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# Jewish Babylonian Aramaic texts, annotated

Passages from the Babylonian Talmud, read word by word. The text is quoted, a line at a time, from the **Wikisource edition of the Bavli as distributed by Sefaria (CC BY-SA)**, with attribution; it is unpointed in the source. The **vocalisation and transliteration are our reconstruction** after Margolis 1910, Epstein 1960 and the Yemenite tradition (Morag 1988), not part of the source. Abbreviations are expanded in the transliteration. Glossing: [Aramaic of the Jewish texts — overview and Biblical Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc/). Folio references are to the standard (Vilna) pagination.

## 1. Berakhot 2a — the first question of the Talmud

The Mishnah (Hebrew) has asked "From when may one recite the Shema in the evening?" The Gemara opens:

```
Aramaic:   תַּנָּא הֵיכָא קָאֵי דְּקָתָנֵי מֵאֵימָתַי
Translit.: tannā hēḵā qāʾē də-qātānē mē-ʾēmāṯay
Gloss:     tanna where stand.PTCP.ACT.MS REL-DUR-teach.PTCP.ACT.MS from-when(Heb.)
English:   Where does the tanna stand, that he teaches "from when"?
Source:    b. Berakhot 2a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   וְתוּ מַאי שְׁנָא דְּתָנֵי בְּעַרְבִית בְּרֵישָׁא לִיתְנֵי דְּשַׁחֲרִית בְּרֵישָׁא
Translit.: wə-ṯū māy šənā də-ṯānē bə-ʿarḇīṯ bə-rēšā līṯnē də-šaḥărīṯ bə-rēšā
Gloss:     and-further what differ.PTCP REL-teach.PTCP in-evening.prayer at-head.DET teach.IPF.3MS REL-morning.prayer at-head.DET
English:   And further: why does he teach about the evening first? Let him teach about the morning first!
Source:    b. Berakhot 2a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   תַּנָּא אַקְּרָא קָאֵי דִּכְתִיב בְּשָׁכְבְּךָ וּבְקוּמֶךָ
Translit.: tannā ʾa-qqərā qāʾē diḵṯīḇ bə-šoḵbəḵā ū-ḇə-qūmeḵā
Gloss:     tanna on-verse.DET stand.PTCP REL-write.PEAL.PTCP.PASS when-lie-2MS(Heb.) and-when-rise-2MS(Heb.)
English:   The tanna is standing on the verse, as it is written: "when you lie down and when you rise" (Deut 6:7)
Source:    b. Berakhot 2a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

Notes: הֵיכָא קָאֵי "where does he stand" = "what is his starting point?"; לִיתְנֵי shows the **l- imperfect** in its typical argumentative use ("he should have taught"); אַקְּרָא is עַל + קְרָא with עַל reduced to אַ־ ([Particles and syntax of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/tmr/particles-syntax/) §3); דִּכְתִיב quotes the verse, which stays in Hebrew. See the move-by-move analysis in [The technical language of the sugya](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/tmr/discourse-terms/) §7.

## 2. Shabbat 31a — Hillel and the convert

The story is a Hebrew baraita; Hillel's answers are in Aramaic.

```
Hebrew:    בָּא לִפְנֵי הִלֵּל גַּיְּירֵיהּ
Aramaic:   … גַּיְּירֵיהּ
Translit.: … gayyərēh
Gloss:     … convert.PAEL.PF.3MS-3MS
English:   He came before Hillel; he converted him.
Source:    b. Shabbat 31a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA; written בא לפני הלל גייריה)
```

The language switches **inside the sentence**: Hebrew narrative (בָּא לִפְנֵי הִלֵּל) and an Aramaic verb with an object suffix (גַּיְּירֵיהּ). A per-word language tag is needed here.

```
Aramaic:   יוֹמָא קַמָּא אֲמַר לֵיהּ אָלֶף בֵּית גִּימֶל דָּלֶת, לְמָחָר אַפֵּיךְ לֵיהּ
Translit.: yōmā qammā ʾămar lēh ʾālep̄ bēṯ gīmel dāleṯ, lə-māḥār ʾappēḵ lēh
Gloss:     day.DET first say.PF.3MS to-3MS alef bet gimel dalet, to-tomorrow reverse.APH.PF.3MS to-3MS
English:   The first day he told him: alef, bet, gimel, dalet. The next day he reversed them for him.
Source:    b. Shabbat 31a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA; written יומא קמא א"ל א"ב ג"ד למחר אפיך ליה)
```

