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# Sources

Works cited in this folder. General works on Aramaic, the dictionaries (Jastrow, BDB, Levy) and the Bible texts are listed once in [Sources](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/sources/). Checked 2026-10-17; grammar paths added 2026-10-18.

## 1. Texts on disk

| text | edition | licence | path (under Targum) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Onkelos | "Onkelos Genesis" … "Onkelos Deuteronomy" | public domain | `Onkelos/Torah/Onkelos <Book>/Hebrew/Onkelos <Book>.json` |
| Onkelos | "Targum Onkelos, vocalized according to the Yemenite Taj" | CC BY-SA | same folders |
| Onkelos | "Sifsei Chachomim Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009" | CC BY-NC (tests only; not quoted) | `../../../nc/json/Tanakh/Targum/Onkelos/...` |
| Jonathan to the Prophets | "Mikraot Gedolot" | public domain | `Targum Jonathan/Prophets/Targum Jonathan on <Book>/Hebrew/Mikraot Gedolot.json` |
| Targums to the Writings | "Mikraot Gedolot" | public domain | `Aramaic Targum/Writings/Aramaic Targum to <Book>/Hebrew/Mikraot Gedolot.json` |
| Targum to Song of Songs | Melamed, R. H. 1921. *The Targum to Canticles according to six Yemen MSS* | public domain | `Aramaic Targum/Writings/Aramaic Targum to Song of Songs/Hebrew/` |
| Targum to Chronicles | Wikisource | public domain | `Targum Jerusalem/Targum of I Chronicles/…`, `…II Chronicles/…` |
| Targum Sheni to Esther | Berlin 1898 | unknown → private (not used) | `../../../private/json/Tanakh/Targum/Aramaic Targum/Writings/Targum Sheni on Esther/` |

## 2. Dictionaries

- Jastrow 1903 (public domain; JSONL and scans) — see [Sources](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/sources/).
- Levy, J. 1867–1868. *Chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Targumim.* Leipzig. Public domain. levy-chald-1867; [archive.org/details/chaldaischeswort00levy](https://archive.org/details/chaldaischeswort00levy)
- Cook, E. M. 2008. *A Glossary of Targum Onkelos according to Alexander Sperber's Edition.* Leiden: Brill. In copyright (wanted).
- CAL, [cal.huc.edu](https://cal.huc.edu/) — the Targum Onkelos and Jonathan texts there are lemmatised and parsed; copyrighted, consult only.

## 3. Grammars and studies

**Public domain:**

- Dalman, G. 1905. *Grammatik des jüdisch-palästinischen Aramäisch nach den Idiomen des palästinischen Talmud, des Onkelostargum und Prophetentargum und der jerusalemischen Targume.* 2nd ed. Leipzig: Hinrichs. (The "Judean" dialect of the book is that of Onkelos and Jonathan.) archive.org `grammatikdesj00dalmuoft`; on disk: dalman-jpa-grammatik-1905 (PDF + OCR; the OCR has no Hebrew script, so forms are read from the page images). Printed page = PDF page − 22. The comparative tables (*Anhang*, pp. 395–411) set Onkelos beside Galilean for pronouns, nouns and every verb class; this folder was checked against them on 2026-10-18, and against §§ 9–15 (phonology), 43–46 (adverbs), 59 (shaphel) and 66–69 (weak-first verbs) in a second pass the same day.
- Berliner, A. 1877. *Die Massorah zum Targum Onkelos.* Leipzig. Public domain.
- Berliner, A. 1884. *Targum Onkelos.* 2 vols. Berlin: Gorzelanczyk. Vol. 1 text (Sabbioneta 1557), vol. 2 notes and introduction. Public domain. archive.org `targumonkelos01berl`, `targumonkelos02berl`; on disk: berliner-targum-onkelos-1884 (PDF + OCR without Hebrew script). Vol. 2: printed page = PDF page − 16. Vol. 2 has no paradigm tables; its chapter XI (*Geschichte des vocalisirten Targum-Textes*, pp. 133–157) compares the Babylonian-pointed manuscripts, cod. de Rossi 7 and the Sabbioneta edition, and cites the Masorah (Berliner 1877) for vowel differences. Read for the second check on 2026-10-18.
- Dalman, G. 1894. *Grammatik des jüdisch-palästinischen Aramäisch.* 1st ed. Leipzig: Hinrichs. Public domain. archive.org `grammatikdes00dalm`; on disk: dalman-jpa-grammatik-1894 (PDF + OCR). Printed page = PDF page − 18. Paradigms pp. 330–339; compared with the 2nd edition for the strong verb on 2026-10-18 (the 1 sg. imperfect prefix differs: אַ־ in 1894, אִ־ in 1905).
- Krauss, S. 1898–1899. *Griechische und lateinische Lehnwörter im Talmud, Midrasch und Targum.* 2 vols. Berlin: Calvary. Public domain. Vol. 1 on disk: krauss-lehnwoerter-1898-1899 (PDF + OCR; roman page XXIII = PDF page 29).
- Kohut, A. 1878–1892. *Aruch completum.* 8 vols. Vienna. Public domain. On disk: kohut-aruch-completum-1878-1892 (not yet used here).
- Brederek, E. 1906. *Konkordanz zum Targum Onkelos.* Giessen: Töpelmann. Public domain (concordance).
- Landauer, S. 1896. *Die Masorah zum Onkelos.* Amsterdam. Public domain.

