Elamur: **Mova** · [Parse](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/parse/) · [Dictionary](https://md.dictionary.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [Translate](https://md.translate.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [Groupants](https://md.groupants.elamur.ai/free/en/) [Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/context/en-fr/) [home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [docs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/) / [languages](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/) / [translation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/) / [context](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/context/) / English and French: renderings by context # English and French: renderings by context **On this page** 1. [Data and method](#data-and-method) 2. [Function words and constructions](#function-words-and-constructions) 3. [Grammar: frames that change the rendering](#grammar-frames-that-change-the-rendering) 4. [Everyday words](#everyday-words) 5. [Collocations](#collocations) 6. [Register: official, neutral, colloquial, slang, song](#register-official-neutral-colloquial-slang-song) 7. [Shared Latin and French vocabulary: partial false friends in context](#shared-latin-and-french-vocabulary-partial-false-friends-in-context) 8. [Politics and parliamentary language](#politics-and-parliamentary-language) 9. [EU law](#eu-law) 10. [Economy and finance](#economy-and-finance) 11. [Medicine](#medicine) 12. [IT and software](#it-and-software) 13. [Science and academic prose](#science-and-academic-prose) 14. [Limits](#limits) Many English and French words have several good translations, and the right one depends on the context: the domain, the register, the collocate next to the word, the syntactic frame, the reader. *Raise* is *soulever* with *an issue*, *augmenter* with *prices*, *élever* with *children*, *lever* with *a hand* and *sensibiliser* with *awareness*. French *relever* is *note* in a finding, *meet* with *a challenge*, *raise* with *a threshold* and *fall within* in *relever de*. This file lists such words and constructions in both directions, one row per word in one context, says which rendering is preferred there and why, and gives each row a corpus count and, where one exists, a corpus example. It goes beyond the lexicon sections of the [pair manual](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/pairs/en-fr/) (sections 3, 4.3, 7, 8, 17 and 18) and stays consistent with them. Where the word is a partial false friend, the row says so and points to the [false-friend list](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/false-friends/en-fr/). ## Data and method The list is our own, hand-made data. Each row names a source word or construction (`src_match`), optionally a context that must also be in the source sentence (`ctx_match`: a collocate, a frame word), the forms of the preferred renderings (`good_match`) and of the rendering to avoid (`bad_match`). `tools/parallel` (`parallel choices`) counted the rows on 2026-11-06 over the English–French corpora: Tatoeba, Europarl v8, the DGT translation memory, the Gutenberg book pairs and the WEB–Louis Segond Bible (counted and quoted), and EMEA, JRC-Acquis and the ECB corpus (counted only, never quoted). The counts are **co-occurrence, not alignment**: "a recommended rendering in N" means N sentence pairs where the source matches and the target contains one of the listed renderings somewhere, not necessarily as the translation of that word. DGT and JRC-Acquis repeat many sentences, which inflates their counts, and Europarl and DGT do not say which side is the original. Read the counts as orders of magnitude and as ratios between the preferred and the avoided form, not as precise frequencies. Each example was picked by the tool (the shortest quotable sentence pair with the source pattern, the context and a preferred rendering, and without the avoided one) and then checked by eye. We read all 493 examples of the first full run; 36 were wrong in sense or showed an alternative rather than the preferred rendering. We tightened the patterns of 15 rows (for example *as far as possible* also matched the spatial *le plus loin possible*, and *immediate release* caught the release of a prisoner), set 21 hand-found corpus ids (verified by the tool), and left 5 rows without an example where the corpora have no clean case. After the final run we read the 10 examples the tool picked anew and replaced one more (an *implement* row had picked a legal protocol) by no example. In all, 487 of the 495 rows have a checked corpus example. An example shows one translator's choice in one sentence; it is evidence of usage, not a rule. Each row also carries a `difficulty`: `plain`, or `hard:` (`ambiguity`, `register`, `law`, `idiom`, `culture`, `aspect`, `case`, `poetry`) when a good general translator would get it wrong without the entry. For rows without a corpus example we plan to write our own source sentences and have them translated by the Codex teachers through `mova-teacher` (Terra for plain rows, Sol for hard ones), gated by back-translation agreement, Mova's parse and pragmatics of both sides and a hand-checked sample; accepted sentences will get ids `ours-tr:en-fr:`. None exist yet. The literature on lexical choice agrees with the approach of one row per context: sentence-level translations go wrong exactly where deixis, formality and lexical cohesion depend on the wider text (voita-2019-when-good-translation-is-wrong); the formality of *you* cannot be read from English and has to be supplied as a constraint (sennrich-2016-controlling-politeness-neural-machine-translation); native speakers decide between near-synonyms by context, and those decisions can be written down as rules (barua-2024-language-models-disambiguate-lexical-choices); and French–English partial cognates are disambiguated by their context words (frunza-2007-tool-detecting-french-english-cognates), which is what `ctx_match` does here. The list has 495 rows: 317 from English (209 plain, 108 hard) and 178 from French (96 plain, 82 hard). A few ratios show what the counts are good for: in DGT and its neighbours, *shall enter into force* co-occurs with the present *entre en vigueur* in 41 097 of 41 593 sentence pairs and with the future or *devra* in 245; *fiscal policy* (2 389) with *budgétaire* in 1 608 and with *fiscal* in 679, much of it in sentences that mention both budget and tax; *make sense* (1 780) with *avoir du sens* and its relatives in 976 and with *faire sens* in 8; *realise that* (2 919) with *se rendre compte* and its relatives in 1 532 and with *réaliser* in 514. The authored list is kept beside the counted one (columns up to `difficulty`); the tool adds `n_src`, `n_good`, `n_bad`, `by_corpus`, `example_ok`, `frequency_rank` and `example_status`. ## Function words and constructions Function words carry most of the context-dependent choices that a word list misses. English *you* has to become *tu*, *vous* or *on*; *shall* and *should* change meaning between a statute, a recital and a conversation; *since*, *as*, *while* and *still* are each two or three words in French. French *on* is *we*, *people*, *someone* or an English passive; *en effet*, *aussi* with inversion, *or* and *dans la mesure où* look transparent and are not. ### English → French - **in order to** (en) · frame: purpose ✓ *pour*; *afin de* (formal); *en vue de* · acceptable: *de manière à, de façon à* · ✗ *en ordre de*. ✓ `tatoeba:5165291-1245122`: «I read in order to learn.» — «Je lis pour apprendre.» (Tatoeba, CarpeLanam / rene1596) ✗ *en ordre de réussir*; ✓ *pour réussir*, *afin de réussir*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 122 350 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 110 611, the avoided rendering in 11. - **as well as** (en) · frame: X as well as Y ✓ *ainsi que*; *de même que*; *et*; *comme* (literary) · acceptable: *tout comme* · ✗ *aussi bien que* (= as well as, comparison of quality). ✓ `tatoeba:3668744-8422074`: «He is handsome as well as rich.» — «Il est à la fois beau et riche.» (Tatoeba, vvv123 / lbdx) ✗ *Il parle anglais aussi bien que l'allemand* if the sense is "and also"; ✓ *Il parle anglais ainsi que l'allemand*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 57 182 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 54 953, the avoided rendering in 344. - **you (formal)** (en) · reader: stranger, customer, superior; collocate: sir, madam ✓ *vous* (votre, vos) · ✗ *tu*. ✓ `tatoeba:2946767-1543934`: «I'm at your service, sir.» — «À votre service, Monsieur.» (Tatoeba, astyng / sacredceltic) English does not mark T/V (sennrich-2016-controlling-politeness-neural-machine-translation); the vocative does. ✗ *Monsieur, tu as oublié ton parapluie*; ✓ *Monsieur, vous avez oublié votre parapluie*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 24 967 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 20 922, the avoided rendering in 54. - **even if, even though** (en) · frame: concessive clause ✓ *même si* (+ indicative); *bien que, quoique* (+ subjunctive) · acceptable: *alors que*; *malgré le fait que* · ✗ *même que* (= even, colloquial Québec). ✓ `tatoeba:256132-6813`: «I will go even if it rains.» — «J'ai l'intention d'y aller, même s'il pleut.» (Tatoeba, CK / Archibald) Mood follows the conjunction. ✗ *bien qu'il est malade*; ✓ *bien qu'il soit malade*, *même s'il est malade*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 18 042 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 14 423, the avoided rendering in 0. - **in any case** (en) · frame: sentence adverb ✓ *en tout cas*; *de toute façon* · acceptable: *en tout état de cause* (formal, legal) · ✗ *dans n'importe quel cas*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1700044`: «In any case we will check.» — «En tout cas nous vérifierons.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *Dans n'importe quel cas, je viendrai*; ✓ *De toute façon, je viendrai*; in a contract ✓ *en tout état de cause*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 11 184 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 7 910, the avoided rendering in 1. - **in case (of)** (en) · frame: in case of + noun ✓ *en cas de* · acceptable: *dans le cas de* · ✗ *au cas où* (with a noun). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2956218`: «IN CASE OF A FURTHER TEST» — «EN CAS DE NOUVELLE ÉPREUVE» (DGT-TM, © European Union) *In case of* + noun is *en cas de*. ✗ *au cas où d'incendie*; ✓ *En cas d'incendie, brisez la vitre*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 11 066 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 6 868, the avoided rendering in 45. - **you should (advice)** (en) · frame: advice ✓ *tu devrais, vous devriez* (conditional); *tu ferais mieux de* · acceptable: *il faudrait que* · ✗ *tu dois* (too strong: obligation). ✓ `tatoeba:239289-1336002`: «You should try to see it.» — «Vous devriez essayer de le voir.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) *Should* is advice; the present *devoir* is an order. ✗ *Tu dois voir un médecin* (if advice); ✓ *Tu devrais voir un médecin*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 8 406 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 097, the avoided rendering in 2 531. - **(it is) the case** (en) · frame: is (not) the case ✓ *c'est le cas*; *il en va* (ainsi) · ✗ *c'est l'affaire*. ✓ `europarl-v8:47644`: «But that is not the case!» — «Or ce n'est pas le cas !» (Europarl v8) A true parallel. ✓ *Ce n'est pas le cas*; ✗ *Ce n'est pas l'affaire*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 338 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 4 317, the avoided rendering in 57. - **a great deal (of)** (en) · frame: quantity ✓ *beaucoup* (de); *énormément* (de); *bien des* · acceptable: *nombre de* (countable) · ✗ *un grand marché*. ✓ `tatoeba:32367-1152318`: «Mayuko reads a good deal.» — «Mayuko lit beaucoup.» (Tatoeba, CN / belgavox) ✗ *un grand accord de temps*; ✓ *beaucoup de temps*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 6 296 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 315, the avoided rendering in 0. - **may, might (possibility)** (en) · frame: possibility ✓ *peut-être*; *il se peut que* (+ subjunctive); *pourrait* (conditional) · acceptable: *il est possible que*. ✓ `tatoeba:3591178-3591602`: «That might be a good idea.» — «Cela pourrait être une bonne idée.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) *May* of possibility is not permission. ✗ *Il peut pleuvoir* (ambiguous); ✓ *Il va peut-être pleuvoir*, *Il se peut qu'il pleuve*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 241 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 474, the avoided rendering in 0. - **since (cause)** (en) · frame: since + present tense clause ✓ *puisque*; *comme* (sentence-initial); *étant donné que*; *dès lors que* (formal) · acceptable: *vu que* (spoken) · ✗ *depuis*. ✓ `tatoeba:13544773-13544771`: «I love this jacket, since it is blue.» — «J'adore cette veste, car elle est bleue.» (Tatoeba, Ioan_Cristian / Ioan_Cristian) *Since* with a present tense is causal. ✗ *Depuis qu'il est malade, il ne viendra pas*; ✓ *Puisqu'il est malade, il ne viendra pas*, *Comme il est malade…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 822 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 524, the avoided rendering in 128. - **since (time)** (en) · frame: ever since, since then, since last ✓ *depuis* (que) · acceptable: *dès* (from that moment) · ✗ *puisque*; *comme* (cause). ✓ `tatoeba:3681335-3601186`: «What's changed since then?» — «Qu'est-ce qui a changé depuis ?» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) Temporal *since* is *depuis*. ✗ *puisque l'année dernière*; ✓ *depuis l'année dernière*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 111 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 640, the avoided rendering in 43. - **not even** (en) · frame: not even ✓ *même pas*; *pas même* (formal) · ✗ *pas égal*. ✓ `tatoeba:2428-4305`: «They don't even know why.» — «Ils ne savent même pas pourquoi.» (Tatoeba, CM / TRANG) ✗ *Il n'a pas égal dit merci*; ✓ *Il n'a même pas dit merci*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 816 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 948, the avoided rendering in 0. - **still not** (en) · frame: still + negation ✓ *toujours pas* · acceptable: *pas encore* (not yet) · ✗ *encore pas* (regional). ✓ `tatoeba:1141170-1147639`: «Tom still hasn't paid me.» — «Tom ne m'a toujours pas payé.» (Tatoeba, CK / Wittydev) *Still not* stresses that it should have happened; *not yet* is neutral. ✗ *Il n'est encore pas arrivé* (regional); ✓ *Il n'est toujours pas arrivé*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 786 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 766, the avoided rendering in 2. - **quite (= completely)** (en) · frame: quite right, quite sure, quite different ✓ *tout à fait*; *complètement*; *parfaitement* · ✗ *assez* (= fairly). ✓ `europarl-v8:209328`: «Mr Dupuis is quite right.» — «M. Dupuis a parfaitement raison.» (Europarl v8) With absolutes *quite* means "completely". ✗ *Vous avez assez raison*; ✓ *Vous avez tout à fait raison*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 658 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 603, the avoided rendering in 227. - **you (plural)** (en) · frame: you all, you guys, both of you ✓ *vous* · acceptable: *vous tous, vous deux* · ✗ *tu*. ✓ `tatoeba:17642-9046`: «All of you did good work.» — «Vous avez tous fait du bon travail.