```
Aramaic:   אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְהָא אֶתְמוֹל לָא אֲמַרְתְּ לִי הָכִי
Translit.: ʾămar lēh: wə-hā ʾeṯmōl lā ʾămart lī hāḵī
Gloss:     say.PF.3MS to-3MS and-behold yesterday NEG say.PEAL.PF.2MS to-1SG thus
English:   He said to him: "But yesterday you did not tell me so!"
Source:    b. Shabbat 31a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָאו עֲלַי דִּידִי קָא סָמְכַתְּ? דְּעַל פֶּה נַמִי סְמוֹךְ עֲלַי
Translit.: ʾămar lēh: lāw ʿălay dīḏī qā sāmḵat? də-ʿal pe nammī səmōḵ ʿălay
Gloss:     say.PF.3MS to-3MS NEG.Q on-1SG mine DUR rely.PTCP-2MS REL-oral(Heb.) also rely.PEAL.IMP.2MS on-1SG
English:   He said to him: "Are you not relying on me? Rely on me for the oral (Torah) too."
Source:    b. Shabbat 31a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA; written לאו עלי דידי קא סמכת דעל פה נמי סמוך עלי)
```

```
Aramaic:   דַּעֲלָךְ סְנֵי לְחַבְרָךְ לָא תַּעְבֵּיד
Translit.: də-ʿălāḵ sənē lə-ḥaḇrāḵ lā taʿbēḏ
Gloss:     REL-on-2MS hateful.PEAL.PTCP.PASS to-fellow-2MS NEG do.PEAL.IPF.2MS
English:   What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow.
Source:    b. Shabbat 31a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA; written דעלך סני לחברך לא תעביד)
```

```
Aramaic:   זוֹ הִיא כָּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ, וְאִידָךְ פֵּירוּשָׁהּ הוּא, זִיל גְּמוֹר
Translit.: zō hī kol ha-ttōrā kullāh, wə-ʾīḏāḵ pērūšāh hū, zīl gəmōr
Gloss:     this(Heb.) COP(Heb.) all the-Torah all-3FS(Heb.), and-the.rest commentary-3FS COP.3MS, go.IMP learn.IMP
English:   This is the whole Torah; the rest is its commentary — go and learn.
Source:    b. Shabbat 31a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

Notes: the famous saying is Aramaic; the comment "this is the whole Torah" is Hebrew; "the rest is commentary, go and learn" is Aramaic again (אִידָךְ "the other", זִיל, גְּמוֹר). The negative command uses לָא + imperfect (not Hebrew אַל). סְנֵי "hated, hateful" is a passive participle of סני "hate".

## 3. Bava Metzia 2a — why does the Mishnah say it twice?

The Mishnah (Hebrew): "Two are holding a garment. This one says 'I found it' and that one says 'I found it'; this one says 'It is all mine' and that one says 'It is all mine'…"

```
Aramaic:   לְמָה לִי לְמִתְנָא "זֶה אוֹמֵר אֲנִי מְצָאתִיהָ" … "זֶה אוֹמֵר כּוּלָּהּ שֶׁלִּי"? לִיתְנֵי חֲדָא
Translit.: ləmā lī lə-miṯnā "ze ʾōmēr ʾănī məṣāṯīhā" … "ze ʾōmēr kullāh šellī"? līṯnē ḥăḏā
Gloss:     why to-1SG to-teach.PEAL.INF "…(Heb.)" … "…(Heb.)"? teach.IPF.3MS one.F
English:   Why do I need it to teach "this one says 'I found it'" and "this one says 'it is all mine'"? Let it teach one!
Source:    b. Bava Metzia 2a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   חֲדָא קָתָנֵי: זֶה אוֹמֵר אֲנִי מְצָאתִיהָ וְכוּלָּהּ שֶׁלִּי
Translit.: ḥăḏā qātānē: …
Gloss:     one.F DUR-teach.PTCP.ACT.MS: …(Heb.)
English:   It teaches one (claim): this one says "I found it and it is all mine".
Source:    b. Bava Metzia 2a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   וְלִיתְנֵי "אֲנִי מְצָאתִיהָ" וַאֲנָא יָדַעְנָא דְּכוּלָּהּ שֶׁלִּי
Translit.: wə-līṯnē "ʾănī məṣāṯīhā" wa-ʾănā yāḏaʿnā də-ḵullāh šellī
Gloss:     and-teach.IPF.3MS "I found-it(Heb.)" and-I know.PTCP-1SG COMP-all-3FS mine(Heb.)
English:   But let it teach (only) "I found it", and I (would) know that "it is all mine"!
Source:    b. Bava Metzia 2a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA; written וליתני אני מצאתיה ואנא ידענא דכולה שלי)
```

```
Aramaic:   אִי תָּנָא "אֲנִי מְצָאתִיהָ" הֲוָה אָמֵינָא: מַאי מְצָאתִיהָ? רְאִיתִיהָ
Translit.: ʾī tānā "ʾănī məṣāṯīhā" hăwā ʾāmēnā: māy məṣāṯīhā? rəʾīṯīhā
Gloss:     if teach.PEAL.PF.3MS "…(Heb.)" be.PF.3MS say.PTCP-1SG: what found-it(Heb.)? saw-it(Heb.)
English:   Had it taught "I found it", I would have said: what does "found it" mean? "I saw it"
Source:    b. Bava Metzia 2a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   אַף עַל גַּב דְּלָא אֲתַאי לִידֵיהּ, בִּרְאִיָּה בְּעָלְמָא קָנֵי
Translit.: ʾap̄ ʿal gaḇ də-lā ʾăṯāy lī-ḏēh, bi-rʾiyyā bə-ʿālmā qānē
Gloss:     although REL-NEG come.PF.3FS to-hand-3MS, by-seeing(Heb.) merely acquire.PTCP.ACT.MS
English:   Even though it did not come into his hand, he acquires by mere seeing
Source:    b. Bava Metzia 2a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA; written אע"ג דלא אתאי לידיה בראיה בעלמא קני)
```

