--- title: Zambia — English Wikipedia · full text with trees · page 3 description: Wikipedia's «Zambia», whole, every sentence with its dependency tree and pragmatics, CC BY-SA 4.0. It begins: Zambia (/ˈzæmbiə,_ˈzɑːm-/), officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. --- [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Zambia/page/3/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/) / [en](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/) / Zambia # Zambia · page 3 From Wikipedia, [«Zambia»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too. [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Zambia/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Zambia/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Zambia/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Zambia/page/5/) Zambia is a [landlocked country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country) in southern Africa, with a tropical climate, and consists mostly of high plateaus with some hills and mountains, dissected by river valleys.[167](../../167/ "tree and pragmatics") At 752614 km2, it is the 39th-largest country in the world.[168](../../168/ "tree and pragmatics") The country lies mostly between latitudes 8° and 18°S, and longitudes 22° and 34°E.[169](../../169/ "tree and pragmatics") Zambia is drained by two major river basins: the [Zambezi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_River)/Kafue basin in the centre, west, and south covering about three-quarters of the country; and the [Congo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River) basin in the north covering about one-quarter of the country.[170](../../170/ "tree and pragmatics") An area in the northeast forms part of the internal [drainage basin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin) of [Lake Rukwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Rukwa) in Tanzania.[171](../../171/ "tree and pragmatics") In the Zambezi basin, there are rivers flowing wholly or partially through Zambia: the [Kabompo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabompo_River), [Lungwebungu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungwebungu_River), [Kafue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafue_River), [Luangwa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luangwa_River), and the Zambezi, which flows through the country in the west and then forms its southern border with Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe.[172](../../172/ "tree and pragmatics") Its source is in Zambia and it diverts into Angola, and a number of its tributaries rise in Angola's central highlands.[173](../../173/ "tree and pragmatics") The edge of the [Cuando River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuando_River) floodplain (not its main channel) forms Zambia's southwestern border, and via the [Chobe River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobe_River).[\[62\]](../../page/5/#ref-62 "note 62")[174](../../174/ "tree and pragmatics") Two of the Zambezi's longest and largest tributaries, the Kafue and the Luangwa, flow mainly in Zambia.[175](../../175/ "tree and pragmatics") Their confluences with the Zambezi are on the border with Zimbabwe at Chirundu and [Luangwa town](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luangwa,_Zambia) respectively.[176](../../176/ "tree and pragmatics") Before its confluence, the Luangwa River forms part of Zambia's border with Mozambique.[177](../../177/ "tree and pragmatics") From Luangwa town, the Zambezi leaves Zambia and flows into Mozambique, and eventually into the [Mozambique Channel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_Channel).[178](../../178/ "tree and pragmatics") In Eastern Zambia the plateau which extends between the Zambezi and [Lake Tanganyika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika) valleys is tilted upwards to the north, and so rises imperceptibly from about 900 m in the south to 1200 m in the centre, reaching 1800 m in the north near Mbala.[179](../../179/ "tree and pragmatics") These plateau areas of northern Zambia have been categorised by the [World Wildlife Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund) as a large section of the [Central Zambezian miombo woodlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Zambezian_miombo_woodlands) [ecoregion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion).[\[63\]](../../page/5/#ref-63 "note 63")[180](../../180/ "tree and pragmatics") The Luangwa Valley splits the plateau in a curve north-east to south-west, extended west into the heart of the plateau by the deep valley of the [Lunsemfwa River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunsemfwa_River).[181](../../181/ "tree and pragmatics") Hills and mountains are found by the side of some sections of the valley, including in its north-east the Nyika Plateau (2200 m) on the Malawi border, which extend into Zambia as the [Mafinga Hills](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafinga_Hills), containing the country's highest point, [Mafinga Central](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafinga_Central) (2339 m).