--- title: Warsaw — English Wikipedia · full text with trees description: Wikipedia's «Warsaw», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and most populous city of Poland. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Warsaw # Warsaw From Wikipedia, [«Warsaw»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. The English Wikipedia article «Warsaw», whole: 50 sections, 617 sentences and 12574 words, its 262 notes at the end. The marks in brackets «[n]» are Wikipedia's own, each leading to its note and source; the small number after every sentence leads to the sentence's own page with its syntax tree and pragmatics, parsed by Mova itself. **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/page/6/) | Facts | | | --- | --- | | | **Warsaw · Warszawa** | | | **[Capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city) and [county](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights)** | | | Capital City of Warsaw | | | Flag Coat of arms Brandmark | | | Nicknames:; Phoenix City,[\[1\]](page/6/#ref-1 "note 1") [Paris of the North](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_of_the_North),[\[2\]](page/6/#ref-2 "note 2")[\[3\]](page/6/#ref-3 "note 3")[\[4\]](page/6/#ref-4 "note 4") Wawa[\[5\]](page/6/#ref-5 "note 5")[\[6\]](page/6/#ref-6 "note 6") | | | Motto:; Semper invicta  ([Latin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin) "Ever invincible") | | | Coordinates: | | [County](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powiat) | City county | | Founded | 13th century | | City rights | 1300 | | [City hall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_hall) | [Palace of the Government Commission of Revenues and Treasury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Government_Commission_of_Revenues_and_Treasury); [Palace of the Minister of Treasury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_the_Minister_of_Treasury) | | [Subdivisions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_division) | [18 districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Warsaw) | | **Government** | | | • Type | [Mayor–council government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor–council_government) | | • Body | [Warsaw City Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_City_Council) | | • [City mayor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Warsaw) | [Rafał Trzaskowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafał_Trzaskowski) ([KO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Coalition_%28party%29)) | | • [Sejm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm) | [20 members](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm_Constituency_no._19) | | • [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament) | [Warsaw constituency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29) | | **Area** | | | • [Capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city) and [county](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights) | 517.24 km² (199.71 sq mi) | | • [Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area) | 546.00 km² (210.81 sq mi) | | • Metro | 6,100.43 km² (2,355.39 sq mi) | | Elevation | 78 m (256 ft) | | **Population (31 December 2025)** | | | • [Capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city) and [county](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights) | 1866729[\[7\]](page/6/#ref-7 "note 7") | | • Rank | [1st in Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland); [7th in European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits) | | • Density | 3,500.0/km² (9,065.0/sq mi) | | • [Urban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area) [\[8\]](page/6/#ref-8 "note 8") | 2,028,000 | | • Urban density | 3,714.3/km² (9,620.0/sq mi) | | • [Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area) [\[9\]](page/6/#ref-9 "note 9") | 3,269,510 | | • Metro density | 509.1/km² (1,318.6/sq mi) | | Demonym | Varsovian | | **GDP (Nominal, 2023) [\[10\]](page/6/#ref-10 "note 10")** | | | • [Capital city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city) and [county](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights) | €108.751 billion | | • Per capita | €58,393 | | [Time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone) | [UTC+01:00](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC+01:00) ([CET](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time)) | | • Summer ([DST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time)) | [UTC+02:00](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC+02:00) ([CEST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time)) | | Postal code | 00-001 to 04-999 | | Area code | +48 22 | | [City budget](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_budget) | zł 24.368 billion; (€5.4 billion)[\[11\]](page/6/#ref-11 "note 11") | | Climate | [Warm-summer humid continental climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-summer_humid_continental_climate) (Dfb) | Warsaw,[\[12\]](page/6/#ref-12 "note 12") officially the Capital City of Warsaw,[\[13\]](page/6/#ref-13 "note 13")[\[14\]](page/6/#ref-14 "note 14") is the capital and [most populous city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland) of [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland) [corpus](../Poland/ "in our corpus").[\[15\]](page/6/#ref-15 "note 15")[1](1/ "tree and pragmatics") The metropolis stands on the river [Vistula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula) in east-central Poland.