [Vietnam National Games](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_National_Games), held every four years.[644](../../644/ "tree and pragmatics") ## See also [Outline of Vietnam](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Vietnam) ## Sources ### Print - "[Proceedings of the Regional Dialogue on Biodiversity and Natural Resources Management in Mainland Southeast Asian Economies, Kunming Institute of Botany, Yunnan, China, 21–24 February 1995](https://books.google.com/books?id=yfaOAAAAIAAJ&q=vietnam+tropical+forest+25%25)".[645](../../645/ "tree and pragmatics") Natural Resources and Environment Program, Thailand Development Research Institute Foundation.[646](../../646/ "tree and pragmatics") 1995.[647](../../647/ "tree and pragmatics") - "Vietnam: Selected Issues".[648](../../648/ "tree and pragmatics") [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund).[649](../../649/ "tree and pragmatics") 1999.[650](../../650/ "tree and pragmatics") - "[Selections from Regional Press](https://books.google.com/books?id=5sUuAQAAIAAJ&q=pakistan+embassy+hanoi+2000)".[651](../../651/ "tree and pragmatics") [Institute of Regional Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Regional_Studies).[652](../../652/ "tree and pragmatics") 2001.[653](../../653/ "tree and pragmatics") - "[Peasant and Labour](https://books.google.com/books?id=g0wNAQAAIAAJ&q=early+ly+dynasty+van+xuan+independent+china+544)".[654](../../654/ "tree and pragmatics") University of California.[655](../../655/ "tree and pragmatics") 1972.[656](../../656/ "tree and pragmatics") - Adhikari, Ramesh; Kirkpatrick, Colin H.; Weiss, John (1992). "[657](../../657/ "tree and pragmatics") Industrial and Trade Policy Reform in Developing Countries".[658](../../658/ "tree and pragmatics") Manchester University Press.[659](../../659/ "tree and pragmatics") - Akazawa, Takeru; Aoki, Kenichi; Kimura, Tasuku (1992). "[660](../../660/ "tree and pragmatics") The evolution and dispersal of modern humans in Asia".[661](../../661/ "tree and pragmatics") [Hokusen-sha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakusensha).[662](../../662/ "tree and pragmatics") - Alterman, Eric (2005). "[663](../../663/ "tree and pragmatics") When Presidents Lie: A History of Official Deception and Its Consequences".[664](../../664/ "tree and pragmatics") Penguin.[665](../../665/ "tree and pragmatics") - Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (2014). "[666](../../666/ "tree and pragmatics") China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia".[667](../../667/ "tree and pragmatics") Brill Publishers.[668](../../668/ "tree and pragmatics") - Anderson, Wanni Wibulswasdi; Lee, Robert G. (2005). "[669](../../669/ "tree and pragmatics") Displacements and Diasporas: Asians in the Americas".[670](../../670/ "tree and pragmatics") Rutgers University Press.[671](../../671/ "tree and pragmatics") - (([Asian Development Bank](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank))) (2010). "[672](../../672/ "tree and pragmatics") Asian Development Outlook 2010 Update".[673](../../673/ "tree and pragmatics") Asian Development Bank.[674](../../674/ "tree and pragmatics") - Boobbyer, Claire; Spooner, Andrew (2013). "[675](../../675/ "tree and pragmatics") [Vietnam, Cambodia & Laos Footprint Handbook](https://archive.org/details/vietnamcambodial0000boob)".[676](../../676/ "tree and pragmatics") [Footprint Travel Guides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footprint_Travel_Guides).[677](../../677/ "tree and pragmatics") - Asselin, Pierre (2024). "[678](../../678/ "tree and pragmatics") [Vietnam's American War: A New History](https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/vietnams-american-war/034EEB484F83DC3976982F33AB5B8C51)".[679](../../679/ "tree and pragmatics") Cambridge University Press.[680](../../680/ "tree and pragmatics") - Brigham, Robert Kendall (1998). "[681](../../681/ "tree and pragmatics") [Guerrilla Diplomacy: The NLF's Foreign Relations and the Viet Nam War](https://archive.org/details/guerrilladiploma00brig)".[682](../../682/ "tree and pragmatics") Cornell University Press.[683](../../683/ "tree and pragmatics") - Buttinger, Joseph (1968). "[684](../../684/ "tree and pragmatics") [Vietnam: A Political History](https://archive.org/details/vietnampolitical0000unse/page/18/mode/2up)".[685](../../685/ "tree and pragmatics") Praeger.[686](../../686/ "tree and pragmatics") - Calo, Ambra (2009). "[687](../../687/ "tree and pragmatics") Trails of Bronze Drums Across Early Southeast Asia: Exchange Routes and Connected Cultural Spheres".[688](../../688/ "tree and pragmatics") [Archaeopress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeopress).[689](../../689/ "tree and pragmatics") - Chen, Steven (2018). "[690](../../690/ "tree and pragmatics") The Design Imperative: The Art and Science of Design Management".