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) Plural *you* is always *vous*. ✗ *Vous deux, tu viens ?*; ✓ *Vous deux, vous venez ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 019 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 537, the avoided rendering in 124. - **is spoken, is sold (process passive)** (en) · frame: passive of habit or norm ✓ *pronominal* (se parle, se vend, se boit); *on* (on parle français ici) · acceptable: *passive* (rare, heavy) · ✗ *est parlé* (calque). ✓ `tatoeba:325219-1339346`: «Eggs are sold by the dozen.» — «Les œufs se vendent à la douzaine.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *Le français est parlé ici* (correct but stiff); ✓ *Ici, on parle français*, *Ce vin se boit frais*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 088 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 115, the avoided rendering in 765. - **hopefully** (en) · frame: sentence adverb ✓ *j'espère que*; *espérons que*; *avec un peu de chance* · acceptable: *si tout va bien* · ✗ *avec espoir* (= in a hopeful manner). ✓ `tatoeba:4496423-5311591`: «Hopefully, that'll change.» — «J'espère que cela changera.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) ✗ *Avec espoir, il fera beau*; ✓ *J'espère qu'il fera beau*, *Espérons qu'il fera beau*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 586 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 406, the avoided rendering in 1. - **right now** (en) · frame: right now (at this moment) ✓ *en ce moment*; *maintenant*; *tout de suite* (immediately) · acceptable: *à l'heure actuelle* (formal) · ✗ *droit maintenant*. ✓ `tatoeba:3122430-4878930`: «Right now they're all sleeping.» — «En ce moment, ils dorment tous.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) *Right now* is either "at this moment" or "immediately"; choose by context. ✗ *droit maintenant*; ✓ *Je suis occupé en ce moment*, *Viens tout de suite*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 535 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 882, the avoided rendering in 17. - **right away** (en) · frame: right away ✓ *tout de suite*; *immédiatement*; *aussitôt* · acceptable: *sur-le-champ* (formal, literary) · ✗ *droit loin*. ✓ `tatoeba:388673-1335691`: «She left here right away.» — «Elle est immédiatement partie d'ici.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✓ *Je reviens tout de suite*; ✗ *Je reviens droit*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 437 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 964, the avoided rendering in 22. - **I was told (agentless passive)** (en) · frame: passive with a person subject, no agent ✓ *on* (On m'a dit que…) · ✗ *être dit* (✗ j'ai été dit). ✓ `tatoeba:253458-465667`: «I was asked to wait here.» — «On m'a prié d'attendre ici.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) French cannot passivise the indirect object. ✗ *J'ai été dit de partir*; ✓ *On m'a dit de partir*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 136 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 692, the avoided rendering in 0. - **have got to** (en) · register: colloquial obligation ✓ *devoir*; *il faut que* · acceptable: *être obligé de* · ✗ *avoir obtenu*. ✓ `tatoeba:1869534-1997354`: «You've got to be kidding!» — «Tu dois plaisanter !» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) *Have got to* is *have to*, not a perfect of *get*. ✗ *J'ai obtenu de partir*; ✓ *Je dois partir*, *Il faut que j'y aille*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 837 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 715, the avoided rendering in 1. - **by no means** (en) · frame: by no means ✓ *nullement*; *en aucun cas*; *loin de* (+ infinitive); *pas du tout* · acceptable: *aucunement* (formal) · ✗ *par aucuns moyens*. ✓ `tatoeba:295838-1330437`: «He is by no means bright.» — «Il n'est pas du tout brillant.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *par aucun moyen ce n'est facile*; ✓ *Ce n'est nullement facile*, *C'est loin d'être facile*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 800 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 363, the avoided rendering in 2. - **shall we, shall I (offer)** (en) · register: speech; frame: shall we, shall I ✓ *on y va ?* (shall we go); *voulez-vous que je…?* (offer) · acceptable: *et si on…?* (suggestion) · ✗ *devons-nous* (obligation). ✓ `tatoeba:331194-1098980`: «Shall we go to the cinema?» — «On va au cinéma ?» (Tatoeba, Sprachprofi / Eldad) In speech *shall* is an offer or suggestion. ✗ *Devons-nous danser ?*; ✓ *On danse ?*, *Voulez-vous que j'ouvre la fenêtre ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 564 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 79, the avoided rendering in 20. - **you (familiar)** (en) · reader: child, friend, family, partner; collocate: mom, dad, honey, buddy ✓ *tu* (te, toi, ton, ta, tes) · ✗ *vous* (cold, distant). ✓ `tatoeba:64084-181702`: «Ask your dad to help you.» — «Demande à ton père de t'aider.» (Tatoeba, CK / Romira) ✗ *Maman, vous êtes fatiguée ?* (old-fashioned, aristocratic); ✓ *Maman, tu es fatiguée ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 409 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 276, the avoided rendering in 105. - **may (wish, blessing)** (en) · register: Bible, ceremony; frame: May God…, may you… ✓ *que + subjunctive* (Que Dieu vous bénisse); *puisse…!*; *vive…!* · ✗ *peut* (permission). ✓ `tatoeba:6697264-6697954`: «May the Lord be with you.» — «Que le Seigneur soit avec vous.» (Tatoeba, Hybrid / GB3) ✗ *Dieu peut vous bénir*; ✓ *Que Dieu vous bénisse !*, *Vive le roi !* Corpora (2026-11-06): 355 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 244, the avoided rendering in 9. - **will you (request)** (en) · frame: will you + verb (request) ✓ *veux-tu, voulez-vous* (+ infinitive); *tu veux bien…?*; *pourrais-tu…?* · ✗ *futur* (seras-tu…? is a question about the future). ✓ `tatoeba:50869-1335996`: «Will you please go there?» — «Veux-tu aller là, je te prie ?» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) *Will you* is often a request. ✗ *M'aideras-tu ?* if asking for help now; ✓ *Tu veux bien m'aider ?*, *Veux-tu m'épouser ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 296 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 90, the avoided rendering in 0. - **should you (if)** (en) · frame: should + subject (inverted condition) ✓ *si*; *au cas où* (+ conditional); *le cas échéant* · ✗ *devriez-vous*. ✓ `europarl-v8:413856`: «I assume the Commission is willing to do more should it be necessary.» — «Je suppose que la Commission est prête à augmenter ces moyens si cela s'avérait nécessaire.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *Devriez-vous avoir des questions, …*; ✓ *Si vous avez des questions, …*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 132 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 112, the avoided rendering in 5. - **just in case** (en) · frame: (just) in case + clause or alone ✓ *au cas où* (+ conditional) · acceptable: *par précaution*; *on ne sait jamais* · ✗ *en cas que*. ✓ `tatoeba:2220694-2222325`: «I brought one just in case.» — «J'en ai apporté un, juste au cas où.» (Tatoeba, Hybrid / sacredceltic) *Au cas où* takes the conditional. ✗ *au cas où il pleut*; ✓ *Prends un parapluie, au cas où il pleuvrait*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 107 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 35, the avoided rendering in 0. - **you (generic)** (en) · frame: generic statements ✓ *on*; *il faut* (+ infinitive) · acceptable: *tu* (generic, colloquial) · ✗ *vous* (addressed). ✓ `tatoeba:1045137-1046694`: «You get what you pay for.» — «On obtient que ce pour quoi on paie.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) Generic *you* addresses nobody. ✗ *Vous ne savez jamais* (sounds like a reproach); ✓ *On ne sait jamais*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 86 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 67, the avoided rendering in 0. ### French → English - **vous (formal singular)** (fr) · frame: vous + Monsieur, Madame ✓ *you* (with Sir, Madam, title + surname, please) · ✗ *thou*; *ye*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1786839`: «Je vous remercie, Madame.» — «Thank you, Mrs Reding.» (Europarl v8) English loses the T/V contrast; compensate with address forms and politeness, not with *thou* (sennrich-2016-controlling-politeness-neural-machine-translation). ✓ *Could you help me, sir?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 30 974 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 23 159, the avoided rendering in 1. - **en effet** (fr) · frame: discourse connector ✓ *indeed*; *in fact*; *because, since, for* (explaining what precedes); *that is right* (answer) · acceptable: *after all* · ✗ *in effect* (= in practice, de facto). ✓ `tatoeba:13300459-13300465`: «Merci beaucoup, en effet.» — «Thank you very much indeed.» (Tatoeba, carlosalberto / carlosalberto) *En effet* usually explains. ✗ *In effect, the deadline has passed*; ✓ *The deadline has indeed passed*, *…because the deadline has passed*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 26 355 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 20 522, the avoided rendering in 243. - **par ailleurs** (fr) · frame: discourse connector ✓ *moreover*; *furthermore*; *in addition*; *also*; *on the other hand* · acceptable: *at the same time*; *besides* · ✗ *by elsewhere*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3084110`: «Par ailleurs, on entend par:» — «The following definitions shall also apply:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *Moreover, the report notes…*; ✗ *By elsewhere…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 20 787 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 17 080, the avoided rendering in 0. - **dans la mesure où** (fr) · frame: conjunction ✓ *insofar as*; *to the extent that*; *since, given that* (causal reading, frequent) · acceptable: *as long as*; *provided* (restrictive) · ✗ *in the measure that*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1890269`: «Dans la mesure où le VIS est opérationnel.» — «In so far as the VIS is operational.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) French uses it often as a plain "since". ✗ *in the measure that*; ✓ *insofar as*, or ✓ *since* when the clause is a reason. Corpora (2026-11-06): 20 274 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 14 168, the avoided rendering in 4. - **être en mesure de** (fr) · frame: être en mesure de + infinitive ✓ *be able to*; *be in a position to* · acceptable: *can* · ✗ *be in measure to*. ✓ `tatoeba:3523571-3526851`: «Tu es en mesure d'y aller.» — «You can go there.» (Tatoeba, monahxo / sacredceltic) ✓ *The Commission is not in a position to answer*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 18 149 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 16 199, the avoided rendering in 0. - **or (conjunction)** (fr) · frame: sentence-initial Or, … ✓ *yet*; *now*; *however*; *but*; *and yet* · ✗ *gold* (the noun or); *or* (= either… or). ✓ `europarl-v8:190242`: «Or, tel n'est pas le cas.» — «That, however, is not the case.» (Europarl v8) *Or* starts a new premise in an argument. ✗ *Or, the Commission did nothing* left as is; ✓ *Yet the Commission did nothing*, *Now, the Commission did nothing*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 14 299 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 4 784, the avoided rendering in 3 305. - **d'ailleurs** (fr) · frame: discourse connector ✓ *incidentally*; *indeed*; *in fact*; *besides*; *for that matter*; *as it happens* · acceptable: *by the way* (speech) · ✗ *from elsewhere* (only when locative). ✓ `europarl-v8:500441`: «Je la partage d'ailleurs.» — «I also agree with it.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *Incidentally, he was right*; *venus d'ailleurs* ✓ *from elsewhere*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 10 327 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 5 294, the avoided rendering in 0. - **dans une large mesure** (fr) · frame: degree ✓ *to a large extent*; *largely*; *to some extent* (certaine); *to a lesser extent* (moindre) · acceptable: *in large measure* (formal) · ✗ *in a large measure*; *in a certain measure*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:5369021`: «A – dans une large mesure» — «A – to a large extent» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *largely*, *to some extent*; ✗ *in a certain measure*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 262 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 367, the avoided rendering in 3. - **dans quelle mesure** (fr) · frame: interrogative ✓ *to what extent*; *how far* · acceptable: *whether* · ✗ *in what measure*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1040540`: «Si oui, dans quelle mesure?» — «If yes, to what extent?» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *to what extent the measures have been effective*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 439 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 625, the avoided rendering in 2. - **valoir pour, il en va de même** (fr) · frame: valoir pour, en aller de même ✓ *apply to*; *hold* (true) for; *the same applies to*; *the same goes for* · acceptable: *likewise* · ✗ *be worth for*. ✓ `europarl-v8:488444`: «Il en va de même en Irak.» — «It is the same with Iraq.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *The same applies to imports*; ✗ *This is worth for imports*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 887 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 371, the avoided rendering in 9. - **on (we)** (fr) · register: speech ✓ *we*; *let's* (on y va) · ✗ *one*. ✓ `tatoeba:5491733-5492269`: «On est vraiment inquiets.» — «We're truly worried.» (Tatoeba, CK / Akenaseryan) Spoken *on* is *we*. ✗ *One is leaving*; ✓ *We're leaving*, *Let's go*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 786 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 378, the avoided rendering in 288. - **quand même** (fr) · frame: discourse particle ✓ *all the same*; *still*; *anyway*; *even so*; *really* (indignation) · acceptable: *after all*; *come on* · ✗ *when even*. ✓ `tatoeba:2556258-13392487`: «Ils l'ont fait quand même.» — «They did it anyway.» (Tatoeba, Hybrid / lbdx) ✓ *He came anyway*, *That's really too much!* for *C'est quand même un peu fort !* Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 810 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 937, the avoided rendering in 7. - **au fur et à mesure** (fr) · frame: au fur et à mesure (que), à mesure que ✓ *as*; *gradually*; *as and when*; *progressively*; *over time* · acceptable: *step by step* · ✗ *at the measure that*. ✓ `gut-hugo-notre-dame:2392`: «À mesure que la maison s'édifie, je me ruine.» — «In proportion as the house is erected, I am ruined.”» (Project Gutenberg, public domain) ✓ *We will pay as the work progresses*, *gradually*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 581 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 377, the avoided rendering in 0. - **on m'a (agentless)** (fr) · frame: on + object pronoun + passé composé ✓ *passive* (I was told, my bike was stolen); *someone*; *they* · ✗ *one has*. ✓ `tatoeba:16417-2322062`: «On vous a bien promenées.» — «You've been properly led up the garden path.» (Tatoeba, Zifre / sacredceltic) ✗ *One stole my bike*; ✓ *My bike was stolen*, *Someone stole my bike*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 541 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 343, the avoided rendering in 1. - **on dit que** (fr) · frame: generic reporting ✓ *people say*; *they say*; *it is said* (that); *apparently* · acceptable: *reportedly* (journalism) · ✗ *one says*. ✓ `tatoeba:37018-1692529`: «On dit que Tom a un rhume.» — «It is said that Tom has a cold.» (Tatoeba, Mediabat / Scott) ✗ *One says that he is rich*; ✓ *People say he is rich*, *Apparently he is rich*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 715 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 500, the avoided rendering in 4. - **aussi + inversion** (fr) · frame: sentence-initial aussi + inverted subject ✓ *therefore*; *so*; *that is why*; *hence*; *accordingly* · acceptable: *thus* · ✗ *also*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1115778`: «Aussi avons-nous voté contre.» — «Hence our vote against.» (Europarl v8) With inversion *aussi* means "therefore". ✗ *Also, we must vote against*; ✓ *We must therefore vote against*, *That is why we must vote against*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 667 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 528, the avoided rendering in 51. - **sans compter** (fr) · frame: sans compter (que) ✓ *not to mention*; *let alone*; *besides* · acceptable: *quite apart from* · ✗ *without counting* (literal, only for numbers). ✓ `tatoeba:290327-12617896`: «Il a été au Portugal, sans compter l'Espagne.» — «He has been to Portugal, not to mention Spain.» (Tatoeba, CM / sacredceltic) ✓ *It is expensive, not to mention the risks*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 426 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 138, the avoided rendering in 0. ## Grammar: frames that change the rendering Here the syntactic frame, not the word, decides: *make* + adjective is *rendre*, *make* + verb is *faire*; *for* + duration with a state that still holds is *depuis* with the present; *have just done* is *venir de*; *-ing* after a preposition is an infinitive. In the other direction *mettre une heure* is *take an hour* and *arrêter de* is *stop -ing*. ### English → French - **by + -ing** (en) · frame: by doing (means) ✓ *en + gerund* (en travaillant); *grâce à*; *par le biais de* · acceptable: *au moyen de* (formal) · ✗ *par + infinitive*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3883984`: «h estimated by using CAPM» — «h estimé en utilisant le modèle MEDAF» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *Il a réussi par travailler*; ✓ *Il a réussi en travaillant*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 19 757 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 8 507, the avoided rendering in 23. - **have just + past participle** (en) · frame: have just done (recent past) ✓ *venir de + infinitive* · ✗ *avoir juste + participle* (calque). ✓ `tatoeba:40126-1335645`: «I've just finished lunch.» — «Je viens de finir de déjeuner.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *J'ai juste mangé* (= I only ate); ✓ *Je viens de manger*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 947 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 5 613, the avoided rendering in 473. - **preposition + -ing** (en) · frame: before, after, without + -ing ✓ *avant de + infinitive*; *après avoir, être + past participle*; *sans + infinitive* · ✗ *avant + gerund*. ✓ `tatoeba:42466-429159`: «That goes without saying.» — «Cela va sans dire.» (Tatoeba, CM / jihaire) After a preposition French uses the infinitive, and *après* the past infinitive. ✗ *après mangeant*; ✓ *après avoir mangé*, *sans rien dire*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 431 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 467, the avoided rendering in 0. - **for + duration (still true)** (en) · frame: have been / have done + for + duration ✓ *depuis* (+ present tense); *cela fait, ça fait… que*; *il y a… que* · acceptable: *voilà… que* (literary) · ✗ *pendant + passé composé* (changes the meaning). ✓ `tatoeba:2149444-2154091`: «I've known him for years.» — «Je le connais depuis des années.» (Tatoeba, Hybrid / sacredceltic) With a state that still holds, French uses the present + *depuis*. ✗ *J'ai habité ici pendant dix ans* (I no longer do); ✓ *J'habite ici depuis dix ans*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 521 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 719, the avoided rendering in 432. - **be meant to, be supposed to** (en) · frame: be supposed to + verb ✓ *être censé* (+ infinitive) · acceptable: *devoir* (Il devait arriver à midi) · ✗ *être supposé* (calque, common in Québec and speech). ✓ `tatoeba:954495-1125444`: «What am I supposed to do?» — «Que suis-je censé faire?» (Tatoeba, CK / Scott) ? *Tu es supposé être là* is spoken, criticised in writing; ✓ *Tu es censé être là*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 097 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 587, the avoided rendering in 480. - **having + past participle** (en) · frame: participle clause in narrative ✓ *après avoir, après être + past participle*; *ayant + past participle* (written); *une fois + participle* · ✗ *avoir + participle* (✗). ✓ `tatoeba:245409-8210`: «Having done his work, he went out.» — «Ayant fait son travail, il sortit.» (Tatoeba, CH / gillux) ✗ *Avoir fini son travail, il est parti*; ✓ *Après avoir fini son travail, il est parti*, *Une fois son travail fini…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 089 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 376, the avoided rendering in 0. - **it takes (time)** (en) · frame: it takes + duration ✓ *il faut + duration*; *prendre*; *mettre* (someone takes an hour) · acceptable: *durer* (the trip lasts). ✓ `tatoeba:6628117-6628895`: «It took about 15 minutes.» — «Ça a pris environ 15 minutes.» (Tatoeba, Hybrid / GB3) *It takes two hours* is *il faut deux heures*; *I took an hour* is *j'ai mis une heure*. ✗ *J'ai pris une heure pour venir* (= I took an hour off); ✓ *J'ai mis une heure à venir*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 234 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 768, the avoided rendering in 0. - **used to (past habit)** (en) · frame: subject + used to + verb ✓ *imparfait* (je jouais); *avoir l'habitude de*; *autrefois, avant* · ✗ *utiliser* (= use). ✓ `tatoeba:304223-338051`: «He used to read at night.» — «Il avait l'habitude de lire la nuit.» (Tatoeba, CK / shiboy) ✗ *J'utilisais jouer au tennis*; ✓ *Avant, je jouais au tennis*; *There used to be a cinema here* ✓ *Il y avait un cinéma ici*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 908 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 424, the avoided rendering in 23. - **while + -ing** (en) · frame: while driving, while eating ✓ *en + gerund* (en conduisant); *pendant que + clause* · acceptable: *au volant* (while driving) · ✗ *tandis que* (contrast). ✓ `tatoeba:13338729-13338726`: «Do not talk while eating.» — «Ne parlez pas en mangeant.» (Tatoeba, menaud / menaud) French uses the gerund for simultaneous action of the same subject. ✗ *pendant conduisant*; ✓ *Ne téléphonez pas en conduisant*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 721 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 480, the avoided rendering in 3. - **-ing as subject** (en) · frame: Smoking is…, Swimming is… ✓ *infinitive* (Fumer est dangereux); *a noun* (le tabac, la natation) · ✗ *participle* (✗ Fumant est…). ✓ `tatoeba:274293-6309435`: «Running is good exercise.» — «La course à pied est un bon exercice.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) ✗ *Fumant est dangereux*; ✓ *Fumer est dangereux*, *Le tabac est dangereux*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 689 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 399, the avoided rendering in 0. - **be, get used to** (en) · frame: be used to, get used to ✓ *être habitué à*; *s'habituer à*; *se faire à* · acceptable: *avoir l'habitude de* · ✗ *être utilisé à*. ✓ `tatoeba:5615961-4986698`: «You get used to anything.» — «On se fait à tout.» (Tatoeba, Adelpa / Adelpa) ✗ *Je suis utilisé au froid*; ✓ *Je suis habitué au froid*, *Tu t'y feras*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 421 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 350, the avoided rendering in 7. - **miss (a person)** (en) · frame: I miss you (roles swap) ✓ *manquer à* (Tu me manques) · ✗ *rater*; *regretter*. ✓ `tatoeba:2390834-2392016`: «I really have missed you.» — «Vous m'avez vraiment manqué.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) The missed person becomes the subject (pair manual section 4.4). ✗ *Je te manque* for "I miss you"; ✓ *Tu me manques*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 343 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 315, the avoided rendering in 9. - **keep + -ing** (en) · frame: keep doing ✓ *continuer à + infinitive*; *ne pas arrêter de*; *sans cesse* · acceptable: *n'arrêter pas de* (colloquial) · ✗ *garder*. ✓ `tatoeba:1952020-1952268`: «We can't keep doing this.» — «Nous ne pouvons pas continuer à faire ça.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *Il garde demander*; ✓ *Il n'arrête pas de demander*, *Il continue à demander*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 321 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 187, the avoided rendering in 3. - **as a child** (en) · frame: as a child, as a boy ✓ *enfant, …*; *quand j'étais petit, petite*; *dans mon enfance* · ✗ *comme un enfant* (= like a child). ✓ `tatoeba:6734129-3083946`: «As a child, I was chubby.» — «Enfant, j'étais grassouillet.» (Tatoeba, Eccles17 / Rovo) *As* here is a period of life. ✗ *Comme un enfant, j'aimais la mer* (= like a child); ✓ *Enfant, j'aimais la mer*, *Quand j'étais petit, j'aimais la mer*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 285 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 109, the avoided rendering in 12. - **make + adjective** (en) · frame: make someone happy, sad, angry ✓ *rendre* (heureux, triste, fou) · ✗ *faire heureux*. ✓ `tatoeba:261358-1147683`: «I want to make her happy.» — «Je veux la rendre heureuse.» (Tatoeba, CK / Wittydev) *Make* + adjective is *rendre*. ✗ *Tu me fais heureux*; ✓ *Tu me rends heureux*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 207 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 166, the avoided rendering in 0. - **make + verb (causative)** (en) · frame: make someone laugh, cry, wait ✓ *faire + infinitive* (faire rire, faire pleurer, faire attendre) · acceptable: *obliger à*; *forcer à* (against the will) · ✗ *faire que + clause* (calque). ✓ `tatoeba:4666418-5493297`: «Tom could make you laugh.» — «Tom pourrait te faire rire.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) French causatives stack the clitics before *faire*. ✗ *Il a fait que je ris*; ✓ *Il m'a fait rire*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 98 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 50, the avoided rendering in 0. - **keep someone waiting** (en) · frame: keep + person + waiting ✓ *faire attendre* · acceptable: *faire patienter* · ✗ *garder attendant*. ✓ `tatoeba:2751025-6061601`: «Sorry to keep you waiting.» — «Désolé de vous avoir fait attendre.» (Tatoeba, sharptoothed / Blabla) ✗ *Je vous ai gardé attendre*; ✓ *Je vous ai fait attendre*, *Désolé de vous avoir fait attendre*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 63 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 46, the avoided rendering in 1. - **have something done** (en) · frame: have, get my hair cut, my car repaired ✓ *se faire couper* (les cheveux); *faire réparer* · ✗ *avoir coupé*. ✓ `tatoeba:8854217-435608`: «You should get a haircut.» — «Tu devrais te faire couper les cheveux.» (Tatoeba, CK / Archibald) ✗ *J'ai eu mes cheveux coupés*; ✓ *Je me suis fait couper les cheveux*, *J'ai fait réparer ma voiture*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 55 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 43, the avoided rendering in 0. - **might have (reproach)** (en) · frame: you might have told me ✓ *tu aurais pu* (+ infinitive) · ✗ *tu pourrais avoir*. ✓ `tatoeba:1095199-5730133`: «Tom could have told me the truth.» — «Tom aurait pu me dire la vérité.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) ✗ *Tu pourrais m'avoir prévenu*; ✓ *Tu aurais pu me prévenir !* Corpora (2026-11-06): 52 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 32, the avoided rendering in 0. ### French → English - **rendre + adjective** (fr) · frame: rendre possible, public, plus difficile ✓ *make* (make possible, make public) · acceptable: *render* (formal) · ✗ *return*. ✓ `tatoeba:11723359-2046516`: «Trop de pain rend malade.» — «Too much bread makes you sick.» (Tatoeba, tieguy / altebrilas) ✗ *return it possible*; ✓ *make it possible*, *make public*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 915 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 773, the avoided rendering in 20. - **arrêter de** (fr) · frame: arrêter de + infinitive ✓ *stop -ing*; *quit*; *give up* (a habit) · acceptable: *cease* (formal) · ✗ *arrest*. ✓ `tatoeba:16514-401641`: «Tu dois arrêter de fumer.» — «You must give up smoking.» (Tatoeba, CK / Pharamp) ✓ *I stopped smoking*, *She quit smoking*; ✗ *I stopped to smoke* (= paused in order to smoke). Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 268 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 710, the avoided rendering in 13. - **mettre (time)** (fr) · frame: mettre une heure, du temps ✓ *take* (time) · acceptable: *spend* · ✗ *put*. ✓ `tatoeba:2480023-11234244`: «J'ai mis du temps à me calmer.» — «It took me some time to calm down.» (Tatoeba, sharptoothed / lbdx) ✗ *He put an hour to come*; ✓ *It took him an hour to get here*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 113 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 74, the avoided rendering in 10. ## Everyday words The high-frequency verbs of everyday English (*get*, *take*, *keep*, *run*, *mean*, *save*, *miss*) have no single French equivalent; the collocate decides. French *passer*, *rendre*, *porter*, *tenir*, *compter* are just as wide the other way. Tatoeba is the best source for these rows, with short sentences and named authors. ### English → French - **what does it mean** (en) · frame: X means, what does X mean ✓ *vouloir dire*; *signifier* · acceptable: *impliquer* (entail) · ✗ *moyenner*. ✓ `tatoeba:3826841-8403279`: «Does that mean you agree?» — «Est-ce que ça veut dire que tu es d'accord ?» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) ✗ *Qu'est-ce que ça moyenne ?*; ✓ *Qu'est-ce que ça veut dire ?*; written ✓ *Cela signifie que…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 698 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 4 841, the avoided rendering in 0. - **save (money, energy, time)** (en) · collocate: money, energy, time, water ✓ *économiser*; *épargner* (money); *gagner* (du temps) · acceptable: *faire des économies* · ✗ *sauver*. ✓ `tatoeba:64557-341339`: «I'm trying to save money.» — «J'essaie d'économiser de l'argent.» (Tatoeba, CK / TRANG) ✗ *sauver de l'argent*; ✓ *économiser de l'argent*, *gagner du temps*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 483 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 5 877, the avoided rendering in 5. - **manage to** (en) · frame: manage to + verb ✓ *réussir à*; *parvenir à*; *arriver à* (colloquial) · ✗ *gérer*; *manager*. ✓ `tatoeba:6354693-6484484`: «How did you manage to win?» — «Comment as-tu réussi à gagner ?» (Tatoeba, CK / GB3) ✗ *J'ai géré de finir*; ✓ *J'ai réussi à finir*, *Je suis arrivé à finir*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 853 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 728, the avoided rendering in 70. - **not fair** (en) · register: everyday ✓ *ce n'est pas juste*; *c'est injuste* · acceptable: *c'est pas juste* (spoken) · ✗ *ce n'est pas foire*. ✓ `tatoeba:2259965-2281973`: «Your criticism is unfair.» — «Votre critique est injuste.» (Tatoeba, _undertoad / sacredceltic) ✗ *Ce n'est pas équitable!