[2](2/ "tree and pragmatics") Its population is officially estimated at 1.87 million residents within [a greater metropolitan area](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_metropolitan_area) of around 3.5 million residents, which makes Warsaw the [7th most populous city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits) in the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union).[\[7\]](page/6/#ref-7 "note 7")[3](3/ "tree and pragmatics") The city area measures 517 km2 and comprises [18 districts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts_and_neighbourhoods_of_Warsaw), while the metropolitan area covers 6100 km2.[\[16\]](page/6/#ref-16 "note 16")[4](4/ "tree and pragmatics") Warsaw is classified as an [alpha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network#Alpha_2) [global city](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_city),[\[17\]](page/6/#ref-17 "note 17") a major political, economic and cultural hub, and the country's seat of government.[5](5/ "tree and pragmatics") It is also the capital of the [Masovian Voivodeship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship).[6](6/ "tree and pragmatics") Warsaw traces its origins to a small fishing town which became the seat of the [Duchy of Masovia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia) in 1413.[7](7/ "tree and pragmatics") The city rose to prominence after 1596, when [Sigismund III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III) decided to move the Polish capital and his royal court from [Kraków](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraków).[8](8/ "tree and pragmatics") Warsaw surpassed [Gdańsk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdańsk) as Poland's most populous city by the 18th century.[9](9/ "tree and pragmatics") It served as the capital of the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth) until 1795, and subsequently as the seat of [Napoleon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon)'s [Duchy of Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw).[10](10/ "tree and pragmatics") The 19th century and its [Industrial Revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution) brought a demographic boom, which made it one of the largest and most densely populated cities in [Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe).[11](11/ "tree and pragmatics") Known then for its elegant architecture and boulevards, Warsaw was [bombed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland) and [besieged](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Warsaw_%281939%29) at the start of [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) in 1939.[\[18\]](page/6/#ref-18 "note 18")[\[19\]](page/6/#ref-19 "note 19")[\[20\]](page/6/#ref-20 "note 20")[12](12/ "tree and pragmatics") Much of the historic city was destroyed and its diverse population decimated by the [Ghetto Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising) in 1943, the general [Warsaw Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising) in 1944, and [systematic razing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw).[13](13/ "tree and pragmatics") Warsaw is served by three international airports, the busiest being [Warsaw Chopin Airport](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Chopin_Airport).[14](14/ "tree and pragmatics") Major public transport services operating in the city include the [Warsaw Metro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Metro), [buses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_transport_in_Warsaw), [commuter rail service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Urban_Railway_%28Warsaw%29) and an extensive [tram network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Warsaw).[15](15/ "tree and pragmatics") The city is a significant economic centre for the region, with the [Warsaw Stock Exchange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange) being the largest in [Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe) and [Eastern Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe).[\[21\]](page/6/#ref-21 "note 21")[\[22\]](page/6/#ref-22 "note 22")[16](16/ "tree and pragmatics") It is the base for [Frontex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontex), the [EU agency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union) for external border security; also [ODIHR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODIHR), one of the principal institutions of the [OSCE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE) and an [ESA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESA) headquarters.[17](17/ "tree and pragmatics") Warsaw has one of Europe's largest [concentrations of skyscrapers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Warsaw), and the [Varso Tower](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varso) is the [tallest building in the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_European_Union).[18](18/ "tree and pragmatics") The city's primary educational and cultural institutions include the [University of Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warsaw), the [Warsaw University of Technology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_University_of_Technology), the [SGH Warsaw School of Economics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGH_Warsaw_School_of_Economics), the [Chopin University of Music](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopin_University_of_Music), the [Polish Academy of Sciences](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences), the [National Philharmonic Orchestra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_National_Philharmonic_Orchestra), the [National Museum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_in_Warsaw), and the [Warsaw Grand Theatre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Warsaw), which is among the largest in Europe.