Notes: a model page of the stam: לְמָה לִי, לִיתְנֵי, הֲוָה אָמֵינָא, בְּעָלְמָא "merely" (lit. "in the world"); the Mishnah's Hebrew is quoted and taken apart word by word. אֲתַאי is a 3 f. sg. perfect of אתי (the garment, טַלִּית, is feminine).

## 4. Bava Metzia 59b — the oven of Akhnai

```
Aramaic:   מַאי עַכְנַאי? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: שֶׁהִקִּיפוּ דְּבָרִים כַּעֲכָנָא זוֹ
Translit.: māy ʿaḵnay? ʾāmar raḇ yəhūḏā ʾāmar šəmūʾēl: …
Gloss:     what Akhnai? say.PF.3MS Rav Judah say.PF.3MS Samuel: …(Heb.)
English:   What is "Akhnai"? Rav Judah said in the name of Samuel: "That they surrounded it with words like this snake."
Source:    b. Bava Metzia 59b (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

Notes: the question is Aramaic, the answer (a saying of Samuel) Hebrew, but עֲכָנָא "snake" is the Aramaic word that explains the name.

```
Aramaic:   אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ רַבִּי נָתָן לְאֵלִיָּהוּ, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַאי עָבֵיד קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא בְּהַהִיא שַׁעְתָּא
Translit.: ʾaškəḥēh rabbī nāṯān lə-ʾēliyyāhū, ʾămar lēh: māy ʿāḇēḏ qūḏšā bərīḵ hū bə-hahī šaʿtā
Gloss:     find.APH.PF.3MS-3MS Rabbi Nathan ACC-Elijah, say.PF.3MS to-3MS: what do.PTCP.ACT.MS holy.DET bless.PTCP.PASS COP.3MS in-that.F hour.DET
English:   Rabbi Nathan came upon Elijah and asked him: What did the Holy One, blessed be he, do at that moment?
Source:    b. Bava Metzia 59b (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA; written אשכחיה רבי נתן לאליהו א"ל מאי עביד קוב"ה בההיא שעתא)
```

```
Aramaic:   אֲמַר לֵיהּ: קָא חָיֵיךְ וְאָמַר: נִצְּחוּנִי בָּנַי, נִצְּחוּנִי בָּנַי
Translit.: ʾămar lēh: qā ḥāyēḵ wə-ʾāmar: niṣṣəḥūnī bānay, niṣṣəḥūnī bānay
Gloss:     say.PF.3MS to-3MS: DUR laugh.PTCP.ACT.MS and-say.PTCP.ACT.MS: defeat.PF.3MPL-1SG(Heb.) son.PL-1SG(Heb.) ×2
English:   He said to him: He was laughing and saying, "My sons have defeated me, my sons have defeated me."
Source:    b. Bava Metzia 59b (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA; written קא חייך ואמר נצחוני בני נצחוני בני)
```

Notes: prolepsis (אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ … לְאֵלִיָּהוּ); קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא "the Holy One, blessed be he" (abbr. קוב"ה) is the Aramaic name of God of rabbinic literature, later frequent in the Zohar ([The lexicon of the Zohar](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/arc-x-zohar/lexicon/)); קָא + participle describes the past progressive in narrative; God's words are in Hebrew (נִצְּחוּנִי בָּנַי) — Hebrew as the language of quoted authority even in God's mouth.

## 5. Taanit 23a — Honi the circle-drawer sleeps seventy years

