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# Pronouns in Biblical Aramaic

Independent pronouns, suffixes on nouns, prepositions and verbs, demonstratives, interrogatives, indefinites and the relative. References: Rosenthal 1961 (chapters on pronouns and suffixes); Bauer and Leander 1927 §§ 19–25; Johns 1972; Greenspahn 2003, ch. 5, 10, 11. Forms are taken from the WLC text of Daniel and Ezra (public domain) and checked against MACULA's tagging (CC BY 4.0, counted 2026-10-17). Where a form is not attested in the Bible, it is marked "—" and not reconstructed. Checked 2026-10-18 against the public-domain grammars on disk: Kautzsch 1884 (§§ 18–22, 37, 53, 67–68), Strack 1901 (§ 6) and, where cited, Bauer and Leander 1927; forms in the paradigm tables that these grammars do not list are marked `*` (regular, not attested).

## 1. Independent personal pronouns

| person | form | translit. | attested | Hebrew |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 sg. | אֲנָה | ʾănā | Dan 2:23; 3:25; 4:31 (13× in MACULA as subject) | אֲנִי, אָנֹכִי |
| 2 m. sg. | אַנְתְּ (Ketiv אנתה) | ʾant | Dan 2:29; 6:17 (Qere) | אַתָּה |
| 3 m. sg. | הוּא | hū | Dan 2:21–22 | הוּא |
| 3 f. sg. | הִיא | hī | Dan 2:20, 44 | הִיא |
| 1 pl. | אֲנַחְנָא; once אֲנַחְנָה | ʾănaḥnā | Dan 3:16–17; Ezra 5:11; אֲנַחְנָה Ezra 4:16 | אֲנַחְנוּ |
| 2 m. pl. | אַנְתּוּן | ʾantūn | Dan 2:8 | אַתֶּם |
| 3 m. pl. | הִמּוֹ (Ezra), הִמּוֹן (Daniel); אִנּוּן (both) | himmō(n); ʾinnūn | הִמּוֹ Ezra 5:11; 4:10; הִמּוֹן Dan 2:35; 3:22; אִנּוּן Ezra 5:4; Dan 2:44; 6:25 | הֵם, הֵמָּה |
| 3 f. pl. | אִנִּין (Qere; Ketiv אנון) | ʾinnīn | Dan 7:17 | הֵנָּה |

Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §18, pp. 41–42; Strack 1901 §6a, p. 17. Corrected: the 1 sg. is אֲנָה only (both grammars; Kautzsch §18 Anm. 1 says the Masora requires ־ה everywhere, and the WLC has no אֲנָא); הִמּוֹן is the Daniel form, not Ezra's (Kautzsch: הִמּוֹ Ezra, הִמּוֹן Dan 2:34–35; 3:22; Strack marks הִמּוֹ "e", הִמּוֹן "b"). The 2 f. sg. and 2 f. pl. are not attested in the Bible (Kautzsch p. 41); Strack lists a 2 f. sg. אנתי from the Aswan papyri only. Second pass 2026-10-18: Bauer and Leander 1927 §19b–e, p. 69, give the same table (אֲנָה; Ketiv אנתה, read probably אַנְתָּה, Qere אַנְתְּ everywhere; אֲנַחְנָה, אֲנַחְנָא; הִמּוֹ Ezra, הִמּוֹן Daniel, אִנּוּן; אִנִּין; no 2nd feminine forms); they note that the variant אֲנָא in Dan 2:8 and Ezra 6:12 is rejected by the Masora.

