[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/tmr/sources/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [docs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/) / [languages](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/) / [Jewish Babylonian Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/tmr/) / Sources # Sources Works cited in this folder. The general works on Aramaic, the dictionaries (Jastrow, BDB, Levy) and the code scheme are in [Sources](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/sources/). Checked 2026-10-17; grammar path added 2026-10-18. ## 1. Texts on disk | text | edition | licence | path (under sefaria) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Babylonian Talmud | Wikisource Talmud Bavli | CC BY-SA (measurement; short quotations with attribution) | `json/Talmud/Bavli///Hebrew/Wikisource Talmud Bavli.json` | | Babylonian Talmud | William Davidson Edition – Aramaic; – Vocalized Aramaic | CC BY-NC (tests only; not quoted) | `nc/json/Talmud/Bavli/...` | | Ein Yaakov | Daat (Hebrew/Aramaic); Glick 1916–1921 (English) | public domain | `json/Midrash/Aggadah/Ein Yaakov/...` | | Rodkinson's English Talmud | Wikisource transcription (incomplete) | public domain | see `SOURCES.md` in the scripture store | ## 2. Dictionaries - Jastrow 1903 (public domain; JSONL with 32 512 entries, scans) — the main JBA dictionary available to us. See [Sources](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/sources/). - Levy, J. 1876–1889. *Neuhebräisches und chaldäisches Wörterbuch über die Talmudim und Midraschim.* Public domain; scans in levy-neuhebr-1876-1889. - Kohut, A. 1878–1892. *Aruch Completum* (ʿArukh ha-shalem). 8 vols. Public domain. Wanted. - Sokoloff, M. 2002a. *A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods.* Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. In copyright. Wanted. - Frank, Y. 2001. *The Practical Talmud Dictionary.* Jerusalem: Ariel. In copyright. - Melamed, E. Z. 1992. *Aramaic–Hebrew–English Dictionary of the Babylonian Talmud.* Jerusalem: Feldheim. In copyright. - CAL, [cal.huc.edu](https://cal.huc.edu/) — JBA corpus and lexicon; consult only. ## 3. Grammars and studies **Public domain (on archive.org or elsewhere; on disk where a path is given):** - Margolis, M. L. 1910. *A Manual of the Aramaic Language of the Babylonian Talmud: Grammar, Chrestomathy and Glossaries.* Munich: Beck. archive.org `manualofaramaicl00marguoft`; on disk: margolis-babylonian-aramaic-1910 (PDF + OCR; the OCR layer has no Hebrew script, so forms were read from the page images; printed page = PDF page − 22). This folder was checked against its tables on 2026-10-18. Margolis prints JBA unvocalised and marks archaic forms with †; German edition *Lehrbuch der aramäischen Sprache des babylonischen Talmuds* (1910), PDF with Public Domain Mark at [opendata.uni-halle.de/handle/1981185920/99668](https://opendata.uni-halle.de/handle/1981185920/99668). - Levias, C. 1900. *A Grammar of the Aramaic Idiom Contained in the Babylonian Talmud.* Cincinnati: Bloch. Public domain. archive.org `cu31924068095417`; on disk: levias-babylonian-aramaic-1900 (PDF + OCR; printed page = PDF page − 10). Levias points his forms; he says the pointing is an aid to exposition, not a restored original (preface, p. vi). Used for the vowels in the second check of 2026-10-18. - Luzzatto, S. D. 1873 (German, transl. Krüger) / 1876 (English, transl. Goldammer). *Grammar of the Biblical Chaldaic Language and the Talmud Babli Idioms.* Public domain. - Montgomery, J. A. 1913. *Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur.* Philadelphia: University Museum. Public domain. archive.org `aramaicincantati00montuoft`; on disk: montgomery-aramaic-incantation-1913 (PDF + OCR; printed page = PDF page − 4). The bowls are unpointed; the sketch of their language is on pp. 29–31 and the list of pronominal forms on p. 306 (end of Glossary C). Used in the second check of 2026-10-18. - Krauss, S. 1898–1899. *Griechische und lateinische Lehnwörter im Talmud, Midrasch und Targum.