[691](../../691/ "tree and pragmatics") Springer Publishing.[692](../../692/ "tree and pragmatics") - Chesneaux, Jean (1966). "[693](../../693/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Vietnamese Nations: Contribution to a History](https://books.google.com/books?id=rVpuAAAAMAAJ&q=early+ly+dynasty+van+xuan+independent+china+544)".[694](../../694/ "tree and pragmatics") Current Book Distributors.[695](../../695/ "tree and pragmatics") - Chico, Beverly (2013). "[696](../../696/ "tree and pragmatics") Hats and Headwear around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia: A Cultural Encyclopedia".[697](../../697/ "tree and pragmatics") ABC-CLIO.[698](../../698/ "tree and pragmatics") - Cook, Bernard A. (2001). "[699](../../699/ "tree and pragmatics") Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia".[700](../../700/ "tree and pragmatics") Taylor & Francis.[701](../../701/ "tree and pragmatics") - Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James (2011). "[702](../../702/ "tree and pragmatics") The Tongking Gulf Through History".[703](../../703/ "tree and pragmatics") University of Pennsylvania Press.[704](../../704/ "tree and pragmatics") - Cortada, James W. (1994). "[705](../../705/ "tree and pragmatics") Spain in the Nineteenth-century World: Essays on Spanish Diplomacy, 1789–1898".[706](../../706/ "tree and pragmatics") [Greenwood Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Press).[707](../../707/ "tree and pragmatics") - Cosslett, Tuyet L.; Cosslett, Patrick D. (2013). "[708](../../708/ "tree and pragmatics") Water Resources and Food Security in the Vietnam Mekong Delta".[709](../../709/ "tree and pragmatics") Springer Science + Business Media.[710](../../710/ "tree and pragmatics") - Cosslett, Tuyet L.; Cosslett, Patrick D. (2017). "[711](../../711/ "tree and pragmatics") Sustainable Development of Rice and Water Resources in Mainland Southeast Asia and Mekong River Basin".[712](../../712/ "tree and pragmatics") Springer Publishing.[713](../../713/ "tree and pragmatics") - Cottrell, Robert C. (2009). "[714](../../714/ "tree and pragmatics") Vietnam".[715](../../715/ "tree and pragmatics") Infobase Publishing.[716](../../716/ "tree and pragmatics") - Dayley, Robert (2018). "[717](../../717/ "tree and pragmatics") Southeast Asia in the New International Era".[718](../../718/ "tree and pragmatics") Taylor & Francis.[719](../../719/ "tree and pragmatics") - de Laet, Sigfried J.; Herrmann, Joachim (1996). "[720](../../720/ "tree and pragmatics") History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.".[721](../../721/ "tree and pragmatics") [Routledge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge).[722](../../722/ "tree and pragmatics") - de Mora, Javier Calvo; Wood, Keith (2014). "[723](../../723/ "tree and pragmatics") Practical Knowledge in Teacher Education: Approaches to teacher internship programmes".[724](../../724/ "tree and pragmatics") Taylor & Francis.[725](../../725/ "tree and pragmatics") - Dennell, Robin; Porr, Martin (2014). "[726](../../726/ "tree and pragmatics") Southern Asia, Australia, and the Search for Human Origins".[727](../../727/ "tree and pragmatics") Cambridge University Press.[728](../../728/ "tree and pragmatics") - DK (2017). "[729](../../729/ "tree and pragmatics") The Vietnam War: The Definitive Illustrated History".[730](../../730/ "tree and pragmatics") Dorling Kindersley.[731](../../731/ "tree and pragmatics") - Dodd, Jan; Lewis, Mark (2003). "[732](../../732/ "tree and pragmatics") Vietnam".[733](../../733/ "tree and pragmatics") [Rough Guides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Guides).[734](../../734/ "tree and pragmatics") - Dohrenwend, Bruce P.; Turse, Nick; Wall, Melanie M.; Yager, Thomas J. (2018). "[735](../../735/ "tree and pragmatics") Surviving Vietnam: Psychological Consequences of the War for US Veterans".[736](../../736/ "tree and pragmatics") Oxford University Press.[737](../../737/ "tree and pragmatics") - Duc Tran, Hong; Thu Ha, Anh (2000). "[738](../../738/ "tree and pragmatics") [A Brief Chronology of Vietnam's History](https://books.google.com/books?id=TYZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Th%E1%BB%A5c+Ph%C3%A1n+257+bc)".[739](../../739/ "tree and pragmatics") [Thế Giới Publishers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thế_Giới_Publishers).[740](../../740/ "tree and pragmatics") - Duy Hinh, Nguyen; Dinh Tho, Tran (2015). "[741](../../741/ "tree and pragmatics") The South Vietnamese Society".[742](../../742/ "tree and pragmatics") Normanby Press.[743](../../743/ "tree and pragmatics") - Eggleston, Michael A. (2014). "[744](../../744/ "tree and pragmatics") Exiting Vietnam: The Era of Vietnamization and American Withdrawal Revealed in First-Person Accounts".