Notes:

- **The 2 m. sg.** is written אנתה (Ketiv) and read אַנְתְּ (Qere): the older Imperial spelling with final ־ה against the later pronunciation without a final vowel. The n before t is historical (*ʾanta*; Hebrew assimilated it: אַתָּה).
- **The 3 m. pl.** has two forms: הִמּוֹ (Ezra, mostly as a direct object: Ezra 4:10; 5:12) / הִמּוֹן (Daniel, also as object: Dan 2:35; 3:22) and אִנּוּן (Daniel and Ezra 5:4), which survives into all later Aramaic (Onkelos אִנּוּן, JPA אינון, Zohar אינון; JBA has אִינְהוּ). This is one of the features that separate the older Ezra documents from Daniel (Rosenthal 1961).
- **As a copula.** A 3rd-person pronoun often links subject and predicate: אֱלָהֲכוֹן הוּא אֱלָהּ אֱלָהִין "your God — he is the God of gods" = "your God is the God of gods" (Dan 2:47); אֲנַחְנָא הִמּוֹ עַבְדוֹהִי "we are his servants" (Ezra 5:11). In JBA this becomes the enclitic copula ניהו; in the Zohar איהו ([Particles and syntax of Biblical Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/particles-syntax/) §7).

```
Aramaic:   אֲנַחְנָא הִמּוֹ עַבְדוֹהִי דִי־אֱלָהּ שְׁמַיָּא וְאַרְעָא
Translit.: ʾănaḥnā himmō ʿaḇḏōhī ḏī-ʾĕlāh šəmayyā wə-ʾarʿā
Gloss:     we COP.3MPL servant.M.PL-3MS REL-god.CST heaven.DET and-earth.DET
English:   we are the servants of the God of heaven and earth
Source:    Ezra 5:11 (WLC, public domain)
```

## 2. Pronominal suffixes on nouns

The suffixes have two sets, as in Hebrew: one for singular nouns (and feminine plurals in ־ָת), one for masculine plurals (where the plural ־ַי־ fuses with the suffix).

| person | on a singular noun | example | on a m. plural noun | example |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 sg. | ־ִי *-ī* | מַלְכוּתִי "my kingdom" (Ezra 7:13) | ־ַי *-ay* | עַיְנַי "my eyes" (Dan 4:31) |
| 2 m. sg. | ־ָךְ *-āḵ* | מַלְכוּתָךְ "your kingdom" (Dan 5:26) | ־ָיִךְ *-āyiḵ* (Ketiv) / ־ָךְ (Qere) | עַבְדָיךְ "your servants" (Ezra 4:11) |
| 3 m. sg. | ־ֵהּ *-ēh* | שְׁמֵהּ "his name" (Dan 2:20) | ־וֹהִי *-ōhī* | עַבְדוֹהִי "his servants" (Ezra 5:11); בִּרְכוֹהִי "his knees" (Dan 6:11) |
| 3 f. sg. | ־ַהּ *-ah* | (on prepositions and verbs, see §3–4; on nouns, see the note) | ־ַהּ *-ah* (Qere; Ketiv ־יה) |  |
| 1 pl. | ־ַנָא *-anā* | אֱלָהַנָא "our God" (Dan 3:17) | ־ַנָא *-anā* (Qere; Ketiv ־ינא) |  |
| 2 m. pl. | ־כוֹן *-ḵōn*, ־כֹם *-ḵōm* | דָתְכוֹן "your law" (Dan 2:9); אֱלָהֲכוֹן "your God" (Dan 2:47) | ־ֵיכוֹן *-ēḵōn* | בָּתֵּיכוֹן "your houses" (Dan 2:5) |
| 3 m. pl. | ־הוֹן *-hōn*, ־הֹם *-hōm* | כְּנָוָתְהוֹן "their colleagues" (Ezra 4:17); בְּיֶדְהֹם "in their hand" (Ezra 5:8) | ־ֵיהוֹן *-ēhōn* | בְּיוֹמֵיהוֹן "in their days" (Dan 2:44) |
| 3 f. pl. | ־הֵין *-hēn* (Qere; Ketiv ־הון) | (2× in MACULA, Dan 7) | ־יהֵין (Qere) |  |

Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §53.2, p. 89; Strack 1901 §6g–h, pp. 18–19. Corrected: on masculine plurals the Qere of the 3 f. sg. and 1 pl. drops the yod (־ַהּ, ־ַנָא) like the singular set; ־ַיהּ, ־ַיְנָא are the Ketiv spellings, read as old *-ayh, -aynā* (both grammars). The 3 f. pl. is ־הֵין in the Qere of Daniel (Kautzsch; Strack gives ־הֵן as the base form and ־הֵין as Daniel Qere only).