[\[64\]](../../page/5/#ref-64 "note 64")[182](../../182/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Climate Main article: [Climate of Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Zambia) Zambia is located on the plateau of Central Africa, between 1000 and 1600 m above sea level.[183](../../183/ "tree and pragmatics") The average elevation of 1200 m gives the land a generally moderate climate.[184](../../184/ "tree and pragmatics") The climate of Zambia is tropical, modified by elevation.[185](../../185/ "tree and pragmatics") In the [Köppen climate classification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köppen_climate_classification), most of the country is classified as humid subtropical ([Cfa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate)) or tropical wet and dry ([Aw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate)), with stretches of semi-arid steppe climate ([BSh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate)) in the south-west and along the [Zambezi valley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_valley).[186](../../186/ "tree and pragmatics") The two main seasons are the rainy season (November to April) corresponding to summer, and the dry season (May/June to October/November), corresponding to winter.[187](../../187/ "tree and pragmatics") The dry season is subdivided into the cool dry season (May/June to August), and the hot dry season (September to October/November).[188](../../188/ "tree and pragmatics") The modifying influence of altitude gives the country [subtropical](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical) weather rather than tropical conditions during the cool season of May to August.[\[65\]](../../page/5/#ref-65 "note 65")[189](../../189/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Biodiversity Main article: [Wildlife of Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Zambia) In 2015, Zambia was reported to have approximately 12,505 identified species: 63% animal species, 33% plant species and 4% bacterial species and other microorganisms.[\[66\]](../../page/5/#ref-66 "note 66")[190](../../190/ "tree and pragmatics") There are an estimated 3,543 species of wild flowering plants, consisting of sedges, herbaceous plants and woody plants.[\[67\]](../../page/5/#ref-67 "note 67")[191](../../191/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Northern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Province,_Zambia) and [North-Western](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia) provinces of the country have the highest diversity of flowering plants.[192](../../192/ "tree and pragmatics") Approximately 53% of flowering plants are rare and occur throughout the country.[\[68\]](../../page/5/#ref-68 "note 68")[193](../../193/ "tree and pragmatics") A total of [242 mammal species](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Zambia) are found in the country, with most occupying the woodland and grassland ecosystems.[194](../../194/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Rhodesian giraffe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_giraffe) and [Kafue lechwe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafue_lechwe) are some subspecies that are endemic to Zambia.[\[69\]](../../page/5/#ref-69 "note 69")[195](../../195/ "tree and pragmatics") Roughly 490 known fish species, belonging to 24 fish families, have been reported in Zambia, with [Lake Tanganyika](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika) having the highest number of endemic species.[\[70\]](../../page/5/#ref-70 "note 70")[196](../../196/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Politics Main article: [Politics of Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Zambia) Politics in Zambia takes place in a framework of a [presidential](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system) [representative democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy) republic, whereby the [president of Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Zambia) is head of state and head of government in a pluriform [multi-party system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-party_system).[197](../../197/ "tree and pragmatics") The government exercises executive power, while legislative power is vested in the government and parliament.[198](../../198/ "tree and pragmatics") Zambia became a republic upon attaining independence in October 1964.[199](../../199/ "tree and pragmatics") From 2011 to 2014, Zambia's president had been Michael Sata, until Sata died on 28 October 2014.[\[71\]](../../page/5/#ref-71 "note 71")[200](../../200/ "tree and pragmatics") After Sata's death, Vice President [Guy Scott](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Scott), a Zambian of Scottish descent, became acting president.[201](../../201/ "tree and pragmatics") Presidential elections were held on 22 January 2015.[202](../../202/ "tree and pragmatics") A total number of 11 presidential candidates contested in the election and On 24 January 2015, it was announced that [Edgar Chagwa Lungu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Lungu) had won the election to become the 6th President.