* 2 vols. Berlin: Calvary. Public domain. On disk: krauss-lehnwoerter-1898-1899 (one scan with both volumes; vol. II, the dictionary, has printed page = PDF page − 412). Used for the Greek and Latin loanwords on 2026-10-18. - Kohut, A. 1878–1892. *Aruch Completum* (ערוך השלם). 8 vols. Vienna. Public domain. On disk: kohut-aruch-completum-1878-1892 (one PDF per volume; its OCR keeps the Hebrew script; cited by volume and PDF page). Used for the Persian and Latin etymologies on 2026-10-18. **In copyright (cited from the literature):** - Epstein, J. N. 1960. *A Grammar of Babylonian Aramaic* (Hebrew), ed. E. Z. Melamed. Jerusalem: Magnes. - Bar-Asher Siegal, E. A. 2013. *Introduction to the Grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic.* Lehrbücher orientalischer Sprachen III/3. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. (Whether it is available open access should be checked.) - Morgenstern, M. 2011. *Studies in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Based upon Early Eastern Manuscripts.* Harvard Semitic Studies 62. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. - Morag, S. 1988. *Babylonian Aramaic: The Yemenite Tradition* (Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute. - Kutscher, E. Y. 1971. "Aramaic." *Encyclopaedia Judaica* 3: 259–287. - Kutscher, E. Y. 1982. *A History of the Hebrew Language.* Jerusalem: Magnes; Leiden: Brill. - Juusola, H. 1999. *Linguistic Peculiarities in the Aramaic Magic Bowl Texts.* Studia Orientalia 86. Helsinki. - Naveh, J. and S. Shaked. 1985. *Amulets and Magic Bowls.* Jerusalem: Magnes; 1993. *Magic Spells and Formulae.* Jerusalem: Magnes. - Shaked, S., J. N. Ford and S. Bhayro. 2013. *Aramaic Bowl Spells: Jewish Babylonian Aramaic Bowls*, vol. 1. Leiden: Brill. - Shaked, S. Articles on Iranian loanwords in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (see the bibliography of Sokoloff 2002a); cited here as "Shaked" without a year. - Kaufman, S. A. 1974. *The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic.* Chicago: University of Chicago Press. - Steinsaltz, A. 1989. *The Talmud: The Steinsaltz Edition. A Reference Guide.* New York: Random House. **Web pages consulted (2026-10-17):** Wikipedia, "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic", [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish Babylonian Aramaic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic) (pronoun and verb tables, used as a cross-check). **Rabbinic sources cited:** b. Berakhot 2a; b. Shabbat 31a; b. Eruvin 53b; b. Taanit 23a; b. Kiddushin 49a; b. Bava Metzia 2a, 59b; m. Avot 4:11. ## 4. Wanted | work | why | status | | --- | --- | --- | | a public-domain digital text of the Bavli (Vilna) | the open editions on disk are CC BY-SA and CC BY-NC; nothing can be built and shipped from them | to look for (he.wikisource's own licence is CC BY-SA too; old PD digitisations; scans of the Vilna print + our own OCR) | | Margolis 1910 (Halle PDF of the German edition, PD) | a better scan of the same paradigms | optional — the English edition is on disk | | Levias 1900 | the first full grammar of the Bavli's Aramaic in English | PD — **to request** | | Luzzatto/Goldammer 1876 | | PD — **to request** | | Montgomery 1913 | incantation bowls, PD | PD — **to request** | | Krauss 1898–1899 | Greek and Latin loanwords | PD — **to request** | | Kohut, *Aruch Completum* | medieval lexicon with etymologies | PD — **to request** | | Sokoloff 2002a | the modern dictionary of JBA | in copyright — catalogue | | Bar-Asher Siegal 2013 | the modern grammar of JBA in English | check for open access; else catalogue | | Epstein 1960; Morgenstern 2011; Morag 1988 | grammar and manuscripts | in copyright — catalogue | The Elamur team - [← previous Pronouns in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/tmr/pronouns/) - [next → Jewish Babylonian Aramaic texts, annotated](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/tmr/texts/) - [↑ back to Jewish Babylonian Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/tmr/)