Note on 3 f. sg.: the suffix ־ַהּ is clear on prepositions and verbs (בַּהּ, בֱנַיְתַהּ "I built it", Dan 4:27). On nouns the written forms are ambiguous (Kautzsch 1884 §53 Anm. a, p. 89, notes that printed editions often point this suffix wrongly with qamets): וּמַלְכוּתָה in Dan 2:44 ("and its kingship", referring to the feminine מַלְכוּ) is spelled with ־ָה and no mappiq. Treat ־ָה/־ַהּ endings with care: the determined ־ָה and the suffix ־ַהּ differ only by the mappiq in the pointed text, and not at all in unpointed texts — a tokenisation trap for Mova ([Aramaic in Mova: what it would need](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/mova/) §3).

The **2 m. pl. and 3 m. pl.** have an older form in ־ם (־כֹם, ־הֹם; Ezra) and a younger form in ־ן (־כוֹן, ־הוֹן; mostly Daniel). In MACULA's Aramaic, the 3 m. pl. suffix is ־הוֹן 50× against ־הֹם 11× (and ־הוֹם 1×), the 2 m. pl. ־כוֹן 10× against ־כֹם 5× (counted 2026-10-17, accented variants grouped). The ־ן forms are the only ones in all later Jewish Aramaic.

## 3. Suffixes on prepositions

Prepositions take the noun suffixes. Some take the singular set (לְ־, בְּ־, מִן, עִם), some the plural set (עַל, קֳדָם, תְּחוֹת, בֵּין), as in Hebrew.

|  | לְ־ "to" | בְּ־ "in" | מִן "from" | עַל "on, to" | קֳדָם "before" |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 sg. | לִי (Dan 2:9) | בִּי (Dan 2:30) | מִנִּי (Ezra 7:13) | עֲלַי (Dan 4:31) | קָדָמַי (Dan 2:9) |
| 2 m. sg. | לָךְ (Dan 2:23) | בָּךְ (Dan 4:6) | מִנָּךְ (Dan 2:23) | עֲלָךְ (Dan 3:12 Qere) | קֳדָמָךְ (Dan 5:23 Qere) |
| 3 m. sg. | לֵהּ (Dan 2:20) | בֵּהּ (Dan 3:7) | מִנֵּהּ (Dan 4:9) | עֲלוֹהִי (Ezra 4:11) | קֳדָמוֹהִי (Dan 7:13) |
| 3 f. sg. | לַהּ (Dan 7:4) | בַּהּ (Dan 3:6) | מִנַּהּ (Dan 2:42) | עֲלַהּ (Dan 4:14 Qere) | קֳדָמַהּ (Dan 7:7 Qere) |
| 1 pl. | לַנָא (Ezra 4:14) | *בַּנָא | *מִנַּנָא | עֲלֶינָא (Ezra 4:12) |  |
| 2 m. pl. | לְכוֹן (Dan 3:4), לְכֹם (Ezra 7:24) | *בְּכוֹן | *מִנְּכוֹן | *עֲלֵיכוֹן |  |
| 3 m. pl. | לְהוֹן (Dan 3:14), לְהֹם (Ezra 5:3), לְהוֹם (Jer 10:11) | בְּהוֹן (Dan 3:25) | מִנְּהוֹן (Dan 6:3) | עֲלֵיהוֹן (Ezra 5:1), עֲלֵיהֹם (Ezra 7:24) | קֳדָמֵיהוֹן (Dan 4:4) |

Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §68, pp. 126–129 (every preposition with the suffixed forms it has in the Bible). Forms marked `*` are not listed there and are regular reconstructions; the 3 f. pl. מִנְּהֵין (Dan 2:33 Qere, Ketiv מנהון) is also attested. Kautzsch writes קֳדָמַי with ḥaṭef qamets throughout; the WLC points both קֳדָמ־ and קָדָמ־ (counted 2026-10-18: 4 and 9 tokens). The qodam 3 m. pl. קֳדָמֵיהוֹן (Dan 4:4) was looked up in the WLC, not in a grammar (Kautzsch's line for it is not legible in the scan). Second pass 2026-10-18: Bauer and Leander 1927 §69 confirm all five starred forms as unattested: their lists of suffixed forms have for בְּ־ only בִּי, בָּךְ, בֵּהּ, בַּהּ, בְּהוֹן (§69h, p. 257), for עַל only the singular persons, עֲלֶינָא and עֲלֵיהֹם, עֲלֵיהוֹן (§69b′, p. 260; no 2 m. pl.), and for מִן no 1 pl. or 2 m. pl. (§69v, p. 259); the WLC has none of them either (MACULA, 2026-10-18). They list קֳדָמֵיהוֹן at Dan 4:4 (§69h′, p. 261), which settles the qodam 3 m. pl., and explain the plural-looking suffixed forms of קֳדָם by analogy with עַל.

```
Aramaic:   לָךְ אֱלָהּ אֲבָהָתִי מְהוֹדֵא וּמְשַׁבַּח אֲנָה
Translit.: lāḵ ʾĕlāh ʾăḇāhāṯī məhōḏē ū-məšabbaḥ ʾănā
Gloss:     to-2MS god.CST father.PL-1SG thank.HAPH.PTCP.ACT.MS and-praise.PAEL.PTCP.ACT.MS I
English:   To you, God of my fathers, I give thanks and praise
Source:    Dan 2:23 (WLC, public domain)
```

## 4. Object suffixes on verbs

A pronominal object is either a suffix on the verb or the independent pronoun (3rd person plural הִמּוֹ / הִמּוֹן), or ל־ / יָת with a suffix ([Particles and syntax of Biblical Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/particles-syntax/) §2).

**On the perfect:**

| object | form | example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 sg. | ־נִי | הוֹדַעְתַּנִי "you have made known to me" (Dan 2:23) |
| 3 m. sg. | ־ֵהּ, ־הִי | שַׁכְלְלֵהּ "(he) completed it" (Ezra 5:11); הַקְרְבוּהִי "they brought him near" (Dan 7:13) |
| 3 f. sg. | ־ַהּ | בֱנַיְתַהּ "I built it" (Dan 4:27); הַשְׁלְמַהּ "(he) brought it to an end" (Dan 5:26) |
| 1 pl. | ־נָא (pausal ־נֶא) | הוֹדַעְתֶּנָא "you have made known to us" (Dan 2:23) |
| 3 m. pl. | — (the independent הִמּוֹ is used instead) | יְהַב הִמּוֹ בְּיַד נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּר "he gave them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar" (Ezra 5:12) |

Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §37.1–2, pp. 60–62; Strack 1901 §6m–o, pp. 19–20. Both give ־נִי / ־ַנִי (after a vowel / a consonant), ־ָךְ, ־הִי / ־ֵהּ, ־ַהּ, ־נָא; the segol of ־נֶא is pausal and occurs once (Dan 2:23; Kautzsch p. 60). The only object with יָת is יָתְהוֹן (Dan 3:12; Kautzsch §19, p. 42; Strack §6o).