**In copyright (cited from the literature):**

- Sperber, A. 1959–1973. *The Bible in Aramaic Based on Old Manuscripts and Printed Texts.* 5 vols. Leiden: Brill.
- Alexander, P. S. 1992. "Targum, Targumim." *Anchor Bible Dictionary* 6: 320–331.
- Flesher, P. V. M. and B. Chilton. 2011. *The Targums: A Critical Introduction.* Waco: Baylor University Press.
- Kaufman, S. A. 1985. "On methodology in the study of the Targums and their chronology." *Journal for the Study of the New Testament* 23: 117–124.
- Cook, E. M. 1986. *Rewriting the Bible: The Text and Language of the Pseudo-Jonathan Targum.* PhD diss., UCLA.
- Tal, A. 1975. *The Language of the Targum of the Former Prophets and its Position within the Aramaic Dialects* (Hebrew). Tel Aviv University.
- Fassberg, S. E. 2012. "Targumic Aramaic." In S. Weninger, ed., *The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook*, 609–619. Berlin: De Gruyter.
- Golomb, D. M. 1985. *A Grammar of Targum Neofiti.* Chico: Scholars Press.
- Grossfeld, B. 1988. *The Targum Onqelos to Genesis* (and the other volumes on the Torah). The Aramaic Bible 6–9. Wilmington: Glazier.
- Klein, M. L. 1982. "The Translation of Anthropomorphisms and Anthropopathisms in the Targumim." *Vetus Testamentum Supplements* 32: 162–177.
- Smolar, L. and M. Aberbach. 1983. *Studies in Targum Jonathan to the Prophets.* New York: Ktav.
- Chilton, B. D. 1987. *The Isaiah Targum.* The Aramaic Bible 11. Wilmington: Glazier.
- Morag, S. 1988. *Babylonian Aramaic: The Yemenite Tradition* (Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute.
- Kutscher, E. Y. 1958. "The Language of the Genesis Apocryphon." *Scripta Hierosolymitana* 4.

**Rabbinic sources cited:** b. Megillah 3a; b. Berakhot 8a–b; b. Kiddushin 49a; y. Megillah 1:9 (71c); m. Berakhot 9:5; m. Megillah 4:4, 4:10.

## 4. Wanted

| work | why | status |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Berliner 1884, *Targum Onkelos* (both volumes) | PD critical text and notes | on disk since 2026-10-18 (§3) |
| Brederek 1906, *Konkordanz zum Targum Onkelos* | PD concordance: a check for lemmatisation | PD — **to request** |
| Dalman 1905 (PD) as a clean scan or OCR | paradigms of Onkelos/Jonathan | PD — **to request** (shared with `jpa`) |
| Sperber 1959–1973 | the critical text from Yemenite MSS with Babylonian vocalisation | in copyright — catalogue |
| Cook 2008, *Glossary of Targum Onkelos* | lemma list matched to Sperber | in copyright — catalogue |
| a PD digital text of Onkelos with Babylonian vocalisation | better phonology than the printed Tiberian text | look for public-domain MS transcriptions (e.g. images of Yemenite MSS with open licences) |
| Aramaic Bible translation series (Glazier/Liturgical Press) | English translations with notes | in copyright — catalogue |

The Elamur team

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