[745](../../745/ "tree and pragmatics") McFarland Publishing.[746](../../746/ "tree and pragmatics") - Elliott, Mai (2010). "[747](../../747/ "tree and pragmatics") RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era".[748](../../748/ "tree and pragmatics") [RAND Corporation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAND_Corporation).[749](../../749/ "tree and pragmatics") - Englar, Mary (2006). "[750](../../750/ "tree and pragmatics") Vietnam: A Question and Answer Book".[751](../../751/ "tree and pragmatics") Capstone Publishers.[752](../../752/ "tree and pragmatics") - Frankum, Ronald B. Jr. (2011). "[753](../../753/ "tree and pragmatics") Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam".[754](../../754/ "tree and pragmatics") Scarecrow Press.[755](../../755/ "tree and pragmatics") - Frohlich, Holger L.; Schreinemachers, Pepijn; Stahr, Karl; Clemens, Gerhard (2013). "[756](../../756/ "tree and pragmatics") Sustainable Land Use and Rural Development in Southeast Asia: Innovations and Policies for Mountainous Areas".[757](../../757/ "tree and pragmatics") Springer Science + Business Media.[758](../../758/ "tree and pragmatics") - Gettleman, Marvin E.; Franklin, Jane; Young, Marilyn B.; Franklin, H. Bruce (1995). "[759](../../759/ "tree and pragmatics") Vietnam and America: A Documented History".[760](../../760/ "tree and pragmatics") Grove Press.[761](../../761/ "tree and pragmatics") - Gibbons, William Conrad (2014). "[762](../../762/ "tree and pragmatics") The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships, Part III: 1965–1966".[763](../../763/ "tree and pragmatics") Princeton University Press.[764](../../764/ "tree and pragmatics") - Gilbert, Adrian (2013). "[765](../../765/ "tree and pragmatics") Encyclopedia of Warfare: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day".[766](../../766/ "tree and pragmatics") Taylor & Francis.[767](../../767/ "tree and pragmatics") - Goscha, Christopher (2016). "[768](../../768/ "tree and pragmatics") [Vietnam: A New History](https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/christopher-goscha/vietnam/9780465094370/)".[769](../../769/ "tree and pragmatics") Basic Books.[770](../../770/ "tree and pragmatics") - Gravel, Mike (1971). "[771](../../771/ "tree and pragmatics") [The Pentagon Papers: The Defense Department History of United States Decision-making on Vietnam](https://books.google.com/books?id=7yMQtQEACAAJ&q=the+pentagon+papers+beacon+press+volume+3)".[772](../../772/ "tree and pragmatics") [Beacon Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Press).[773](../../773/ "tree and pragmatics") - Green, Thomas A. (2001). "[774](../../774/ "tree and pragmatics") Martial Arts of the World: A-Q".[775](../../775/ "tree and pragmatics") ABC-CLIO.[776](../../776/ "tree and pragmatics") - Guillemot, François (2004). "[777](../../777/ "tree and pragmatics") [Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945](https://www.lesindessavantes.com/ouvrage/naissance-dun-etat-parti/)".[778](../../778/ "tree and pragmatics") Les Indes savantes.[779](../../779/ "tree and pragmatics") - Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2014). "[780](../../780/ "tree and pragmatics") Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh Road to Power".[781](../../781/ "tree and pragmatics") Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.[782](../../782/ "tree and pragmatics") - Gustafsson, Mai Lan (2010). "[783](../../783/ "tree and pragmatics") War and Shadows: The Haunting of Vietnam".[784](../../784/ "tree and pragmatics") Cornell University Press.[785](../../785/ "tree and pragmatics") - Hampson, Fen Osler (1996). "[786](../../786/ "tree and pragmatics") [Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed Or Fail](https://archive.org/details/nurturingpeacewh0000hamp)".[787](../../787/ "tree and pragmatics") [US Institute of Peace Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Institute_of_Peace_Press).[788](../../788/ "tree and pragmatics") - Heneghan, George Martin (1969). "[789](../../789/ "tree and pragmatics") [Nationalism, Communism and the National Liberation Front of Vietnam: Dilemma for American Foreign Policy](https://books.google.com/books?id=tuVCAAAAIAAJ&q=diem+detain+communist+reeducation)".[790](../../790/ "tree and pragmatics") Department of Political Science, Stanford University.[791](../../791/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/6/) **7** [8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/8/) [9](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/9/) [10](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/10/) - ← previous: [page 6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/6/) - next →: [page 8](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Vietnam/page/8/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)