```
Aramaic:   יוֹמָא חַד הֲוָה אָזֵיל בְּאוֹרְחָא, חַזְיֵיהּ לְהַהוּא גַּבְרָא דַּהֲוָה נָטַע חָרוּבָא
Translit.: yōmā ḥaḏ hăwā ʾāzēl bə-ʾōrḥā, ḥazyēh lə-hahū gaḇrā da-hăwā nāṭaʿ ḥārūḇā
Gloss:     day one be.PF.3MS go.PTCP.ACT.MS in-road.DET, see.PF.3MS-3MS ACC-that man REL-be.PF.3MS plant.PTCP.ACT.MS carob
English:   One day he was walking on the road and saw a man planting a carob tree.
Source:    b. Taanit 23a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הַאי עַד כַּמָּה שְׁנִין טָעֵין? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: עַד שַׁבְעִין שְׁנִין
Translit.: ʾămar lēh: hāy ʿaḏ kammā šənīn ṭāʿēn? ʾămar lēh: ʿaḏ šaḇʿīn šənīn
Gloss:     say.PF.3MS to-3MS: this until how.many year.PL.ABS bear.PTCP.ACT.MS? say.PF.3MS to-3MS: until seventy year.PL.ABS
English:   He said to him: "This one — how many years until it bears fruit?" He said: "Seventy years."
Source:    b. Taanit 23a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   פְּשִׁיטָא לָךְ דְּחָיֵית שַׁבְעִין שְׁנִין?
Translit.: pəšīṭā lāḵ də-ḥāyēṯ šaḇʿīn šənīn?
Gloss:     obvious to-2MS COMP-live.PTCP-2MS seventy year.PL.ABS
English:   Is it certain to you that you will live seventy years?
Source:    b. Taanit 23a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA; written פשיטא לך דחיית שבעין שנין)
```

```
Aramaic:   הַאי גַּבְרָא עָלְמָא בְּחָרוּבָא אַשְׁכַּחְתֵּיהּ; כִּי הֵיכִי דִּשְׁתַלוּ לִי אֲבָהָתַי, שָׁתֵילְנָא נַמִי לִבְרָאַי
Translit.: hāy gaḇrā ʿālmā bə-ḥārūḇā ʾaškaḥtēh; kī hēḵī də-štalū lī ʾăḇāhāṯay, šāṯēlnā nammī li-ḇrāʾay
Gloss:     this man world.DET with-carob find.APH.PF.1SG-3MS; as how REL-plant.PF.3MPL for-1SG father.PL-1SG, plant.PTCP-1SG also for-son.PL-1SG
English:   This man (= I) found the world with carob trees; as my fathers planted for me, so I too plant for my children.
Source:    b. Taanit 23a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA; written האי [גברא] עלמא בחרובא אשכחתיה כי היכי דשתלי לי אבהתי שתלי נמי לבראי)
```

Notes: הַאי גַּבְרָא "this man" is a polite self-reference ("I"); the printed text has שתלי twice, which we read as a perfect and a participle with the 1 sg. enclitic (the vowels are our reconstruction; manuscripts differ).

