---
title: The discrepancies were believed to be partly caused by death from st… — Zimbabwe · tree and pragmatics
description: The discrepancies were believed to be partly caused by death from starvation and disease, and partly due to decreased fertility. Who acts: death. A sentence of Wikipedia's «Zimbabwe» with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# Zimbabwe, sentence 168

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From Wikipedia, [«Zimbabwe»](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe), revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, [CC BY-SA 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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The discrepancies were believed to be partly caused by death from starvation and disease, and partly due to decreased fertility.

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**Who acts:** death · **What happens:** believe, cause, decrease · **To what, where:** discrepancies, starvation

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This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Zimbabwe». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (death), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

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**Mova's own parse.** This tree may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

## The tree {#tree}

```conllu
# sent_id = wikipedia:Zimbabwe:168
# text = The discrepancies were believed to be partly caused by death from starvation and disease, and partly due to decreased fertility.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	discrepancies	discrepancy	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	believed	believe	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
6	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	aux:pass	_	_
7	partly	partly	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	xcomp	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	death	death	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	starvation	starvation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	disease	disease	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
17	partly	partly	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
18	due	due	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	21	case	_	_
19	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	fixed	_	_
20	decreased	decrease	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	21	amod	_	_
21	fertility	fertility	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

## Pragmatics {#pragmatics}

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| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | past · passive |  | the discrepancies |  |  |  | decreased fertility *parataxis* | tree rules |
| 2 | **cause** | to-infinitive · passive | death |  |  | starvation and disease |  | partly *property* | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 3 | **decrease** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

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**Text:** the English Wikipedia, «Zimbabwe», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. **Tree:** Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

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