[203](../../203/ "tree and pragmatics") He won 48.33% of the vote, a lead of 1.66% over his closest rival, [Hakainde Hichilema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema), with 46.67%.[\[72\]](../../page/5/#ref-72 "note 72")[204](../../204/ "tree and pragmatics") Nine other candidates got less than 1% each.[205](../../205/ "tree and pragmatics") In August [2016 Zambian general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Zambian_general_election) president Edgar Lungu won re-election in the first round of the election.[206](../../206/ "tree and pragmatics") The opposition had allegations of fraud and the governing [Patriotic Front](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Front_%28Zambia%29) (PF) rejected the allegations made by opposition UPND party.[\[73\]](../../page/5/#ref-73 "note 73")[207](../../207/ "tree and pragmatics") In the [2021 general elections](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Zambian_general_election), characterised by a 70% voter turnout, [Hakainde Hichilema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakainde_Hichilema) won 59% of the vote, with his closest rival, incumbent president Edgar Chagwa Lungu, receiving 39% of the vote.[\[74\]](../../page/5/#ref-74 "note 74")[208](../../208/ "tree and pragmatics") On 16 August Edgar Lungu conceded in a TV statement, sending a letter and congratulating president-elect Hakainde Hichilema.[\[75\]](../../page/5/#ref-75 "note 75")[\[76\]](../../page/5/#ref-76 "note 76")[209](../../209/ "tree and pragmatics") On 24 August 2021, Hakainde Hichilema was sworn in as the new president of Zambia.[\[77\]](../../page/5/#ref-77 "note 77")[210](../../210/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Military Main article: [Zambian Defence Force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambian_Defence_Force) In 2019, Zambia signed the UN [treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons).[\[78\]](../../page/5/#ref-78 "note 78")[211](../../211/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Law and human rights See also: [Human rights in Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Zambia), [LGBT rights in Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Zambia), [Zambian nationality law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambian_nationality_law) The government has prosecuted critics using the legal pretext that they had incited [public disorder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_disorder).[212](../../212/ "tree and pragmatics") [Libel laws](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libel_law) are used to suppress free speech and the press.[\[79\]](../../page/5/#ref-79 "note 79")[213](../../213/ "tree and pragmatics") Same-sex sexual activity is illegal for males and females in Zambia.[\[80\]](../../page/5/#ref-80 "note 80")[\[81\]](../../page/5/#ref-81 "note 81")[214](../../214/ "tree and pragmatics") A 2010 survey revealed that 2% of Zambians find homosexuality to be morally acceptable.[\[82\]](../../page/5/#ref-82 "note 82")[215](../../215/ "tree and pragmatics") In December 2019, it was reported that United States Ambassador to Zambia [Daniel Lewis Foote](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lewis_Foote) was "horrified" by Zambia's jailing of same-sex couple Japhet Chataba and Steven Samba.[216](../../216/ "tree and pragmatics") After an appeal failed and the couple was sentenced to 15 years in prison, Foote asked the Zambian government to review both the case and the country's anti-homosexuality laws.[217](../../217/ "tree and pragmatics") Foote faced a backlash and cancelled public appearances after he was threatened on social media, and was subsequently recalled after Lungu declared him [persona non grata](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_non_grata).[\[83\]](../../page/5/#ref-83 "note 83")[218](../../218/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2026, the Zambian government was criticized for abruptly postponing a major international human rights conference, [RightsCon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RightsCon), just seven days before it was set to be held in Lusaka.[219](../../219/ "tree and pragmatics") The conference was ultimately cancelled when further communication revealed the Zambian government was requiring, apparently by request of Chinese officials, the moderation and exclusion of presenters from Taiwan.[220](../../220/ "tree and pragmatics") Commentators raised concerns about [censorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_censorship_abroad) and rising threats to [civil society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_society). [\[84\]](../../page/5/#ref-84 "note 84")[\[85\]](../../page/5/#ref-85 "note 85")[\[86\]](../../page/5/#ref-86 "note 86")[221](../../221/ "tree and pragmatics") ## Demographics Main article: [Demographics of Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Zambia) As of the [2022 Zambian census](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Zambian_census), Zambia's population was 19,610,769.