[\[23\]](page/6/#ref-23 "note 23")[19](19/ "tree and pragmatics") The reconstructed [Old Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town,_Warsaw), which represents a variety of European architectural styles, was listed as a [World Heritage Site](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site) by [UNESCO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO) in 1980.[\[24\]](page/6/#ref-24 "note 24")[20](20/ "tree and pragmatics") Other landmarks include the [Royal Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw), [Sigismund's Column](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column), the [Wilanów Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilanów_Palace), the [Palace on the Isle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_on_the_Isle), [St. John's Archcathedral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Archcathedral,_Warsaw), [Main Market Square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town_Market_Place,_Warsaw), and numerous churches and mansions along the [Royal Route](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Route,_Warsaw).[21](21/ "tree and pragmatics") Warsaw is a green capital, with around a quarter of the city's area occupied by parks.[\[25\]](page/6/#ref-25 "note 25")[\[26\]](page/6/#ref-26 "note 26")[22](22/ "tree and pragmatics") In sports, the city is home to [Legia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legia_Warsaw_%28sports_club%29) and [Polonia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia_Warsaw) sports clubs and hosts the annual [Warsaw Marathon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Marathon).[23](23/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Toponymy and names Warsaw's name in the [Polish language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language) is Warszawa.[24](24/ "tree and pragmatics") Other previous spellings of the name may have included: Warszewa, Warszowa, Worszewa or Werszewa.[\[27\]](page/6/#ref-27 "note 27")[\[28\]](page/6/#ref-28 "note 28")[25](25/ "tree and pragmatics") The exact origin and meaning of the name is uncertain and has not been fully determined.[\[29\]](page/6/#ref-29 "note 29")[\[30\]](page/6/#ref-30 "note 30")[26](26/ "tree and pragmatics") Originally, Warszawa was the name of a small fishing settlement on the banks of the [Vistula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula) river.[27](27/ "tree and pragmatics") One hypothesis states that Warszawa means "belonging to Warsz", Warsz being a shortened form of the masculine [Old Polish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Polish) name Warcisław, which etymologically is linked with [Wrocław](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrocław).[\[31\]](page/6/#ref-31 "note 31")[28](28/ "tree and pragmatics") However the ending -awa is unusual for a large city; the names of Polish cities derived from personal names usually end in -ów/owo/ew/ewo (e.g. Piotrków, Adamów).[29](29/ "tree and pragmatics") [Folk etymology](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_etymology) attributes the city name to [Wars and Sawa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_and_Sawa).[30](30/ "tree and pragmatics") There are several versions of the legend with their appearance.[31](31/ "tree and pragmatics") According to one version, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula with whom fisherman Wars fell in love.[\[32\]](page/6/#ref-32 "note 32")[\[33\]](page/6/#ref-33 "note 33")[32](32/ "tree and pragmatics") The official city name in full is miasto stołeczne Warszawa ("The Capital City of Warsaw").[\[34\]](page/6/#ref-34 "note 34")[33](33/ "tree and pragmatics") A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian – in Polish warszawiak,[\[35\]](page/6/#ref-35 "note 35") warszawianin[\[36\]](page/6/#ref-36 "note 36") (male); warszawianka (female); warszawiacy, and warszawianie (plural).[34](34/ "tree and pragmatics") ## History Main article: [History of Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Warsaw) ### 1300–1800 The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in [Bródno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bródno) (9th/10th century) and [Jazdów](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujazdów,_Warsaw) (12th/13th century).[\[37\]](page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[35](35/ "tree and pragmatics") After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new fortified settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called "Warszowa".[36](36/ "tree and pragmatics") The Prince of [Płock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Płock), Bolesław II of Masovia, established the modern-day city in about 1300 and the first historical document attesting to the existence of a [castellany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan) dates to 1313.[\[38\]](page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[37](37/ "tree and pragmatics") With the completion of [St John's Cathedral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Archcathedral,_Warsaw) in 1390, Warsaw became one of the seats of the [Dukes of Masovia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia) and was officially made capital of the [Masovian Duchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia) in 1413.