* in a child's mouth is too formal; ✓ *C'est pas juste !* Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 855 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 831, the avoided rendering in 0. - **right (direction)** (en) · frame: turn right, on the right ✓ *à droite*; *la droite* (politics) · ✗ *à droit*. ✓ `tatoeba:8739343-8739347`: «The exit is on the right.» — «La sortie est à droite.» (Tatoeba, CK / Julien_PDC) The direction is feminine *la droite*. ✗ *Tournez à droit*; ✓ *Tournez à droite*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 849 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 252, the avoided rendering in 0. - **order (purchase)** (en) · collocate: online, delivery, customer, goods, restaurant, waiter, menu ✓ *commande*; *commander* · ✗ *ordre*; *ordonner*. ✓ `tatoeba:34785-335290`: «Why don't we order pizza?» — «Pourquoi ne pas commander des pizzas ?» (Tatoeba, CK / TRANG) ✗ *J'ai ordonné une pizza*; ✓ *J'ai commandé une pizza*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 777 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 521, the avoided rendering in 280. - **deliver (goods)** (en) · collocate: goods, parcel, package, order, pizza, products, mail ✓ *livrer*; *distribuer* (mail) · acceptable: *acheminer* (formal) · ✗ *délivrer*. ✓ `tatoeba:1121807-1123101`: «The mail can't be delivered.» — «Le courrier ne peut pas être distribué.» (Tatoeba, megamanenm / sacredceltic) Goods are *livrés*; *délivrer* is for documents and for setting free. ✗ *délivrer une pizza*; ✓ *livrer une pizza*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 693 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 168, the avoided rendering in 126. - **check that** (en) · frame: check that, whether ✓ *vérifier* (que, si); *contrôler*; *s'assurer que* · ✗ *checker* (jargon). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1444116`: «checks that the subsystem:» — «vérifie que le sous-système:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *Vérifiez que l'appareil est éteint*; *checker* is office jargon. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 176 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 999, the avoided rendering in 7. - **fair (just)** (en) · collocate: treatment, share, distribution, price ✓ *juste*; *équitable*; *loyal* (competition) · acceptable: *impartial* (a judge) · ✗ *foire* (noun, = fair). ✓ `europarl-v8:854839`: «This is not fair treatment.» — «Ce n’est pas les traiter équitablement que d’agir de la sorte envers eux.» (Europarl v8) *Fair* the adjective is *juste*, *équitable*, *loyal*. ✗ *un prix foire*; ✓ *un prix équitable*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 804 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 450, the avoided rendering in 1. - **address (postal, e-mail)** (en) · collocate: email, postal, home, street ✓ *adresse* · acceptable: *coordonnées* (contact details). ✓ `tatoeba:20134-575862`: «What's your home address?» — «Quelle est ton adresse personnelle ?» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) Here the cognate is right: ✓ *Quelle est votre adresse électronique ?* ✗ avoiding it for *domicile* changes the meaning. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 592 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 444, the avoided rendering in 0. - **mean to (intend)** (en) · frame: mean to, didn't mean to ✓ *avoir l'intention de*; *vouloir*; *faire exprès* (on purpose) · ✗ *moyenner*. ✓ `tatoeba:1956008-1957741`: «I didn't mean to hit him.» — «Je n'avais pas l'intention de le frapper.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) ✗ *Je ne signifiais pas te blesser*; ✓ *Je ne voulais pas te blesser*, *Je ne l'ai pas fait exprès*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 498 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 282, the avoided rendering in 0. - **be right (a person)** (en) · frame: you're right, he was right ✓ *avoir raison* · ✗ *être droit*; *être correct*. ✓ `tatoeba:69761-570200`: «You are absolutely right.» — «Tu as parfaitement raison.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *Tu es droit*; ✓ *Tu as raison*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 392 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 092, the avoided rendering in 26. - **get + adjective** (en) · frame: get + adjective of change (tired, angry, old, dark, better, worse) ✓ *devenir* (become); *se fatiguer, se fâcher, s'énerver, vieillir* (one verb); *s'améliorer, empirer* (better, worse) · acceptable: *commencer à + infinitive* (getting dark: il commence à faire nuit) · ✗ *obtenir* (obtain). ✓ `tatoeba:1898314-6186125`: «My cold is getting worse.» — «Mon rhume empire.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) French usually has one verb for the change of state, or *devenir*. ✗ *Il obtient fatigué*; ✓ *Il se fatigue*, *Il commence à être fatigué*; *It's getting dark* ✓ *Il commence à faire nuit*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 307 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 950, the avoided rendering in 22. - **no point (in)** (en) · frame: there's no point, what's the point ✓ *ça ne sert à rien* (de); *inutile de*; *à quoi bon* · acceptable: *il n'y a aucun intérêt à* · ✗ *il n'y a pas de point*. ✓ `tatoeba:3731576-1310035`: «What's the point of this?» — «À quoi ça sert ?» (Tatoeba, CM / sacredceltic) ✗ *Il n'y a pas de point à attendre*; ✓ *Ça ne sert à rien d'attendre*, *À quoi bon attendre ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 962 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 525, the avoided rendering in 74. - **challenging (difficult)** (en) · frame: adjective ✓ *difficile*; *exigeant*; *ambitieux*; *ardu*; *délicat* · acceptable: *stimulant* (in a good sense) · ✗ *challengeant*. ✓ `tatoeba:6365292-6365287`: «That's a challenging question.» — «C'est une question délicate.» (Tatoeba, Adelpa / Adelpa) ✗ *un objectif challengeant*; ✓ *un objectif ambitieux*, *une tâche exigeante*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 886 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 367, the avoided rendering in 7. - **get (receive)** (en) · collocate: letter, email, message, call, reply ✓ *recevoir* (a letter, a message) · acceptable: *avoir* (des nouvelles); *obtenir* (une réponse, official) · ✗ *obtenir* (for a letter or a call). ✓ `tatoeba:3313139-11714684`: «We got an anonymous call.» — «Nous avons reçu un appel anonyme.» (Tatoeba, CK / lbdx) With things that arrive, *get* is *recevoir*. ✗ *J'ai obtenu ta lettre*; ✓ *J'ai reçu ta lettre*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 857 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 177, the avoided rendering in 43. - **get (arrive)** (en) · frame: get home, get there, get here ✓ *arriver*; *rentrer* (get home) · acceptable: *être là* (get there in time) · ✗ *obtenir*. ✓ `tatoeba:4824028-2035711`: «You got there before her.» — «Vous êtes arrivés là-bas avant elle.» (Tatoeba, whitefishglobal / Amastan) *Get* + place is movement: *arriver*, *rentrer*. ✗ *J'ai obtenu à la maison*; ✓ *Je suis rentré à la maison*, *Quand es-tu arrivé ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 795 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 513, the avoided rendering in 1. - **a while** (en) · frame: for a while, after a while ✓ *un moment*; *un certain temps*; *quelque temps*; *un bout de temps* (colloquial) · acceptable: *un instant* (short) · ✗ *une pendant*. ✓ `tatoeba:1886242-2049389`: «Can you stay for a while?» — «Peux-tu rester un moment ?» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✓ *Je suis resté un moment*, *Il y a quelque temps*; *un bout de temps* is colloquial. Corpora (2026-11-06): 739 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 542, the avoided rendering in 0. - **run out (of)** (en) · frame: run out of time, money, petrol ✓ *manquer de*; *être à court de*; *ne plus avoir de* · acceptable: *s'épuiser* (stocks), tomber en panne d'essence · ✗ *courir dehors*. ✓ `tatoeba:2208-4043`: «I'm running out of ideas.» — «Je suis à court d'idées.» (Tatoeba, CK / TRANG) ✗ *Nous courons hors de temps*; ✓ *Nous manquons de temps*, *Il n'y a plus de lait*, *Je suis tombé en panne d'essence*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 714 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 322, the avoided rendering in 4. - **raise (children, animals)** (en) · collocate: children, family, cattle, sheep ✓ *élever*; *grandir* (be raised in) · acceptable: *éduquer* · ✗ *lever*; *augmenter*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1069426`: «Raising of sheep and goats» — «Élevage d'ovins et de caprins» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *Elle a levé trois enfants*; ✓ *Elle a élevé trois enfants*; *I was raised in Lyon* ✓ *J'ai grandi à Lyon*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 633 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 256, the avoided rendering in 28. - **get (obtain, official)** (en) · collocate: visa, permit, licence, funding, loan, degree, approval ✓ *obtenir* · acceptable: *décrocher* (colloquial: a degree, a job) · ✗ *avoir* (too vague in official prose). ✓ `tatoeba:295545-131886`: «He got a loan from the bank.» — «Il a obtenu un prêt de la banque.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) Here *obtenir* is the right word, and *avoir* is too flat for an official letter. ✗ *Il a eu son permis de séjour* (fine in speech); ✓ *Il a obtenu un permis de séjour*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 455 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 160, the avoided rendering in 0. - **release (a film, an album)** (en) · collocate: album, film, movie, single, song, game, book ✓ *sortir*; *la sortie* (de l'album); *paraître* (a book) · acceptable: *publier* (a book) · ✗ *libérer*; *relâcher*. ✓ `tatoeba:3826829-8409847`: «They released a new album.» — «Ils ont sorti un nouvel album.» (Tatoeba, CK / lbdx) ✗ *Le groupe a libéré un album*; ✓ *Le groupe a sorti un album*, *le livre paraît en mars*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 450 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 19, the avoided rendering in 85. - **the sun sets** (en) · frame: the sun sets ✓ *le soleil se couche*; *le coucher du soleil* · ✗ *le soleil se met*. ✓ `tatoeba:275141-1949344`: «The sun sets in the west.» — «Le soleil se couche à l'ouest.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *le soleil se met*; ✓ *le soleil se couche*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 433 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 99, the avoided rendering in 0. - **get married** (en) · frame: get married (to) ✓ *se marier* (avec); *épouser* (quelqu'un) · ✗ *obtenir mariage*. ✓ `tatoeba:310504-335984`: «When did she get married?» — «Quand s'est-elle mariée ?» (Tatoeba, CK / Orane) *Get married to X* is *épouser X* or *se marier avec X*. ✗ *Il a obtenu marié*; ✓ *Ils se sont mariés en juin*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 400 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 392, the avoided rendering in 2. - **keep still, sit still** (en) · frame: sit, stand, keep still ✓ *ne pas bouger*; *rester immobile*; *se tenir tranquille* · ✗ *rester toujours*. ✓ `tatoeba:2283719-2285510`: «Hold still.» — «Tiens-toi tranquille !» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *Reste toujours !*; ✓ *Ne bouge pas !*, *Tiens-toi tranquille !* Corpora (2026-11-06): 345 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 197, the avoided rendering in 26. - **it doesn't matter** (en) · frame: doesn't matter ✓ *ça ne fait rien*; *peu importe*; *ce n'est pas grave* · acceptable: *ça m'est égal* (I don't mind) · ✗ *ça ne matière pas*. ✓ `tatoeba:2396236-2397250`: «It doesn't matter, right?» — «Ça n'a pas d'importance, pas vrai ?» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *Ça ne matière pas*; ✓ *Ce n'est pas grave*, *Peu importe*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 313 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 216, the avoided rendering in 3. - **save (a life)** (en) · collocate: lives, life, the world ✓ *sauver* · acceptable: *secourir* · ✗ *économiser*. ✓ `tatoeba:3241659-6839910`: «The airbag saved my life.» — «L'airbag m'a sauvé la vie.» (Tatoeba, CK / GB3) ✓ *Vous m'avez sauvé la vie*; ✗ *Vous avez économisé ma vie*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 299 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 267, the avoided rendering in 8. - **argue (quarrel)** (en) · frame: argue with, about ✓ *se disputer*; *se chamailler* (children); *s'engueuler* (colloquial) · acceptable: *discuter* (= discuss) · ✗ *arguer* (= put forward an argument). ✓ `tatoeba:2334136-2334500`: «I hate to argue with you.» — «Je déteste me disputer avec vous.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *Ils arguent tout le temps*; ✓ *Ils se disputent tout le temps*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 287 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 132, the avoided rendering in 0. - **issue (of a journal)** (en) · collocate: magazine, journal, newspaper ✓ *numéro* · acceptable: *livraison* (of a learned journal, old) · ✗ *issue*; *édition* (= edition). ✓ `tatoeba:8205883-8205899`: «When will the next issue of the magazine be released?» — «Quand le prochain numéro du magazine sera-t-il publié ?» (Tatoeba, josivangoncalves / josivangoncalves) An issue of a periodical is *un numéro*. ✗ *la dernière issue du magazine*; ✓ *le dernier numéro du magazine*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 248 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 21, the avoided rendering in 2. - **pass an exam** (en) · collocate: pass the exam, test ✓ *réussir* (un examen); *être reçu, admis* · acceptable: *avoir son examen* (colloquial) · ✗ *passer* (= take). ✓ `tatoeba:10117267-8632151`: «They all passed the exam.» — «Ils ont tous réussi l'examen.» (Tatoeba, samir_t / Julien_PDC) *Passer* would say she only sat it. ✗ *Elle a passé l'examen* for "she passed"; ✓ *Elle a réussi l'examen*, *Elle a été reçue*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 241 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 134, the avoided rendering in 11. - **go get, get me (fetch)** (en) · frame: go and get, get me X ✓ *aller chercher*; *apporter* (bring) · acceptable: *ramener* · ✗ *obtenir*. ✓ `tatoeba:3916383-10946452`: «I'm going to go get them.» — «Je vais aller les chercher.» (Tatoeba, CH / lbdx) *Go get the doctor* is *Va chercher le médecin*. ✗ *Va obtenir le médecin*; ✓ *Va chercher le médecin*; *Get me a glass* ✓ *Apporte-moi un verre*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 238 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 81, the avoided rendering in 10. - **miss (a train)** (en) · collocate: train, bus, plane, flight ✓ *rater*; *manquer*; *louper* (colloquial) · ✗ *manquer à* (person). ✓ `tatoeba:296751-15434`: «He missed the last train.» — «Il a raté le dernier train.» (Tatoeba, CK / Julien_PDC) ✓ *J'ai raté mon train*, colloquial *J'ai loupé le bus*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 180 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 179, the avoided rendering in 0. - **bills (utilities)** (en) · collocate: phone, electricity, gas, energy, pay the bills ✓ *facture(s)* · ✗ *addition*; *billet*. ✓ `tatoeba:6873146-6877090`: «I'm paying the phone bill.» — «Je paye la facture de téléphone.» (Tatoeba, CK / Micsmithel) ✓ *payer ses factures*, *la facture d'électricité*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 176 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 160, the avoided rendering in 2. - **figure out** (en) · frame: figure out ✓ *comprendre*; *trouver*; *deviner* · acceptable: *piger* (colloquial) · ✗ *figurer*. ✓ `tatoeba:2091169-2101547`: «No one can figure it out.» — «Personne n'arrive à le comprendre.