[\[87\]](../../page/5/#ref-87 "note 87")[222](../../222/ "tree and pragmatics") The main ethnic groups in Zambia are Bemba 3.3 million (33.6%), Nyanja 1.8 million (18.2%), Tonga 1.7 million (16.8%), North-Western peoples 1 million (10.3%), Lozi (Barotse) 770,000 (7.8%), Mambwe 580,000 (5.9%), Tumbuka 500,000 (5.1%), Lamba 165,000 (2%), Asians 11,900 and Europeans 6,200.[\[88\]](../../page/5/#ref-88 "note 88")[223](../../223/ "tree and pragmatics") Zambia is one of the most highly urbanised countries in [sub-Saharan Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa), with 44% of the population concentrated along the major transport corridors, while rural areas are sparsely populated.[224](../../224/ "tree and pragmatics") The fertility rate was 6.2 as of 2007 (6.1 in 1996, 5.9 in 2001–02).[\[89\]](../../page/5/#ref-89 "note 89")[225](../../225/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Largest towns Further information: [List of cities and towns in Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Zambia)* The onset of industrial copper mining on the Copperbelt in the late 1920s triggered rapid urbanisation. Although urbanisation was overestimated during the colonial period, it was substantial.\[90\] Mining townships on the Copperbelt soon dwarfed existing centres of population and continued to grow rapidly following Zambian independence. Economic decline in the Copperbelt from the 1970s to the 1990s has altered patterns of urban development, but the country's population remains concentrated around the railway and roads running south from the Copperbelt through Kapiri Mposhi, Lusaka, Choma and Livingstone. ### Ethnic groups Zambia nominally includes approximately 73 ethnic groups,[\[91\]](../../page/5/#ref-91 "note 91")[\[92\]](../../page/5/#ref-92 "note 92") although in practice there are fewer distinct groups.[\[92\]](../../page/5/#ref-92 "note 92")[226](../../226/ "tree and pragmatics") Most Zambians are [Bantu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_languages)-speaking.[\[91\]](../../page/5/#ref-91 "note 91")[227](../../227/ "tree and pragmatics") The three largest [ethnolinguistic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnolinguistic) groups are the [Bemba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemba_people), [Nyanja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewa_people) (also called the Chewa), and [Tonga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_people_of_Zambia_and_Zimbabwe); four smaller groups are the [Kaonde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaonde_language), [Lozi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozi_people), [Luanda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunda_people), and [Luvale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luvale_people).[\[92\]](../../page/5/#ref-92 "note 92")[228](../../228/ "tree and pragmatics") In 2010, the population was estimated to be 21% Bemba, 13.6% Tonga, 7.4% Chewa, 5.7% Lozi, 5.3% [Nsenga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsenga_people), 4.4% [Tumbuka](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuka_people), 4.0% [Ngoni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngoni_people), and 38.6% other.[\[91\]](../../page/5/#ref-91 "note 91")[229](../../229/ "tree and pragmatics") The Bemba group is predominant in the Northern, Luapula, and Copperbelt provinces; the Nyanja in the Eastern and Central provinces; the Tonga in the Southern and Western provinces; and the Lozi in the Western Province.[\[91\]](../../page/5/#ref-91 "note 91")[230](../../230/ "tree and pragmatics") The Tumbuka minority lives in the Luangwa River valley in the east.[\[93\]](../../page/5/#ref-93 "note 93")[231](../../231/ "tree and pragmatics") No single ethnolinguistic group is predominant in the [North-Western Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Province,_Zambia),[\[91\]](../../page/5/#ref-91 "note 91") which is sparsely populated.[\[92\]](../../page/5/#ref-92 "note 92")[232](../../232/ "tree and pragmatics") In addition to the linguistic dimension, tribal identities are relevant in Zambia.[\[92\]](../../page/5/#ref-92 "note 92")[233](../../233/ "tree and pragmatics") These tribal identities are often linked to family allegiance or to traditional authorities.[234](../../234/ "tree and pragmatics") The tribal identities are nested within the main language groups.[\[94\]](../../page/5/#ref-94 "note 94")[235](../../235/ "tree and pragmatics") Immigrants, mostly British or South African, as well as some white Zambian citizens of British descent, live mainly in Lusaka and in the Copperbelt in northern Zambia, where they are either employed in mines, financial and related activities or retired.[236](../../236/ "tree and pragmatics") There were 70,000 Europeans in Zambia in 1964, but many since left the country.[\[53\]](../../page/5/#ref-53 "note 53")[237](../../237/ "tree and pragmatics") Zambia has a small but economically important Asian population, most of whom are Indians and Chinese.[238](../../238/ "tree and pragmatics") This minority group has a massive impact on the economy controlling the manufacturing sector.[239](../../239/ "tree and pragmatics") An estimated 80,000 Chinese were reported to reside in Zambia in 2006.