[\[37\]](page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[38](38/ "tree and pragmatics") The economy then predominantly rested on craftsmanship or trade, and the town housed approximately 4,500 people at the time.[39](39/ "tree and pragmatics") During the 15th century, the population migrated and spread beyond the northern city wall into a newly formed self-governing precinct called [New Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_New_Town).[40](40/ "tree and pragmatics") The existing older settlement became eventually known as the [Old Town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Old_Town).[41](41/ "tree and pragmatics") Both possessed their own town charter and independent councils.[42](42/ "tree and pragmatics") The aim of establishing a separate district was to accommodate new incomers or "undesirables" who were not permitted to settle in Old Town, particularly [Jews](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland).[\[39\]](page/6/#ref-39 "note 39")[43](43/ "tree and pragmatics") Social and financial disparities between the classes in the two precincts led to a minor revolt in 1525.[\[38\]](page/6/#ref-38 "note 38")[44](44/ "tree and pragmatics") Following the sudden death of [Janusz III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_III_of_Masovia) and the extinction of the local ducal line, Masovia was incorporated into the [Kingdom of Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland) in 1526.[\[37\]](page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[45](45/ "tree and pragmatics") [Bona Sforza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona_Sforza), wife of [Sigismund I of Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_I_of_Poland), was widely accused of poisoning the duke to uphold Polish rule over Warsaw.[\[40\]](page/6/#ref-40 "note 40")[\[41\]](page/6/#ref-41 "note 41")[46](46/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of a [General Sejm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Republic_of_Poland) and held that privilege permanently from 1569.[\[37\]](page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[47](47/ "tree and pragmatics") The city's rising importance encouraged the construction of a new set of defenses, including the landmark [Barbican](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Barbican).[48](48/ "tree and pragmatics") Renowned [Italian architects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_architecture) were brought to Warsaw to reshape the [Royal Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw), the streets and the marketplace, resulting in the Old Town's early Italianate appearance.[49](49/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1573, the city gave its name to the [Warsaw Confederation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Confederation) which formally established religious freedom in the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth).[50](50/ "tree and pragmatics") Due to its central location between the capitals of the Commonwealth's two component parts, [Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland) [corpus](../Poland/ "in our corpus") and [Lithuania](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania) [corpus](../Lithuania/ "in our corpus"), which were [Kraków](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraków) and [Vilnius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius) [corpus](../Vilnius/ "in our corpus") respectively, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the [Polish Crown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland) when [Sigismund III Vasa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa) transferred his royal court in 1596.[\[37\]](page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[51](51/ "tree and pragmatics") In the subsequent years the town significantly expanded to the south and westwards.[52](52/ "tree and pragmatics") Several private independent districts ([jurydyka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurydyka)) were the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which they ruled by their own laws.[53](53/ "tree and pragmatics") Between 1655 and 1658 the city was besieged and pillaged by the Swedish, [Brandenburgian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg) and [Transylvanian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania) forces.[\[37\]](page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[\[42\]](page/6/#ref-42 "note 42")[54](54/ "tree and pragmatics") The conduct of the [Great Northern War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War) (1700–1721) also forced Warsaw to pay heavy tributes to the invading armies.[\[43\]](page/6/#ref-43 "note 43")[55](55/ "tree and pragmatics") The reign of [Augustus II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong), [Augustus III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland) and [Stanisław August Poniatowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_August_Poniatowski) was a time of great development for Warsaw, which turned into an early-capitalist city.[56](56/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Saxon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon) monarchs employed many German architects, sculptors and engineers, who added elements to the city in a style parallel with [Dresden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden), chiefly the [Saxon Axis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Axis), while Poniatowski boosted the native Polish architectural and artisanal scene.