**On the imperfect**, the suffix is usually joined by an **energic n** (*-inn-*, *-ann-*):

| object | form | example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 sg. | ־נַּנִי | תְהוֹדְעֻנַּנִי "you (pl.) will make known to me" (Dan 2:5, 9) |
| 2 m. sg. | ־נָּךְ | יְשֵׁיזְבִנָּךְ "he will deliver you" (Dan 6:17) |
| 3 m. sg. | ־נֵּהּ | יְבַהֲלוּנֵּהּ "(his thoughts) alarmed him" (Dan 5:6) |
| 3 f. sg. | ־נַּהּ | יְחַוִּנַּהּ "(who) can tell it" (Dan 2:11) |
| 2 m. pl. | ־נְכוֹן | יְשֵׁיזְבִנְכוֹן "(who) will deliver you" (Dan 3:15) |

Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §37.1, 3c, pp. 60–62 (the same five forms; once without n: יְבַהֲלוּךְ Dan 5:10); Strack 1901 §6m, p. 19.

```
Aramaic:   וּמַן־הוּא אֱלָהּ דֵּי יְשֵׁיזְבִנְכוֹן מִן־יְדָי
Translit.: ū-man-hū ʾĕlāh dē yəšēzəḇinḵōn min-yəḏāy
Gloss:     and-who-COP.3MS god REL deliver.SHAPH.IPF.3MS-ENERG-2MPL from-hand.DU-1SG
English:   and who is the god who will deliver you out of my hands?
Source:    Dan 3:15 (WLC, public domain)
```

## 5. The existential אִיתַי with suffixes

אִיתַי "there is" (Hebrew יֵשׁ) takes pronoun suffixes to mean "I am / you are (in fact)", used with a participle for the present and in questions:

| form | meaning | example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| אִיתַי | there is | הֵן אִיתַי אֱלָהַנָא "if our God exists / if it is so that our God …" (Dan 3:17) |
| אִיתָךְ | you are | הַאִיתָךְ כָּהֵל "are you able?" (Dan 2:26) |
| אִיתֵיכוֹן | you (pl.) are | לֵאלָהַי לָא אִיתֵיכוֹן פָּלְחִין "you do not serve my gods" (Dan 3:14) |
| אִיתַנָא | we are | לָא אִיתַנָא פָלְחִין "we do not serve" (Dan 3:18, Qere) |
| אִיתוֹהִי | he is | (Dan 2:11) |

Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §67, pp. 125–126 (all five forms; Ketiv האיתיך for הַאִיתָךְ and איתינא for אִיתַנָא; Dan 2:11 uses the 3 m. sg. suffix pleonastically after a plural subject).

This becomes JPA/Onkelos אִית / לֵית and JBA אִיכָּא / לֵיכָּא, with suffixes אִיתֵיהּ, לֵיתֵיהּ ([Particles and syntax of Biblical Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/particles-syntax/) §6).

## 6. Demonstratives

|  | near ("this, these") | far ("that, those") |
| --- | --- | --- |
| m. sg. | דְּנָה *dənā* (Dan 2:28; 4:15; 5:25 — 41× in MACULA) | דֵּךְ *dēḵ* (Ezra 6:12); דִּכֵּן *dikkēn* (Dan 2:31) |
| f. sg. | דָּא *dā* (Dan 4:27; 7:8) | דָּךְ *dāḵ* (Ezra 4:13; 5:8) |
| pl. | אִלֵּין *ʾillēn* (Dan 2:44), אִלֵּן (Dan 6:7), אֵל *ʾēl* (Ezra 5:15 Qere, Ketiv אלה), אֵלֶּה (Jer 10:11, Hebrew form) | אִלֵּךְ *ʾillēḵ* (Dan 3:12 ff.; Ezra 4:21), אִנּוּן (Dan 2:44; Ezra 5:4) |

Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 §20, p. 43; Strack 1901 §6d, pp. 17–18. Both say דֵּךְ and דָּךְ occur only in Ezra, דִּכֵּן only in Daniel; Strack adds that דִּכֵּן is common gender (masculine Dan 2:31, feminine 7:20–21), so it belongs in both far columns. אִלֵּךְ is attested only as masculine (Kautzsch). The WLC count of the plural: אִלֵּין 4, אִלֵּן 1, אִלֵּךְ 14 (counted 2026-10-18).