```
Aramaic:   יָתֵיב, קָא כָּרֵיךְ רִיפְתָּא, אֲתָא לֵיהּ שֵׁינְתָא, נִים
Translit.: yāṯēḇ, qā kārēḵ rīp̄tā, ʾăṯā lēh šēntā, nīm
Gloss:     sit.PTCP.ACT.MS, DUR eat.PTCP.ACT.MS bread.DET, come.PF.3MS to-3MS sleep.DET, sleep.PF.3MS
English:   He sat down and was eating bread; sleep came over him, and he slept.
Source:    b. Taanit 23a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   כִּי קָם, חַזְיֵיהּ לְהַהוּא גַּבְרָא דַּהֲוָה קָא מְלַקֵּט מִינַּיְהוּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַתְּ הוּא דִּשְׁתַלְתֵּיהּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בַּר בְּרֵיהּ אֲנָא
Translit.: kī qām, ḥazyēh lə-hahū gaḇrā da-hăwā qā məlaqqēṭ mīnnayhū. ʾămar lēh: ʾat hū di-štaltēh? ʾămar lēh: bar bərēh ʾănā
Gloss:     when rise.PF.3MS, see.PF.3MS-3MS ACC-that man REL-be.PF.3MS DUR gather.PAEL.PTCP.ACT.MS from-3MPL. say.PF.3MS to-3MS: you COP.3MS REL-plant.PF.2MS-3MS? say.PF.3MS to-3MS: son.CST son-3MS I
English:   When he got up, he saw a man gathering (carobs) from it. He said to him: "Are you the one who planted it?" He said: "I am his grandson."
Source:    b. Taanit 23a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   אֲזַל לְבֵיתֵיהּ, אֲמַר לְהוּ: בְּרֵיהּ דְּחוֹנִי הַמְעַגֵּל מִי קַיָּים? אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: בְּרֵיהּ לֵיתָא, בַּר בְּרֵיהּ אִיתָא
Translit.: ʾăzal lə-ḇēṯēh, ʾămar ləhū: bərēh də-ḥōnī ham-ʿaggēl mī qayyām? ʾămarū lēh: bərēh lēṯā, bar bərēh ʾīṯā
Gloss:     go.PF.3MS to-house-3MS, say.PF.3MS to-3MPL: son-3MS REL-Honi the-circle.drawer Q alive? say.PF.3MPL to-3MS: son-3MS NEG.EXIST, son.CST son-3MS EXIST
English:   He went to his house and said to them: "Is the son of Honi the circle-drawer alive?" They said: "His son is not; his grandson is."
Source:    b. Taanit 23a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   אֲמַר לְהוּ: אֲנָא נִיהוּ. לָא הֵימְנוּהוּ
Translit.: ʾămar ləhū: ʾănā nīhū. lā hēmnūhū
Gloss:     say.PF.3MS to-3MPL: I COP.3MS. NEG believe.APH.PF.3MPL-3MS
English:   He said to them: "I am he." They did not believe him.
Source:    b. Taanit 23a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

```
Aramaic:   חֲלַשׁ דַּעְתֵּיהּ, בְּעָא רַחֲמֵי וּמִית. אָמַר רָבָא: הַיְינוּ דְּאָמְרֵי אִינָשֵׁי: אוֹ חַבְרוּתָא אוֹ מִיתוּתָא
Translit.: ḥălaš daʿtēh, bəʿā raḥămē ū-mīṯ. ʾāmar rāḇā: haynū də-ʾāmrē ʾīnāšē: ʾō ḥaḇrūṯā ʾō mīṯūṯā
Gloss:     weak.PF.3MS mind-3MS, ask.PF.3MS mercy.PL and-die.PF.3MS. say.PF.3MS Rava: that.is REL-say.PTCP.PL people: or companionship or death
English:   He was distressed, prayed for mercy, and died. Rava said: This is what people say: "Either companionship or death."
Source:    b. Taanit 23a (Wikisource Bavli, CC BY-SA)
```

Notes: the story is a catalogue of JBA narrative grammar: הֲוָה + participle; קָא + participle; prolepsis; לֵיתָא / אִיתָא; the copula נִיהוּ; the proverb formula הַיְינוּ דְּאָמְרֵי אִינָשֵׁי; abstract nouns in ־וּתָא (חַבְרוּתָא, מִיתוּתָא); idioms חֲלַשׁ דַּעְתֵּיהּ "his mind became weak" = "he was upset", בְּעָא רַחֲמֵי "asked for mercy" = "prayed".

## 6. The incantation bowls

The bowls (5th–7th c. CE, Mesopotamia) are written in a spiral on the inside of clay bowls buried under houses. Their language is JBA close to that of the Bavli, with archaic and Mandaic-like features (Juusola 1999). We do not quote a bowl text here: the editions on which a quotation would rest (Naveh and Shaked 1985, 1993; Shaked, Ford and Bhayro 2013) are in copyright, and Montgomery 1913 (public domain) is not yet on disk. The typical structure, described in those editions, is:

1. an opening formula wishing healing or protection "from heaven" for the client;
2. the client named by **mother's name** ("X son of Y", Y a woman), as in all magical texts of the period;
3. a list of demons, liliths, curses and "vows" to be bound, sealed and driven out;
4. adjurations by names of God and angels, biblical verses in Hebrew, and the seals of Solomon;
5. a closing "amen, amen, selah" with the client's name again.

For Mova the bowls matter as **original** JBA writing (no medieval copying) and as a register very different from the Bavli's argument. They are wanted ([Sources](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/tmr/sources/)).

The Elamur team

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