[57](57/ "tree and pragmatics") The year 1727 marked the opening of the [Saxon Garden](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Garden) in Warsaw, the first publicly accessible park.[\[44\]](page/6/#ref-44 "note 44")[58](58/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Załuski Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Załuski_Library), the first Polish public library and the largest at the time, was founded in 1747.[\[45\]](page/6/#ref-45 "note 45")[59](59/ "tree and pragmatics") [Stanisław II Augustus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_II_Augustus), who remodelled the interior of the [Royal Castle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw), also made Warsaw a centre of culture and the arts.[\[46\]](page/6/#ref-46 "note 46")[\[47\]](page/6/#ref-47 "note 47")[60](60/ "tree and pragmatics") He extended the [Royal Baths Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Baths_Park) and ordered the construction or refurbishment of numerous palaces, mansions and richly decorated tenements.[61](61/ "tree and pragmatics") This earned Warsaw the nickname Paris of the North.[\[48\]](page/6/#ref-48 "note 48")[62](62/ "tree and pragmatics") Stanisław August Poniatowski created the first state theater in Warsaw, invested in the Royal Baths Park and created the [Stanislavian Axis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl:Oś_Stanisławowska) (Oś Stanisławowska), a large infrastructural undertaking.[63](63/ "tree and pragmatics") Warsaw remained the capital of the [Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth) until 1795 when it was annexed by the [Kingdom of Prussia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia) in the third and final [partition of Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland);[\[49\]](page/6/#ref-49 "note 49") it subsequently became the capital of the province of [South Prussia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Prussia).[64](64/ "tree and pragmatics") During this time, [Louis XVIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII) of France spent his exile in Warsaw under the pseudonym Comte de Lille.[\[50\]](page/6/#ref-50 "note 50")[65](65/ "tree and pragmatics") ### 1800–1939 Warsaw was made the capital of a newly created [French client state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_French_client_states), known as the [Duchy of Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw), after a portion of Poland's territory was liberated from Prussia, Russia and Austria by [Napoleon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon) in 1806.[\[37\]](page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[66](66/ "tree and pragmatics") Following Napoleon's defeat and exile, the 1815 [Congress of Vienna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna) assigned Warsaw to [Congress Poland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Poland), a [constitutional monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy) within the easternmost sector (or partition) under a [personal union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union) with [Imperial Russia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire).[\[37\]](page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[67](67/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Royal University of Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warsaw) was established in 1816.[68](68/ "tree and pragmatics") With the violation of the [Polish constitution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland), the 1830 [November Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Uprising) broke out against foreign influence.[69](69/ "tree and pragmatics") The Polish-Russian war of 1831 ended in the uprising's defeat and in the curtailment of Congress Poland's autonomy.[\[37\]](page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[70](70/ "tree and pragmatics") On 27 February 1861, a Warsaw crowd protesting against Russian control over Congress Poland was fired upon by Russian troops.[\[51\]](page/6/#ref-51 "note 51")[\[52\]](page/6/#ref-52 "note 52")[71](71/ "tree and pragmatics") Five people were killed.[72](72/ "tree and pragmatics") The Underground [Polish National Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_National_Government_%28January_Uprising%29) resided in Warsaw during the [January Uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprising) in 1863–64.[\[52\]](page/6/#ref-52 "note 52")[73](73/ "tree and pragmatics") Warsaw flourished throughout the 19th century under Mayor [Sokrates Starynkiewicz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokrates_Starynkiewicz) (1875–92), who was appointed by [Alexander III](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia).[74](74/ "tree and pragmatics") Under Starynkiewicz Warsaw saw its first water and sewer systems designed and built by the English engineer [William Lindley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lindley) and his son, [William Heerlein Lindley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Heerlein_Lindley), as well as the expansion and modernisation of trams, street lighting, and gas infrastructure.[\[37\]](page/6/#ref-37 "note 37")[75](75/ "tree and pragmatics") Between 1850 and 1882, the population grew by 134% to 383,000 as a result of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation.[76](76/ "tree and pragmatics") Many migrated from surrounding rural Masovian towns and villages to the city for employment opportunities.