The demonstrative usually **follows** the noun, which is then in the determined state: רָזָה דְנָה "this mystery" (Dan 2:47), קִרְיְתָא דָךְ "that city" (Ezra 4:13), גֻּבְרַיָּא אִלֵּךְ "those men" (Dan 3:12), בֵּית אֱלָהָא דֵךְ "that house of God" (Ezra 6:12). It can also **precede** in some formulas: דְּנָה פַּרְשֶׁגֶן אִגַּרְתָּא "this is the copy of the letter" (Ezra 4:11), where דְּנָה is the subject of a nominal clause.

**Adverbs built on demonstratives:** כִּדְנָה "thus" (Jer 10:11), כְּנֵמָא "thus" (Ezra 4:8; 5:11), עַל־דְּנָה "concerning this" (Dan 3:16), אַחֲרֵי דְנָה "after this" (Dan 2:45), מִן־קַדְמַת דְּנָה "before this, formerly" (Dan 6:11; Ezra 5:11), כָּל־קֳבֵל דְּנָה "because of this" (Dan 2:12).

```
Aramaic:   כִּדְנָה תֵּאמְרוּן לְהוֹם
Translit.: kiḏnā tēʾmərūn ləhōm
Gloss:     thus say.PEAL.IPF.2MPL to-3MPL
English:   Thus shall you say to them
Source:    Jer 10:11 (WLC, public domain)
```

## 7. Interrogatives

| word | meaning | example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| מַן | who? | וּמַן־הוּא אֱלָהּ "and who is the god …?" (Dan 3:15); Kautzsch 1884 §22, p. 44, reads מָן with qamets everywhere, following Baer's Masora; Strack 1901 §6e, p. 18, also prefers מָן; the WLC points מַן (10×) |
| מָה | what? | יָדַע מָה בַחֲשׁוֹכָא "he knows what is in the darkness" (Dan 2:22, indirect; Kautzsch 1884 §22.2 counts it as the indefinite "what(ever)"; the direct question מָה occurs only Dan 4:32) |
| לְמָה | why? lest | (Ezra 4:22; 7:23, "lest") |
| מַה־… כְּמָה | how! | אָתוֹהִי כְּמָה רַבְרְבִין "how great are his signs!" (Dan 3:33) |
| הֲ־ | yes/no question | הַצְדָּא "is it true?" (Dan 3:14); הֲלָא "is it not?" (Dan 3:24; 4:27) |
| אֵיכְדֵין | how? | (Hebrew-type, not in BA; JBA הֵיכִי, JPA הֵיךְ) |

```
Aramaic:   הַצְדָּא שַׁדְרַךְ מֵישַׁךְ וַעֲבֵד נְגוֹ לֵאלָהַי לָא אִיתֵיכוֹן פָּלְחִין
Translit.: haṣdā šaḏraḵ mēšaḵ wa-ʿăḇēḏ nəḡō lē-ʾlāhay lā ʾīṯēḵōn pālḥīn
Gloss:     Q-true Shadrach Meshach and-Abednego to-god.PL-1SG NEG EXIST-2MPL serve.PEAL.PTCP.ACT.MPL
English:   Is it true, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego, that you do not serve my gods?
Source:    Dan 3:14 (WLC, public domain)
```