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *figurer le problème*; ✓ *J'ai fini par comprendre*, *Je n'arrive pas à trouver la solution*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 175 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 126, the avoided rendering in 4. - **that's right** (en) · frame: that's right (confirmation) ✓ *c'est exact*; *c'est ça*; *c'est juste*; *tout à fait* · acceptable: *en effet* · ✗ *c'est droit*. ✓ `tatoeba:1216015-1071348`: «That's right.» — «C'est exact.» (Tatoeba, AlanRominger / sacredceltic) ✗ *C'est droit*; ✓ *C'est ça*, *C'est exact*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 146 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 58, the avoided rendering in 1. - **out of order** (en) · frame: machine out of order; parliament: out of order ✓ *en panne*; *hors service*; *(procedure) irrecevable, contraire au règlement* · acceptable: *ne marche pas* (colloquial) · ✗ *hors d'ordre*. ✓ `tatoeba:1285203-4583774`: «The lift is out of order.» — «L'ascenseur ne fonctionne pas.» (Tatoeba, Eldad / sacredceltic) ✓ *L'ascenseur est en panne*; in a parliament ✓ *Votre question est irrecevable*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 145 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 78, the avoided rendering in 0. - **take (a person somewhere)** (en) · collocate: home, school, hospital, station, airport ✓ *emmener*; *conduire*; *accompagner*; *ramener* (back) · acceptable: *amener* (to here) · ✗ *prendre*. ✓ `tatoeba:3909132-9739169`: «We need to take him home.» — «Il nous faut le ramener à la maison.» (Tatoeba, CH / Rovo) A person is *emmené*, a thing *emporté* (pair manual section 7.4). ✗ *Je te prends à la gare*; ✓ *Je t'emmène à la gare*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 127 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 88, the avoided rendering in 24. - **what's the matter** (en) · frame: what's the matter (with) ✓ *qu'est-ce qui ne va pas ?*; *qu'est-ce qu'il y a ?* · acceptable: *qu'est-ce qui se passe ?* · ✗ *quelle est la matière*. ✓ `tatoeba:1841534-790728`: «What's the matter with you?» — «Que t'arrive-t-il ?» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *Quelle est la matière ?*; ✓ *Qu'est-ce qui ne va pas ?*, *Qu'est-ce que tu as ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 86 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 35, the avoided rendering in 0. - **raise (a hand)** (en) · collocate: hand, hands ✓ *lever* (la main) · ✗ *élever*; *augmenter*. ✓ `tatoeba:1792467-1793890`: «The student raised his hand.» — «L'étudiant leva la main.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) ✓ *Levez la main*; ✗ *Élevez la main*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 79 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 71, the avoided rendering in 0. - **the bill (restaurant)** (en) · collocate: restaurant, waiter, pay, dinner ✓ *l'addition*; *la note* (hotel) · ✗ *la facture*; *le projet de loi*. ✓ `tatoeba:1617924-1618217`: «Someone has to pay the bill.» — «Il faut que quelqu'un paie la note.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) ✓ *L'addition, s'il vous plaît*; ✗ *La facture, s'il vous plaît* (in France). Corpora (2026-11-06): 62 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 32, the avoided rendering in 18. - **mean (unkind)** (en) · frame: be mean (to) ✓ *méchant*; *dur* (avec); *vache* (colloquial) · acceptable: *pas gentil* · ✗ *moyen*. ✓ `tatoeba:2210810-2219236`: «Why is my sister so mean?» — «Pourquoi ma sœur est-elle si méchante ?» (Tatoeba, Hybrid / sacredceltic) ✗ *Il est moyen avec moi*; ✓ *Il est méchant avec moi*, *Ne sois pas vache*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 58 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 42, the avoided rendering in 2. - **still water, still wine** (en) · collocate: still water, still wine ✓ *eau plate*; *vin tranquille* · acceptable: *eau non gazeuse* · ✗ *eau toujours*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1193888`: «Member States shall exempt from VAT and excise duty a total of 4 litres of still wine and 16 litres of beer.» — «Les États membres exonèrent de la TVA et des accises 4 litres de vin tranquille et 16 litres de bière au total.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *une eau toujours*; ✓ *une eau plate*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 56 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 52, the avoided rendering in 0. - **a raise, a pay rise** (en) · domain: work ✓ *une augmentation* (de salaire) · ✗ *une levée*. ✓ `tatoeba:1680997-1681023`: «He asked for a pay raise.» — «Il demanda une augmentation.» (Tatoeba, erikspen / sacredceltic) ✓ *Il a demandé une augmentation*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 51 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 42, the avoided rendering in 0. - **apply for a job** (en) · frame: apply for a job, a position ✓ *postuler* (à un poste); *poser sa candidature* · acceptable: *se porter candidat* · ✗ *appliquer*. ✓ `tatoeba:1936566-1942312`: «I'd like to apply for a job.» — «J'aimerais soumettre ma candidature pour un boulot.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *J'ai appliqué pour le poste*; ✓ *J'ai postulé au poste*, *J'ai posé ma candidature*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 48 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 43, the avoided rendering in 2. - **set the table** (en) · frame: set, lay the table ✓ *mettre la table*; *mettre le couvert* · acceptable: *dresser la table* (formal, literary) · ✗ *fixer la table*. ✓ `tatoeba:10712718-567794`: «My mother laid the table.» — «Ma mère dressa la table.» (Tatoeba, sundown / sacredceltic) ✗ *fixer la table*; ✓ *Peux-tu mettre la table ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 40 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 40, the avoided rendering in 0. - **I mean it** (en) · frame: mean it (be serious) ✓ *je suis sérieux, sérieuse*; *je ne plaisante pas* · acceptable: *je le pense vraiment* · ✗ *je le veux dire*. ✓ `tatoeba:3303915-12964953`: «This time, I really mean it.» — «Cette fois, je le pense vraiment.» (Tatoeba, Hybrid / lbdx) ✗ *Je le veux dire*; ✓ *Je suis sérieux*, *Je ne plaisante pas*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 31 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 13, the avoided rendering in 3. - **take an exam** (en) · collocate: take, sit an exam ✓ *passer un examen* · acceptable: *se présenter à un examen* (formal) · ✗ *prendre un examen*. ✓ `tatoeba:1771320-1389310`: «When did you take the exam?» — «Quand avez-vous passé l'examen ?» (Tatoeba, Scott / sacredceltic) *Passer un examen* is to take it, not to pass it. ✗ *prendre un examen*; ✓ *Je passe mon examen demain*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 25 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 16, the avoided rendering in 0. - **school report** (en) · domain: education ✓ *bulletin* (scolaire); *carnet de notes* · ✗ *rapport scolaire*. ✓ `tatoeba:8099258-12021489`: «Where's your report card?» — «Où est ton bulletin de notes ?» (Tatoeba, Hybrid / lbdx) ✓ *Il a eu un bon bulletin*; ✗ *un bon rapport scolaire*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 25 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 17, the avoided rendering in 2. - **make up (invent)** (en) · frame: make it up, make up a story ✓ *inventer* · acceptable: *raconter des histoires* (colloquial) · ✗ *maquiller*. ✓ `tatoeba:290757-1356340`: «He made up a story about the dog.» — «Il inventa une histoire au sujet du chien.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *Tu as maquillé cette histoire*; ✓ *Tu as inventé cette histoire*, *Tu racontes des histoires*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 17 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 11, the avoided rendering in 0. - **the check (American bill)** (en) · register: American English; collocate: restaurant, waiter ✓ *l'addition* · ✗ *le chèque*. ✓ `tatoeba:2064057-3258997`: «Waiter, the check please.» — «Garçon, l'addition, s'il vous plaît.» (Tatoeba, MrShoval / nimfeo) ✗ *Le chèque, s'il vous plaît*; ✓ *L'addition, s'il vous plaît*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 16 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 6, the avoided rendering in 0. - **fair (hair, skin)** (en) · collocate: hair, skin ✓ *blond* (hair); *clair* (skin) · acceptable: *pâle* · ✗ *juste*. ✓ `tatoeba:2758453-2758419`: «He has fair skin and hair.» — «Il a la peau et les cheveux clairs.» (Tatoeba, spiritofwonder / Aiji) ✗ *une peau juste*; ✓ *une peau claire*, *des cheveux blonds*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 13 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 12, the avoided rendering in 0. ### French → English - **compter (have, number)** (fr) · collocate: habitants, membres, États membres, salariés ✓ *have*; *number*; *be home to*; *there are* · acceptable: *include* · ✗ *count* (sounds like an act of counting). ✓ `tatoeba:10730830-333355`: «Notre classe compte 41 élèves.» — «Our class has 41 pupils.» (Tatoeba, sundown / al) ✗ *The city counts 50 000 inhabitants*; ✓ *The city has 50 000 inhabitants*; ✓ *The Union has 27 Member States*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 22 746 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 11 796, the avoided rendering in 0. - **comme prévu, prévu pour** (fr) · frame: planned, scheduled ✓ *as planned*; *scheduled* (for); *due* (to); *expected* · acceptable: *foreseen* (formal) · ✗ *provided*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3587122`: «Date prévue pour le début» — «Planned start» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *The meeting is scheduled for Monday*, *as planned*; ✗ *as provided*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 14 178 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 4 926, the avoided rendering in 2 868. - **s'assurer que** (fr) · frame: s'assurer que, de ✓ *make sure*; *check*; *satisfy oneself* (formal) · acceptable: *ensure* (when it means making it so) · ✗ *insure*. ✓ `tatoeba:1699380-1703535`: «Assure-toi que c'est bien lubrifié.» — «Make sure it's well lubed.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) *S'assurer* is checking. ✗ *The inspector must insure that…*; ✓ *The inspector must make sure that…*, *satisfy himself that…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 13 797 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 12 170, the avoided rendering in 35. - **se passer (happen)** (fr) · frame: qu'est-ce qui se passe ✓ *happen*; *go on*; *go* (well, badly) · acceptable: *take place* · ✗ *pass*. ✓ `tatoeba:1845482-1846227`: «Dis-moi ce qui se passe !» — «Tell me what's going on.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *What passes?*; ✓ *What's going on?*, *How did it go?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 152 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 5 525, the avoided rendering in 76. - **expérience (work)** (fr) · collocate: professionnelle, années, travail, emploi, acquise ✓ *experience* · acceptable: *know-how* · ✗ *experiment*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2841078`: «Années d'expérience [109]» — «Years of experience [109]» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *five years' professional experience*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 6 110 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 5 642, the avoided rendering in 88. - **à mon avis** (fr) · frame: à mon avis, changer d'avis ✓ *in my opinion, view*; *I think*; *I changed my mind* · acceptable: *I reckon* (colloquial) · ✗ *in my advice*. ✓ `tatoeba:1702819-1703662`: «Il n'a pas changé d'avis.» — «He hasn't changed his mind.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) ✓ *In my view, …*, *She changed her mind*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 652 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 4 738, the avoided rendering in 28. - **compter sur** (fr) · frame: compter sur ✓ *count on*; *rely on*; *depend on* · acceptable: *bank on* (colloquial). ✓ `tatoeba:10078-429182`: «Tu peux compter sur elle.» — «You can rely on her.» (Tatoeba, CK / jihaire) A true parallel. ✓ *You can count on me*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 761 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 637, the avoided rendering in 0. - **prévoir (forecast)** (fr) · collocate: météo, pluie, avenir, croissance, impossible de ✓ *predict*; *forecast*; *foresee*; *anticipate* · acceptable: *expect* · ✗ *provide*. ✓ `tatoeba:278911-11524623`: «La météo prévoit des averses.» — «The weather forecast says there'll be showers.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) ✓ *It is hard to predict the outcome*; ✓ *Rain is forecast for tomorrow*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 568 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 436, the avoided rendering in 795. - **sens (direction)** (fr) · collocate: sens unique, sens inverse, dans le bon sens ✓ *direction*; *way*; *one-way*; *clockwise*; *a step in the right direction* · ✗ *sense*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:5453285`: «Rotation en sens inverse.» — «Opposite rotation.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *a step in the good sense*; ✓ *a step in the right direction*; ✓ *a one-way street*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 559 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 390, the avoided rendering in 58. - **sens (meaning)** (fr) · collocate: mot, phrase, expression, propre, figuré ✓ *meaning*; *sense* (figurative sense, literal sense) · ✗ *direction*. ✓ `tatoeba:6207899-6604051`: «La phrase n'a aucun sens.» — «The sentence makes no sense.» (Tatoeba, FarnworthPatrick / GB3) ✓ *the meaning of this word*, *in the literal sense*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 225 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 381, the avoided rendering in 32. - **se rendre à (go)** (fr) · frame: se rendre à, au, en + place ✓ *go* (to); *travel* (to); *visit* · acceptable: *attend* (a meeting) · ✗ *render*; *surrender*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:4155102`: «S'est rendu à l'étranger.» — «Has travelled abroad.