[77](77/ "tree and pragmatics") The western borough of [Wola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wola) was transformed from an agricultural periphery occupied mostly by small farms and windmills (mills being the namesake of Wola's central neighbourhood [Młynów](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Młynów,_Warsaw)) to an industrial and manufacturing centre.[\[53\]](page/6/#ref-53 "note 53")[78](78/ "tree and pragmatics") [Metallurgical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy), textile and glassware factories were commonplace, with chimneys dominating the westernmost skyline.[\[54\]](page/6/#ref-54 "note 54")[79](79/ "tree and pragmatics") Like [London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London) [corpus](../London/ "in our corpus"), Warsaw's population was subjected to income segmentation.[80](80/ "tree and pragmatics") Gentrification of inner suburbs forced poorer residents to move across the river into [Praga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praga) or [Powiśle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powiśle,_Warsaw) and [Solec](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solec,_Warsaw) districts, similar to the [East End of London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End_of_London) and [London Docklands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Docklands).[\[55\]](page/6/#ref-55 "note 55")[81](81/ "tree and pragmatics") Poorer religious and ethnic minorities, such as the Jews, settled in the crowded parts of northern Warsaw, in [Muranów](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muranów).[\[56\]](page/6/#ref-56 "note 56")[82](82/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Imperial Census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census) of 1897 recorded 626,000 people living in Warsaw, making it the third-largest city of the Empire after [St. Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg) and Moscow as well as the largest city in the region.[\[57\]](page/6/#ref-57 "note 57")[83](83/ "tree and pragmatics") Grand architectural complexes and structures were also erected in the city centre, including the [Warsaw Philharmonic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Philharmonic), the [Church of the Holiest Saviour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holiest_Saviour) and tenements along [Marszałkowska Street](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marszałkowska_Street).[84](84/ "tree and pragmatics") During [World War I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I), Warsaw was occupied by Germany from 4 August 1915 until November 1918.[85](85/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Armistice of 11 November 1918](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918) concluded that defeated Germany is to withdraw from all foreign areas, which included Warsaw.[\[58\]](page/6/#ref-58 "note 58")[86](86/ "tree and pragmatics") Germany did so, and underground leader [Józef Piłsudski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Józef_Piłsudski) returned to Warsaw on the same day which marked the beginning of the [Second Polish Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic), the first truly sovereign Polish state after 1795.[87](87/ "tree and pragmatics") In the course of the [Polish–Soviet War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish–Soviet_War) (1919–1921), the 1920 [Battle of Warsaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_%281920%29) was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city.[88](88/ "tree and pragmatics") Poland successfully defended the capital, stopped the brunt of the Bolshevik [Red Army](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army) and temporarily halted the "[export of the communist revolution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_of_revolution)" to other parts of Europe.[\[59\]](page/6/#ref-59 "note 59")[89](89/ "tree and pragmatics") The interwar period (1918–1939) was a time of major development in the city's infrastructure.[90](90/ "tree and pragmatics") New [modernist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism) housing estates were built in [Mokotów](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokotów) to de-clutter the densely populated inner suburbs.[91](91/ "tree and pragmatics") In 1921, Warsaw's total area was estimated at only 124.7 km2 with 1 million inhabitants–over 8,000 people/km2 made Warsaw more densely populated than contemporary London.[\[60\]](page/6/#ref-60 "note 60")[92](92/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Średnicowy Bridge](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Średnicowy_Bridge) was constructed for railway (1921–1931), connecting both parts of the city across the [Vistula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula).[93](93/ "tree and pragmatics") [Warszawa Główna railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa_Główna_railway_station) (1932–1939) was not completed due to the outbreak of the [Second World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War).[94](94/ "tree and pragmatics") **1** [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/page/2/) [3](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/page/3/) [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/page/5/) [6](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/page/6/) - next →: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Warsaw/page/2/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)