## 8. Indefinite, relative and generalising pronouns

| form | meaning | example |
| --- | --- | --- |
| דִּי | who, which, that (relative) | צֶלֶם דַּהֲבָא דִּי הֲקֵים "the golden image that he set up" (Dan 3:5) |
| מַן־דִּי | whoever | וּמַן־דִּי־לָא יִפֵּל וְיִסְגֻּד "and whoever does not fall down and worship" (Dan 3:6) |
| מָה דִּי | whatever, what | מָה דִּי לֶהֱוֵא "what will be" (Dan 2:45) |
| כָּל־דִּי | all that, everything that | כָּל־דִּי מִן־טַעַם אֱלָהּ "whatever is by the decree of the God …" (Ezra 7:23) |
| כָּל־ / כֹּל | every, all | כָּל־מֶלֶךְ וְעַם "every king and people" (Ezra 6:12) |
| כָּל־אֱנָשׁ דִּי | every man who | (Dan 3:10; Ezra 6:11) |
| חַד … חַד | one … another |  |
| דָּא … דָּא | one … another | שָׁנְיָן דָּא מִן־דָּא "different one from another" (Dan 7:3) |

**Reflexive.** Biblical Aramaic has no reflexive pronoun; it uses the t-stems (*hithpeel*) or a body noun. Later Aramaic uses נַפְשֵׁהּ "his soul" = "himself" (Onkelos, JBA נַפְשֵׁיהּ, JPA גַּרְמֵיהּ "his bone" = "himself"; see [Pronouns in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/tmr/pronouns/), [Nouns and pronouns in Jewish Palestinian Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/jpa/nouns-pronouns/)).

**Possessive pronoun.** The independent possessive ("mine, yours") is דִּי + ל־ + suffix: דִּי לֵהּ־הִיא "which is his" (Dan 2:20). In later Aramaic this fuses into דִּילִי, דִּילָךְ, דִּילֵהּ "mine, yours, his" (Onkelos, JPA, JBA).

## 9. The pronoun system across the varieties

|  | `arc` | `arc-x-targum` | `jpa` | `tmr` | `arc-x-zohar` |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| I | אֲנָה | אֲנָא | אנא | אֲנָא, ־נָא (encl.) | אנא |
| you m. sg. | אַנְתְּ | אַתְּ | את | אַתְּ, ־תְּ (encl.) | את, אנת |
| he | הוּא | הוּא | הוא | אִיהוּ (הוּא archaic in Margolis), ניהו | איהו, הוא |
| she | הִיא | הִיא | היא | הִיא, אִיהִי, ניהי | איהי, היא |
| we | אֲנַחְנָא | אֲנַחְנָא | אנן | אֲנַן, ־נַן (encl.) | אנן, אנחנא |
| you m. pl. | אַנְתּוּן | אַתּוּן | אתון | אַתּוּ(ן), ־תּוּ (encl.) | אתון |
| they m. | הִמּוֹ, אִנּוּן | אִנּוּן | אינון, הינון | אִינְהוּ, נִינְהוּ | אינון |
| "his" (sg. noun) | ־ֵהּ | ־ֵהּ | ־יה | ־ֵיהּ | ־יה |
| "their" (m.) | ־הוֹן, ־הֹם | ־הוֹן | ־הון | ־הוּ, ־יְהוּ | ־הון |
| "this" m. | דְּנָה | דֵּין, הָדֵין | הדין, דין | הַאי | דא, דין, האי |
| "that" m. | דֵּךְ, דִּכֵּן | הַהוּא, דִּיכִי | ההוא | הַהוּא, הָאיךְ | ההוא |
| relative | דִּי | דִּי, ד־ | ד־ | ד־ | ד־ |

Checked 2026-10-18: Kautzsch 1884 and Strack 1901 (BA), Dalman 1905 §§ 16–18 (Onkelos and Galilean), Stevenson 1924 §§ 3–5 (PTM), Margolis 1910 §§ 8–9 (JBA). Corrected: BA "I" is אֲנָה only; Onkelos has אַתְּ, not אַנְתְּ; Galilean "we" is אנן.

Sources: as cited above, plus Dalman 1905 (JPA), Margolis 1910 (JBA), Wikipedia "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic" (pronoun tables; retrieved 2026-10-17, [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish Babylonian Aramaic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic)). Details are in each folder.

The Elamur team

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