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) *Se rendre* + place is going there; alone it can mean to surrender. ✗ *He rendered himself to Paris*; ✓ *He went to Paris*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 795 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 309, the avoided rendering in 6. - **porter (wear)** (fr) · collocate: robe, chapeau, lunettes, uniforme, masque, barbe ✓ *wear*; *have* (a beard); *be in* (a dress) · ✗ *carry*. ✓ `tatoeba:10117021-10123064`: «Tom va porter un costume.» — «Tom is going to be wearing a suit.» (Tatoeba, ddnktr / letsgolanguages) ✗ *She carried a red dress*; ✓ *She wore a red dress*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 411 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 930, the avoided rendering in 35. - **se rendre compte** (fr) · frame: se rendre compte (que, de) ✓ *realise*; *be aware*; *notice*; *understand* · acceptable: *see* · ✗ *report*; *render account*. ✓ `tatoeba:8572641-12052524`: «Il s'en est rendu compte.» — «He realized that.» (Tatoeba, Amastan / Amastan) *Se rendre compte* is awareness; *rendre compte à* is reporting. ✗ *I reported that I was wrong*; ✓ *I realised I was wrong*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 314 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 866, the avoided rendering in 52. - **il vaut mieux** (fr) · frame: il vaut mieux, mieux vaut ✓ *it is better to*; *you had better*; *it would be wiser to*; *best* · acceptable: *should* · ✗ *it values better*. ✓ `tatoeba:2255328-8333547`: «Mieux vaut que tu partes.» — «You'd better leave.» (Tatoeba, CK / theachaean) ✓ *You'd better leave now*, *It is better to wait*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 289 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 138, the avoided rendering in 6. - **je vous assure** (fr) · frame: assurer quelqu'un que ✓ *I assure you*; *I can tell you*; *believe me* · acceptable: *honestly* (spoken) · ✗ *I ensure you*; *I insure you*. ✓ `tatoeba:6731790-12619184`: «Je t'assure, tout va bien.» — «I assure you, everything's fine.» (Tatoeba, Hybrid / lbdx) Here *assure* is right because it takes a person. ✓ *I assure you that the Commission is acting*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 285 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 144, the avoided rendering in 38. - **compter + infinitive (intend)** (fr) · frame: compter faire ✓ *intend to*; *plan to*; *be going to*; *expect to* · acceptable: *mean to* · ✗ *count*. ✓ `tatoeba:4014959-12431163`: «Que comptes-tu en faire ?» — «What do you intend to do with it?» (Tatoeba, CK / lbdx) ✗ *What do you count to do?*; ✓ *What do you intend to do?*, *What are you planning to do?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 081 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 974, the avoided rendering in 73. - **avoir du sens, n'avoir aucun sens** (fr) · frame: (ne pas) avoir de sens ✓ *make sense*; *it makes no sense*; *meaningless*; *pointless* · ✗ *have sense* (✗). ✓ `tatoeba:55794-1538703`: «Ça n'a pas de sens.» — «This makes no sense.» (Tatoeba, CK / Rovo) ✗ *It has no sense*; ✓ *It makes no sense*, *It is pointless*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 984 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 807, the avoided rendering in 15. - **s'en tenir à** (fr) · frame: s'en tenir à ✓ *stick to*; *confine oneself to*; *leave it at* · acceptable: *abide by* (rules) · ✗ *hold oneself to*. ✓ `tatoeba:14033636-8359022`: «Je m’en tiens à mon rôle.» — «I’ll stick to my role.» (Tatoeba, zogwarg / sacredceltic) ✓ *Let us stick to the facts*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 909 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 442, the avoided rendering in 29. - **manifestation (event)** (fr) · collocate: culturelle, sportive, festival, organisée, salon, exposition ✓ *event*; *festival*; *show*; *exhibition*; *function* · ✗ *manifestation*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3708214`: «le nombre de manifestations organisées,» — «number of events organised;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *cultural and sporting events*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 858 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 720, the avoided rendering in 16. - **mettre (clothes)** (fr) · collocate: manteau, veste, chaussures, ceinture, pull ✓ *put on*; *wear*; *buckle up* (seat belt) · acceptable: *get dressed* · ✗ *put* (alone). ✓ `tatoeba:290798-15370`: «Il a mis le manteau noir.» — «He put on the black coat.» (Tatoeba, CK / Julien_PDC) ✓ *Put your coat on*, *Fasten your seat belt*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 787 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 174, the avoided rendering in 0. - **ce qui compte** (fr) · frame: matter ✓ *what matters*; *what counts* · acceptable: *what is important*. ✓ `tatoeba:2891555-4871816`: «C'est tout ce qui compte.» — «It's all that matters.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✓ *What matters is that you are safe*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 765 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 412, the avoided rendering in 0. - **esprit (wit)** (fr) · collocate: avoir de l'esprit, trait d'esprit, mot d'esprit ✓ *wit*; *witty*; *witticism* · acceptable: *humour* · ✗ *spirit*. ✓ `gut-hugo-les-miserables:14120`: «Il avait de la science et de l'esprit, mais il avortait.» — «He possessed knowledge and wit, but all he did miscarried.» (Project Gutenberg, public domain) *De l'esprit* is wit. ✗ *He has a lot of spirit* for *Il a beaucoup d'esprit*; ✓ *He is very witty*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 753 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 15, the avoided rendering in 390. - **rendre visite** (fr) · collocate: visite ✓ *visit*; *go and see*; *call on* (formal) · acceptable: *drop in on* · ✗ *render a visit*. ✓ `tatoeba:51317-2500488`: «Viens nous rendre visite.» — «Do come and visit us.» (Tatoeba, CK / avqXb0uv) ✓ *I visited my grandmother*; ✗ *I rendered a visit to my grandmother*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 716 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 668, the avoided rendering in 2. - **esprit (mind)** (fr) · frame: venir à l'esprit, état d'esprit, ouverture d'esprit ✓ *mind*; *mindset*; *it occurred to me* · acceptable: *attitude* · ✗ *spirit*. ✓ `tatoeba:4002739-13184822`: «Rien ne me vient à l'esprit.» — «Nothing comes to mind.» (Tatoeba, Joseph / glossboss) ✗ *It came to my spirit*; ✓ *It crossed my mind*, *It occurred to me*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 689 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 366, the avoided rendering in 80. - **valoir la peine** (fr) · collocate: la peine, le coup, le détour ✓ *be worth it*; *be worthwhile*; *be worth a detour* · acceptable: *pay* · ✗ *value the pain*. ✓ `tatoeba:42604-1985929`: «Ça vaut le coup d'essayer.» — «It's worth a try.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✓ *It is worth it*, *It's worth a try*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 633 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 579, the avoided rendering in 0. - **bon sens** (fr) · collocate: du bon sens, de bon sens ✓ *common sense*; *good sense*; *sensible* · ✗ *good sense* (fine), good direction (wrong). ✓ `tatoeba:2158779-2161577`: «Elle est dotée de bon sens.» — «She has good sense.» (Tatoeba, JimBreen / sacredceltic) ✓ *It is a matter of common sense*, *a sensible decision*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 614 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 506, the avoided rendering in 0. - **passer (time)** (fr) · frame: passer du temps, ses vacances, la nuit ✓ *spend* (time); *stay* (the night) · ✗ *pass* (time) (only "kill time"). ✓ `tatoeba:1126343-1640534`: «Je vais passer la nuit ici.» — «I'll spend the night here.» (Tatoeba, CK / belgavox) ✗ *I passed my holidays in Spain*; ✓ *I spent my holidays in Spain*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 326 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 264, the avoided rendering in 12. - **se passer de** (fr) · frame: se passer de, s'en passer ✓ *do without*; *go without*; *dispense with* (formal) · acceptable: *manage without* · ✗ *pass*. ✓ `tatoeba:285577-133739`: «Je peux me passer de son aide.» — «I can do without his help.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) ✓ *We can do without it*; ✗ *We can pass ourselves of it*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 258 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 165, the avoided rendering in 3. - **passer un examen** (fr) · collocate: examen, test, entretien, permis ✓ *take, sit* (an exam); *have* (an interview); *take* (a driving test) · ✗ *pass* (= réussir). ✓ `tatoeba:5259761-5291002`: «Je dois passer un examen.» — «I have to take an exam.» (Tatoeba, kanbutsu / Aiji) ✗ *Tomorrow I pass my exam*; ✓ *Tomorrow I take my exam*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 223 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 100, the avoided rendering in 63. - **s'en prendre à** (fr) · frame: s'en prendre à ✓ *attack*; *blame*; *go after*; *take it out on*; *pick on*; *target* · acceptable: *criticise* · ✗ *take oneself to*. ✓ `tatoeba:64798-1329240`: «Ne t'en prends pas à moi.» — «Don't take it out on me.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✓ *Don't take it out on me*, *The attackers targeted civilians*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 197 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 115, the avoided rendering in 0. - **saisir (understand)** (fr) · collocate: le sens, la portée, l'importance, la nuance ✓ *grasp*; *understand*; *get*; *appreciate*; *see* (the point) · acceptable: *follow* · ✗ *seize*. ✓ `tatoeba:61476-1020052`: «Vous avez saisi le truc ?» — «Got the hang of it?» (Tatoeba, sundown / sacredceltic) ✗ *I did not seize the nuance*; ✓ *I didn't get the nuance*, *to grasp the full significance*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 186 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 83, the avoided rendering in 14. - **prendre (a meal, a drink)** (fr) · collocate: petit-déjeuner, café, verre, repas ✓ *have* (breakfast, a coffee, a drink); *grab* (colloquial) · acceptable: *go for* (a drink) · ✗ *take* (✗ take breakfast, archaic or regional). ✓ `tatoeba:2544790-2602428`: «Je sors prendre un verre.» — «I'm going out for a drink.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *Let's take a coffee*; ✓ *Let's have a coffee*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 158 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 142, the avoided rendering in 12. - **mairie** (fr) · domain: culture; everyday ✓ *town hall*; *city hall* (US); *the council* (British) · acceptable: *mayor's office* · ✗ *mairie* (unglossed). ✓ `tatoeba:6882512-6880310`: «La mairie n'est pas loin d'ici.» — «The city hall isn't far from here.» (Tatoeba, kaiperkins271 / felix63) ✓ *They got married at the town hall*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 139 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 119, the avoided rendering in 3. - **rendre (give back)** (fr) · frame: rends-moi, rendre l'argent ✓ *give back*; *return*; *pay back* (money) · acceptable: *hand back* · ✗ *render*. ✓ `tatoeba:9741401-9742361`: «Je lui ai rendu le livre.» — «I gave him back the book.» (Tatoeba, DJ_Saidez / lbdx) ✓ *Give me back my book*; ✗ *Render me my book*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 126 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 92, the avoided rendering in 0. - **valoir à quelqu'un** (fr) · frame: lui a valu (earn, cost) ✓ *earn*; *win*; *cost*; *bring*; *land* (someone in) · ✗ *be worth to*. ✓ `tatoeba:304346-429700`: «Son courage lui valut la renommée.» — «His courage won him fame.» (Tatoeba, sacredceltic / sacredceltic) ✓ *The book earned him the Goncourt*, *cost him his job*; ✗ *was worth him the prize*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 106 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 53, the avoided rendering in 1. - **prévoyez (bring)** (fr) · frame: imperative in travel instructions ✓ *bring*; *pack*; *allow* (time); *plan for* · acceptable: *make sure you have* · ✗ *foresee*. ✓ `ours-tr:en-fr:4`: «Pour la traversée en bateau, prévoyez des chaussures qui ne glissent pas sur un pont mouillé.» — «For the boat crossing, bring shoes that won’t slip on a wet deck.» (Mova's own sentence pair, translation by terra, Elamur Cosmic License) ✓ *Bring warm clothes*, *Allow two hours*; ✗ *Foresee warm clothes*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 91 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 86, the avoided rendering in 0. - **passer chez, passer voir** (fr) · frame: visit ✓ *drop by*; *drop in*; *come round*; *stop by* · acceptable: *call in* (British) · ✗ *pass by* (= go past without stopping). ✓ `tatoeba:66174-181691`: «Passe me voir quand tu veux.» — «Come and see me any time you like.» (Tatoeba, CK / Romira) ✗ *I'll pass at your place*; ✓ *I'll drop by your place*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 88 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 35, the avoided rendering in 2. - **cadre (setting)** (fr) · collocate: cadre de vie, un cadre agréable ✓ *setting*; *surroundings*; *environment*; *living environment* · acceptable: *quality of life* (cadre de vie) · ✗ *frame*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2577506`: «Environnement naturel et cadre de vie» — «Natural and living environment» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *in a beautiful setting*; ✓ *to improve the living environment*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 87 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 58, the avoided rendering in 4. - **volets (window)** (fr) · collocate: fenêtre, fermés, ouvrir ✓ *shutters* · acceptable: *blinds* · ✗ *component*. ✓ `tatoeba:960572-971985`: «Il y a de jolis volets des deux côtés des fenêtres de devant.» — «There are pretty shutters on either side of the front windows.» (Tatoeba, Sunshinemy / NomadSoul) ✓ *She opened the shutters*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 65 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 46, the avoided rendering in 0. - **bilan (toll)** (fr) · collocate: victimes, s'élève à, provisoire, lourd ✓ *(death) toll*; *number of dead, casualties* · ✗ *balance*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1124947`: «Selon certaines estimations, le bilan s'élève à 350 000 morts.» — «The number of fatalities rose, according to some estimates, to 350 000 people.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *The death toll has risen to 40*; ✗ *the balance rose to 40*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 42 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 27, the avoided rendering in 8. - **dresser (an animal)** (fr) · collocate: chien, cheval, animaux ✓ *train*; *tame*; *break in* (a horse) · acceptable: *dressage* (horse sport) · ✗ *dress*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1496990`: «Services de dressage de chiens» — «Dog training services» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *a dressed dog*; ✓ *a trained dog*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 32 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 18, the avoided rendering in 0. - **tenir le coup** (fr) · frame: idiom ✓ *hold up*; *hold out*; *cope*; *hang in there*; *last* · acceptable: *bear up* · ✗ *hold the blow*. ✓ `tatoeba:7237369-7960178`: «Sami a besoin de la caféine pour tenir le coup.» — «Sami needs that caffeine to keep going.» (Tatoeba, OsoHombre / Micsmithel) ✓ *Will the bridge hold up?*, *Hang in there!* Corpora (2026-11-06): 21 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 7, the avoided rendering in 0. ## Collocations A collocation fixes the verb: an issue is *soulevée*, a promise *tenue*, a challenge *relevé*, a speech *prononcé*, a meeting *a lieu*. The calque is usually grammatical and always wrong in register (*✗ rencontrer un défi*, *✗ prendre place*). Europarl gives large counts for these. ### English → French - **take into account** (en) · collocate: take into account ✓ *tenir compte de*; *prendre en compte*; *prendre en considération* · ✗ *prendre dans le compte*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1654749`: «We will take account of it.» — «Nous en tiendrons compte.