[\[95\]](../../page/5/#ref-95 "note 95")[240](../../240/ "tree and pragmatics") In recent years, several hundred dispossessed white farmers have left Zimbabwe at the invitation of the Zambian government, to take up farming in the Southern province.[\[96\]](../../page/5/#ref-96 "note 96")[\[97\]](../../page/5/#ref-97 "note 97")[241](../../241/ "tree and pragmatics") According to the World Refugee Survey 2009 published by the [U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Committee_for_Refugees_and_Immigrants), Zambia had a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 88,900.[242](../../242/ "tree and pragmatics") The majority of refugees in the country came from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (47,300 refugees from the DRC living in Zambia in 2007), Angola (27,100; see [Angolans in Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolans_in_Zambia)), Zimbabwe (5,400) and Rwanda (4,900).[\[98\]](../../page/5/#ref-98 "note 98")[243](../../243/ "tree and pragmatics") Zambians are generally welcoming towards foreigners.[244](../../244/ "tree and pragmatics") Beginning in May 2008, the number of [Zimbabweans in Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_Zambia) began to increase significantly; the influx consisted largely of [Zimbabweans formerly living in South Africa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabweans_in_South_Africa) who were fleeing [xenophobic violence there](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa#May_2008_riots).[\[99\]](../../page/5/#ref-99 "note 99")[245](../../245/ "tree and pragmatics") Nearly 60,000 refugees live in camps in Zambia, while 50,000 are mixed in with the local populations.[246](../../246/ "tree and pragmatics") Refugees who wish to work in Zambia must apply for permits, which can cost up to $500 per year.[\[98\]](../../page/5/#ref-98 "note 98")[247](../../247/ "tree and pragmatics") ### Religion Further information: [Religion in Zambia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia) Zambia is officially a "Christian nation" under the 1996 constitution, but recognizes and protects freedom of religion.[\[100\]](../../page/5/#ref-100 "note 100")[248](../../248/ "tree and pragmatics") Zambia is the only African nation to designate Christianity as a [state religion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion).[\[101\]](../../page/5/#ref-101 "note 101")[249](../../249/ "tree and pragmatics") The Zambia Statistics Agency in 2022 estimates that 98.0% of Zambians are Christian, with 74.5% [Protestant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism), 17.9% [Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Zambia) and 5.6% [Jehovah's Witnesses](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses).[\[102\]](../../page/5/#ref-102 "note 102")[250](../../250/ "tree and pragmatics") The [Zambia Conference of Catholic Bishops](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops) is the Catholic [episcopal conference](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_conference).[\[103\]](../../page/5/#ref-103 "note 103")[251](../../251/ "tree and pragmatics") Many Zambian Christians are [syncretic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncretic), combining [indigenous religious traditions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions) with Christianity.[\[103\]](../../page/5/#ref-103 "note 103")[252](../../252/ "tree and pragmatics") The largest Protestant denominations are the [Anglicans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism), [evangelicals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelicals), and [Pentecostals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostals).[\[103\]](../../page/5/#ref-103 "note 103")[253](../../253/ "tree and pragmatics") Christianity arrived to Zambia through European colonialism, and its wide variety of sects and movements reflect changing patterns of missionary activity; for example, Catholicism came from Portuguese Mozambique in the east, while Anglicanism reflects British influences from the south.[254](../../254/ "tree and pragmatics") Following its independence in 1964, Zambia saw a greater influx of other church missions from across the world, particularly North America and Germany.[255](../../255/ "tree and pragmatics") In subsequent decades, Western missionary roles have been assumed by native believers (except for some technical positions, such as physicians).[256](../../256/ "tree and pragmatics") After [Frederick Chiluba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Chiluba), a Pentecostal Christian, became president in 1991, Pentecostal congregations expanded considerably around the country.[\[104\]](../../page/5/#ref-104 "note 104")[257](../../257/ "tree and pragmatics") [1](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Zambia/) [2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Zambia/page/2/) **3** [4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Zambia/page/4/) [5](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Zambia/page/5/) - ← previous: [page 2](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Zambia/page/2/) - next →: [page 4](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Zambia/page/4/) - ↑ back to [English Wikipedia](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/)