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *prendre dans le compte*; ✓ *tenir compte de l'avis du Parlement*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 61 115 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 56 186, the avoided rendering in 0. - **ensure (in prose)** (en) · collocate: safety, security, quality, protection, transparency ✓ *garantir*; *assurer* · acceptable: *veiller à*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:167943`: «ensuring data protection;» — «la garantie de la protection des données;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) With a noun object, *assurer* and *garantir* are right. ✓ *garantir la sécurité des consommateurs*; ✗ *veiller la sécurité* (needs *à*). Corpora (2026-11-06): 32 277 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 28 409, the avoided rendering in 0. - **take place** (en) · collocate: take place ✓ *avoir lieu*; *se dérouler*; *se tenir* (a meeting) · acceptable: *intervenir* (EU: an event) · ✗ *prendre place* (= sit down). ✓ `europarl-v8:74202`: «This took place on 3 May.» — «Celui-ci a eu lieu le 3 mai.» (Europarl v8) *Prendre place* means to take a seat. ✗ *La réunion prendra place lundi*; ✓ *La réunion aura lieu lundi*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 31 669 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 17 210, the avoided rendering in 15. - **set (a target)** (en) · collocate: target, limit, deadline, price, objectives ✓ *fixer*; *établir*; *définir* · acceptable: *arrêter* (formal, EU) · ✗ *mettre*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:4910840`: «PERFORMANCE TARGET SETTING» — «FIXATION DES OBJECTIFS DE PERFORMANCE» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *mettre un objectif*; ✓ *fixer un objectif*, *fixer un délai*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 26 427 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 16 469, the avoided rendering in 0. - **significant (large)** (en) · collocate: progress, increase, role, impact, number ✓ *important*; *considérable*; *notable*; *sensible* (increase); *substantiel* · acceptable: *significatif* (common in EU prose). ✓ `europarl-v8:63734`: «The European Parliament therefore requests a significant increase.» — «Le Parlement européen demande donc une augmentation sensible.» (Europarl v8) Outside statistics English *significant* is mostly size or weight. ✓ *une hausse sensible des prix*, *des progrès considérables*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 11 778 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 10 030, the avoided rendering in 0. - **as far as X is concerned** (en) · frame: as far as … is concerned ✓ *en ce qui concerne*; *pour ce qui est de*; *quant à*; *s'agissant de* (formal) · ✗ *aussi loin que… est concerné*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1070060`: «Not as far as I am concerned.» — «Pas en ce qui me concerne.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *Aussi loin que je suis concerné*; ✓ *En ce qui me concerne*, *Quant à moi*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 8 581 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 5 496, the avoided rendering in 2. - **a set of** (en) · frame: a set of + noun ✓ *un ensemble de*; *une série de*; *un jeu de* (keys, tools) · acceptable: *un lot de*; *un train de mesures* (EU: a package) · ✗ *un set de*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2539535`: «Set of specifications # 1» — «Ensemble de spécifications no 1» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *un set de règles*; ✓ *un ensemble de règles*, *un jeu de clés*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 8 021 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 6 203, the avoided rendering in 0. - **deal with (handle)** (en) · frame: deal with + problem ✓ *traiter*; *s'occuper de*; *gérer*; *faire face à*; *s'attaquer à* · acceptable: *régler* (settle) · ✗ *traiter avec* (= negotiate with). ✓ `europarl-v8:207426`: «We will deal with the matter.» — «Nous nous en occuperons.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *traiter avec le problème*; ✓ *traiter le problème*, *s'occuper du problème*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 597 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 4 695, the avoided rendering in 23. - **make sure** (en) · frame: make sure (that) ✓ *s'assurer que*; *vérifier que*; *veiller à ce que* (formal); *faire en sorte que* (+ subjunctive) · acceptable: *bien penser à* (colloquial) · ✗ *faire sûr*. ✓ `tatoeba:1699380-1701288`: «Make sure it's well lubed.» — «Assurez-vous qu'elle est bien lubrifiée.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) ✗ *Fais sûr que la porte est fermée*; ✓ *Vérifie que la porte est fermée*, *Assure-toi que la porte est fermée*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 430 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 4 010, the avoided rendering in 0. - **at this point** (en) · frame: time or stage ✓ *à ce stade*; *à ce moment-là*; *pour l'instant* · acceptable: *à l'heure actuelle* · ✗ *à ce point* (= to this extent). ✓ `europarl-v8:1318405`: «At this stage, I do not know.» — «À ce stade, je n'en sais rien.» (Europarl v8) *À ce point* means "so much". ✗ *À ce point, nous ne savons pas*; ✓ *À ce stade, nous ne savons pas*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 896 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 277, the avoided rendering in 60. - **take, make a decision** (en) · collocate: decision ✓ *prendre une décision* · acceptable: *arrêter une décision* (EU, formal) · ✗ *faire une décision*. ✓ `tatoeba:1897866-1900237`: «I had to make a decision.» — «Il me fallut prendre une décision.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) British and EU English *take a decision*, American *make a decision*: both are *prendre*. ✗ *faire une décision*; ✓ *prendre une décision*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 487 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 057, the avoided rendering in 0. - **involve (entail)** (en) · collocate: risk, costs, changes, transfer, processing ✓ *comporter*; *impliquer*; *entraîner*; *supposer*; *nécessiter* · acceptable: *donner lieu à*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1251669`: «This involves significant costs.» — «Cela implique des coûts importants.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *Cette opération comporte des risques*, *implique des coûts supplémentaires*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 618 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 163, the avoided rendering in 0. - **as far as possible** (en) · frame: as far as possible, practicable ✓ *dans la mesure du possible*; *autant que possible* · ✗ *aussi loin que possible*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1967043`: «Entrapment of fingers as far as possible.» — «le coincement de doigts, autant que possible,» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *aussi loin que possible* (spatial); ✓ *dans la mesure du possible*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 222 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 524, the avoided rendering in 24. - **at stake** (en) · collocate: at stake ✓ *en jeu* · acceptable: *l'enjeu est…* · ✗ *en enjeu*. ✓ `tatoeba:4857426-7811113`: «There was a lot at stake.» — «Il y avait beaucoup en jeu.» (Tatoeba, AlanF_US / Aiji) ✗ *Ce qui est en enjeu*; ✓ *Ce qui est en jeu, c'est notre crédibilité*, *L'enjeu est notre crédibilité*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 446 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 391, the avoided rendering in 0. - **raise awareness** (en) · collocate: awareness ✓ *sensibiliser* (le public à) · acceptable: *faire prendre conscience* · ✗ *élever la conscience*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1732083`: «Awareness raising actions» — «Actions de sensibilisation» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *élever la conscience du public*; ✓ *sensibiliser le public aux risques*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 214 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 961, the avoided rendering in 1. - **make sense** (en) · collocate: make sense ✓ *avoir du sens*; *être logique*; *tenir debout* (colloquial) · acceptable: *se comprendre* · ✗ *faire sens* (calque, spreading); *faire du sens*. ✓ `tatoeba:1832135-331644`: «It makes no sense at all.» — «Ça n'a aucun sens.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / superbolo) Usage is shifting, but careful French still prefers *avoir du sens*. ? *Ça fait sens*; ✓ *Ça a du sens*, *C'est logique*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 780 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 976, the avoided rendering in 8. - **raise an issue** (en) · collocate: raise the issue, question, matter ✓ *soulever* (une question); *poser* (une question); *aborder* · acceptable: *évoquer* · ✗ *élever*; *augmenter*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1723468`: «Why do I raise the matter?» — «Pourquoi est-ce que je soulève cette question?» (Europarl v8) *Raise* + issue is *soulever*. ✗ *élever la question*; ✓ *Je voudrais soulever la question du financement*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 488 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 246, the avoided rendering in 16. - **realise (a goal)** (en) · collocate: potential, dream, ambition, objectives, profit ✓ *réaliser*; *concrétiser*; *atteindre* (objectives) · acceptable: *exploiter* (potential). ✓ `tatoeba:295765-131929`: «He realized his dream of becoming an artist.» — «Il a réalisé son rêve de devenir artiste.» (Tatoeba, CM / Aiji) Here *réaliser* is the true cognate. ✓ *réaliser son rêve*, *exploiter pleinement son potentiel*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 343 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 101, the avoided rendering in 0. - **keep (records, accounts, a diary)** (en) · collocate: records, accounts, diary, register, log ✓ *tenir* (un registre, une comptabilité, un journal) · acceptable: *conserver* (records, documents) · ✗ *garder un journal*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:4150081`: «Keep a record of water use.» — «Tenir un registre de la consommation d'eau.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *garder un journal intime*; ✓ *tenir un journal*, *tenir une comptabilité*, *conserver les documents*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 966 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 813, the avoided rendering in 37. - **run the risk** (en) · collocate: run the risk, run risks ✓ *courir le risque* (de); *risquer* · acceptable: *s'exposer à*. ✓ `tatoeba:37438-2491078`: «Tommy did not want to run the risk of losing his job.» — «Tommy ne voulait pas courir le risque de perdre son emploi.» (Tatoeba, CN / Anthaus) A true parallel that translators sometimes avoid: *courir un risque* is native French. ✓ *Nous courons le risque de perdre des parts de marché*; plain ✓ *Nous risquons de perdre…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 715 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 666, the avoided rendering in 0. - **appreciate (understand)** (en) · frame: appreciate that, fully appreciate ✓ *comprendre*; *mesurer*; *être conscient de* · acceptable: *saisir* · ✗ *apprécier* (= like, value). ✓ `tatoeba:1933626-2159394`: «I appreciate that very much.» — «J'en suis très reconnaissant.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *J'apprécie que ce soit difficile pour vous* (sounds like "I enjoy"); ✓ *Je comprends bien que ce soit difficile pour vous*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 691 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 343, the avoided rendering in 0. - **meet a challenge** (en) · collocate: meet, rise to the challenge ✓ *relever un défi*; *faire face à*; *répondre à* · ✗ *rencontrer un défi*. ✓ `europarl-v8:82104`: «We will meet the challenge together.» — «Nous serons ensemble pour relever ce défi.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *rencontrer ce défi*; ✓ *relever ce défi*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 582 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 491, the avoided rendering in 10. - **in the long run** (en) · collocate: in the long run ✓ *à long terme*; *à la longue* · acceptable: *en fin de compte* · ✗ *dans la longue course*. ✓ `tatoeba:271675-128835`: «Honesty pays in the long run.» — «L'honnêteté paye à long terme.» (Tatoeba, Eldad / Aiji) ✗ *dans la longue course*; ✓ *À long terme, cela coûtera moins cher*; in a story ✓ *À la longue, il s'y est habitué*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 561 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 417, the avoided rendering in 0. - **make money** (en) · collocate: make money, a living ✓ *gagner de l'argent*; *gagner sa vie* · acceptable: *se faire de l'argent* (colloquial); *faire de l'argent* (Québec, colloquial). ✓ `tatoeba:11984059-11069256`: «It's how I make a living.» — «C'est mon gagne-pain.» (Tatoeba, zogwarg / Igider) Neutral French uses *gagner*. ? *faire de l'argent* is colloquial in France; ✓ *Il gagne bien sa vie*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 309 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 128, the avoided rendering in 0. - **deliver (a speech)** (en) · collocate: speech, address, lecture, sermon ✓ *prononcer* (un discours) · acceptable: *faire* (une conférence) · ✗ *livrer*; *délivrer*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1034107`: «You delivered a good speech, Prime Minister.» — «Vous avez prononcé un beau discours, Monsieur le Premier ministre.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *Il a délivré un discours*; ✓ *Il a prononcé un discours*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 275 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 57, the avoided rendering in 72. - **keep (a secret)** (en) · collocate: secret ✓ *garder* (un secret) · ✗ *tenir un secret*. ✓ `tatoeba:317857-746536`: «Can you keep it a secret?» — «Peux-tu le garder secret ?» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) Here *garder* is right. ✓ *Sais-tu garder un secret ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 188 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 142, the avoided rendering in 10. - **keep (a promise)** (en) · collocate: promise, word ✓ *tenir* (sa promesse, parole); *respecter* (ses engagements) · ✗ *garder sa promesse*. ✓ `tatoeba:6269687-12926785`: «I didn't keep my promise.» — «Je n'ai pas tenu ma promesse.» (Tatoeba, CK / lbdx) ✗ *Il a gardé sa promesse*; ✓ *Il a tenu sa promesse*, *Il a tenu parole*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 167 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 141, the avoided rendering in 6. - **hidden agenda** (en) · collocate: hidden agenda ✓ *arrière-pensée(s)*; *intentions cachées*; *desseins inavoués* · ✗ *agenda caché*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1663397`: «There is no hidden agenda.» — «Il n' y a pas de programmes secrets.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *Il a un agenda caché*; ✓ *Il a des arrière-pensées*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 44 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 36, the avoided rendering in 7. ### French → English - **tenir compte de** (fr) · collocate: compte ✓ *take into account*; *take account of*; *bear in mind* · acceptable: *consider*; *reflect* · ✗ *hold count*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:858702`: «Ce plan doit tenir compte:» — «This plan must take into account:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *The Commission must take into account the opinion of Parliament*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 52 489 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 44 167, the avoided rendering in 0. - **prendre une décision** (fr) · collocate: décision ✓ *take a decision* (British, EU English); *make a decision* (American, general) · acceptable: *decide*. ✓ `tatoeba:1423280-524503`: «Alain a pris une décision.» — «Alain made a decision.» (Tatoeba, marcelostockle / Pharamp) Both are correct; American English and most general prose say *make*. ✓ *The Council took a decision*; ✓ *We need to make a decision*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 6 888 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 6 167, the avoided rendering in 0. - **en jeu** (fr) · collocate: en jeu ✓ *at stake*; *at issue*; *on the line* · acceptable: *involved* · ✗ *in game*. ✓ `tatoeba:3831266-10552019`: «Ma réputation est en jeu.» — «My reputation is at stake.» (Tatoeba, CK / lbdx) ✓ *What is at stake is our credibility*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 860 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 492, the avoided rendering in 4. - **relever le défi** (fr) · collocate: défi, défis ✓ *meet, rise to, take up* (the challenge); *tackle*; *face* · acceptable: *address* · ✗ *raise the challenge*. ✓ `europarl-v8:451795`: «Saura-t-elle relever ce défi?» — «Will this proposed directive face up to the challenge?» (Europarl v8) ✗ *to raise the challenge*; ✓ *to meet the challenge*, *rise to the challenge*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 756 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 348, the avoided rendering in 12. - **rendre hommage** (fr) · collocate: hommage ✓ *pay tribute* (to); *honour* · acceptable: *pay homage* (formal, ceremonial) · ✗ *render homage* (archaic). ✓ `europarl-v8:898654`: «Je voudrais lui rendre hommage.» — «I wish to pay tribute to her.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *I would like to pay tribute to the rescue workers*; ? *render homage* only in old texts. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 084 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 896, the avoided rendering in 0. - **dans l'état actuel des choses** (fr) · collocate: état actuel ✓ *as things stand*; *at present*; *in the present circumstances* · ✗ *in the actual state of things*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1206317`: «En l'état actuel, je vote contre ce rapport.» — «As it stands currently, I am voting against this report.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *As things stand, we cannot vote for it*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 686 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 445, the avoided rendering in 0. - **porter ses fruits** (fr) · collocate: ses fruits, leurs fruits (figurative) ✓ *pay off*; *bear fruit*; *be fruitful* · acceptable: *produce results* · ✗ *carry its fruits*. ✓ `tatoeba:4498788-7106314`: «Le pari a porté ses fruits.» — «The gamble paid off.» (Tatoeba, CK / Micsmithel) ✓ *Our efforts are paying off*, *have borne fruit*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 575 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 456, the avoided rendering in 14. - **tenir (a promise)** (fr) · collocate: promesse, parole, engagements ✓ *keep* (a promise, one's word); *honour* (commitments); *deliver* (on) · acceptable: *live up to* · ✗ *hold*. ✓ `tatoeba:2292320-2292333`: «Elle n'a pas tenu parole.» — «She did not keep her word.» (Tatoeba, Hybrid / sacredceltic) ✗ *He held his promise*; ✓ *He kept his promise*, *honoured its commitments*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 375 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 295, the avoided rendering in 8. ## Register: official, neutral, colloquial, slang, song A translation keeps the register coordinate of its source ([README](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/), stance): a letter stays a letter (*Madame, Monsieur,* and *Cordialement*), slang stays slang (*mec*, *trop bien*, *kiffer*), a song keeps its address words, a euphemism stays a euphemism. The rows below give matching forms at each level; the T/V choice of French belongs here too, because *salut* commits the speaker to *tu*. ### English → French - **I would like** (en) · register: polite request ✓ *je voudrais*; *j'aimerais*; *je souhaiterais* (formal) · ✗ *je veux* (blunt). ✓ `tatoeba:25116-373471`: «I'd like something light.» — «Je voudrais quelque chose de léger.» (Tatoeba, sundown / sysko) *Je veux* is a demand. ✗ *Je veux un café* to a waiter; ✓ *Je voudrais un café, s'il vous plaît*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 43 620 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 31 465, the avoided rendering in 627. - **as soon as possible** (en) · register: official vs neutral ✓ *dès que possible*; *le plus tôt possible*; *dans les meilleurs délais* (formal) · acceptable: *au plus vite* (spoken); *dans les plus brefs délais* · ✗ *aussi tôt que possible*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:387859`: «ASAP or maximum five days» — «Le plus tôt possible ou cinq jours au maximum» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *aussi tôt que possible*; ✓ *dans les meilleurs délais* (letter, law), *dès que possible* (neutral). Corpora (2026-11-06): 9 359 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 8 447, the avoided rendering in 46. - **just (only)** (en) · register: neutral vs colloquial ✓ *seulement*; *ne… que*; *simplement* · acceptable: *juste* (colloquial, spreading in writing). ✓ `tatoeba:3250917-3251662`: «I'm just an average girl.» — «Je suis juste une fille normale.» (Tatoeba, Hybrid / sacredceltic) *Juste* for "only" is spoken; written French prefers *ne… que*, *seulement*. ? *Je veux juste un café*; written ✓ *Je ne veux qu'un café*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 034 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 712, the avoided rendering in 0. - **I mean (filler)** (en) · register: colloquial filler ✓ *je veux dire*; *enfin*; *bref*; *disons* · ✗ *je signifie*. ✓ `tatoeba:13224838-13224855`: «See? This is what I mean.» — «Tu vois ? C'est ça que je veux dire.» (Tatoeba, Lumi / menaud) ✗ *Je signifie, c'est compliqué*; ✓ *Enfin, c'est compliqué*, *Je veux dire, c'est compliqué*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 428 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 275, the avoided rendering in 20. - **behold** (en) · register: Bible, archaic ✓ *voici*; *voilà*; *voyez* · acceptable: *regarde, regardez*. ✓ `gut-hugo-les-miserables:21577`: «And behold, they are almost gay.» — «Les voilà presque gaies.» (Project Gutenberg, public domain) Louis Segond keeps *voici*. ✓ *Voici, je suis avec toi*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 322 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 031, the avoided rendering in 0. - **quite (= fairly)** (en) · register: British understatement; frame: quite good, quite nice ✓ *assez*; *plutôt* · acceptable: *pas mal* · ✗ *tout à fait* (overstates). ✓ `tatoeba:1911439-1911440`: «That's already quite good.» — «C'est déjà pas mal.» (Tatoeba, sysko / sysko) British *quite good* is lukewarm. ✗ *C'était tout à fait bien*; ✓ *C'était plutôt bien*, *assez bien*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 802 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 229, the avoided rendering in 18. - **guy, guys** (en) · register: colloquial ✓ *type*; *mec* (colloquial); *gars* · acceptable: *homme* (neutral); *les amis* (you guys). ✓ `tatoeba:487016-382403`: «That guy is totally nuts!» — «Ce mec est complètement zinzin !» (Tatoeba, human600 / zmoo) Keep the register level: *guy* is colloquial but not slang. ✗ *cet individu* (too formal); ✓ *ce type*, *ce mec*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 722 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 400, the avoided rendering in 0. - **hi, hey** (en) · register: greeting ✓ *salut* (goes with tu); *bonjour* (neutral, with vous) · acceptable: *coucou* (close friends, family). ✓ `tatoeba:40104-901778`: «Hey, where are you going?» — «Eh, où vas-tu ?» (Tatoeba, CK / Scott) *Salut* implies *tu*; with a customer use *bonjour*. ✗ *Salut, Madame, vous désirez ?*; ✓ *Bonjour, Madame, vous désirez ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 705 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 243, the avoided rendering in 0. - **strong swearing** (en) · register: vulgar ✓ *merde*; *putain*; *bordel* · acceptable: *foutu* (damned); *conneries* (bullshit) · ✗ *softening* (zut). ✓ `tatoeba:990538-992836`: «The shit has hit the fan.» — «C'est vraiment la merde.» (Tatoeba, the_usual / sacredceltic) Do not soften what the source does not soften. ✗ *Zut* for *Fuck*; ✓ *Putain !* Corpora (2026-11-06): 594 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 165, the avoided rendering in 0. - **I would appreciate it if** (en) · register: polite request ✓ *je vous serais reconnaissant de* (+ infinitive) · acceptable: *merci de* (+ infinitive, e-mail); *j'aimerais que* (+ subjunctive) · ✗ *j'apprécierais si* (calque). ✓ `ours-tr:en-fr:6`: «I would appreciate it if you could send the revised contract before our meeting on Thursday.» — «Je vous serais reconnaissant de m’envoyer le contrat révisé avant notre réunion de jeudi.» (Mova's own sentence pair, translation by sol, Elamur Cosmic License) ✗ *J'apprécierais si vous pouviez répondre*; ✓ *Je vous serais reconnaissant de bien vouloir répondre*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 548 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 397, the avoided rendering in 1. - **pretty (quite)** (en) · register: colloquial degree adverb ✓ *assez*; *plutôt*; *pas mal* (colloquial) · acceptable: *vachement* (slang, intensifies more) · ✗ *joli* (= pretty, beautiful). ✓ `tatoeba:1991880-1992409`: «He did a pretty good job.» — «Il a fait un assez bon boulot.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) ✗ *jolie bonne* for *pretty good*; ✓ *plutôt bien*, *pas mal*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 409 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 287, the avoided rendering in 0. - **issues (personal)** (en) · register: colloquial: has issues, trust issues ✓ *problèmes*; *soucis*; *complexes* · acceptable: *il a un problème avec…* (colloquial) · ✗ *issues*. ✓ `tatoeba:5607351-11758474`: «We have issues we have to deal with.» — «Nous avons des problèmes auxquels nous devons faire face.» (Tatoeba, CK / lbdx) ✗ *Elle a des issues*; ✓ *Elle a des problèmes*, *Il a du mal à faire confiance*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 326 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 147, the avoided rendering in 0. - **gonna, wanna** (en) · register: spoken, song lyrics ✓ *je vais* (j'vais); *j'veux*; *tu veux*. ✓ `tatoeba:691381-500911`: «You're not gonna die, eh?» — «Tu vas pas crever, hein ?» (Tatoeba, Scott / sacredceltic) French has no spelling convention as fixed as *gonna*; the register goes into syntax (dropped *ne*, *on*, elisions). ✓ *J'vais le faire* in dialogue. Corpora (2026-11-06): 199 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 169, the avoided rendering in 0. - **my bad** (en) · register: colloquial apology ✓ *c'est ma faute*; *autant pour moi* (au temps pour moi) · acceptable: *désolé*; *je me suis trompé* · ✗ *mon mauvais*. ✓ `tatoeba:629816-428801`: «My bad.» — «Au temps pour moi.» (Tatoeba, Snout / LowMemory) ✗ *Mon mauvais*; ✓ *Autant pour moi*, *C'est ma faute*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 181 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 148, the avoided rendering in 13. - **awesome** (en) · register: colloquial, young speakers ✓ *génial*; *super*; *trop bien* (slang); *top* · acceptable: *formidable* (dated) · ✗ *terrible* (ambiguous: also positive in slang). ✓ `tatoeba:340467-340466`: «This concert was awesome.» — «Ce concert était génial.» (Tatoeba, fendtwick / fendtwick) ✓ *C'était génial !*; *C'était trop bien !* is younger speech. Corpora (2026-11-06): 173 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 96, the avoided rendering in 0. - **pass away** (en) · register: euphemism ✓ *décéder*; *disparaître*; *s'éteindre* (formal); *nous quitter* · acceptable: *mourir* (neutral) · ✗ *passer*. ✓ `tatoeba:571632-571634`: «He passed away yesterday.» — «Il s'est éteint hier.» (Tatoeba, MUIRIEL / MUIRIEL) Keep the euphemism. ✗ *Il est passé l'année dernière*; ✓ *Il nous a quittés l'année dernière*, *Il est décédé*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 157 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 98, the avoided rendering in 5. - **damn, gosh** (en) · register: mild swearing ✓ *zut*; *mince*; *flûte*; *bon sang* · acceptable: *punaise, purée* (mild, regional) · ✗ *merde* (stronger). ✓ `tatoeba:2592619-2517231`: «Darn it, I forgot my camera!» — «Zut ! J'ai oublié mon appareil photo !» (Tatoeba, WestofEden / kiyo) Match the strength. ✗ *Merde !* for a child's *Darn!*; ✓ *Zut !*, *Mince !* Corpora (2026-11-06): 146 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 33, the avoided rendering in 0. - **yeah, nope** (en) · register: spoken ✓ *ouais*; *nan*; *ben non* · acceptable: *oui, non* (neutral). ✓ `tatoeba:3096847-5359192`: «Yeah, you could be right.» — «Ouais, tu pourrais avoir raison.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) Matching the register: ✓ *Ouais, j'arrive* for *Yeah, I'm coming*; *Oui* raises it slightly. Corpora (2026-11-06): 95 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 84, the avoided rendering in 0. - **a fair amount** (en) · register: colloquial quantity ✓ *pas mal* (de); *bon nombre* (de); *assez* · acceptable: *une certaine quantité* · ✗ *une quantité équitable*. ✓ `tatoeba:3322831-10973423`: «There's still a fair bit of work to be done.» — «Il nous reste encore pas mal de travail.» (Tatoeba, patgfisher / lbdx) *A fair number* is quantity, not justice. ✗ *un nombre équitable de visiteurs*; ✓ *pas mal de visiteurs*, *bon nombre de visiteurs*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 84 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 22, the avoided rendering in 4. - **ain't** (en) · register: non-standard spoken English ✓ *c'est pas*; *y a pas*; *j'ai pas* (dropped ne) · ✗ *standard written negation* (n'est pas) in a voice that does not have it. ✓ `tatoeba:13635167-13635202`: «I ain't no prescriptivist.» — «J'suis pas prescriptiviste.» (Tatoeba, rul / rul) Render the voice through French spoken negation, not dialect spelling. ✓ *C'est pas fini* for *It ain't over*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 69 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 49, the avoided rendering in 0. - **Dear Sir or Madam** (en) · register: formal letter ✓ *Madame, Monsieur,* · acceptable: *Madame,* (known female recipient); *Monsieur,* · ✗ *Cher Monsieur,* (warmer, for a known person). ✓ `ours-tr:en-fr:7`: «Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to request a certified copy of my birth certificate.» — «Madame, Monsieur, je vous écris pour demander une copie certifiée conforme de mon acte de naissance.» (Mova's own sentence pair, translation by sol, Elamur Cosmic License) A cold formal letter opens with the bare title. ✗ *Cher Monsieur ou Madame,*; ✓ *Madame, Monsieur,*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 57 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 50, the avoided rendering in 2. - **dude, bro** (en) · register: slang address ✓ *mec*; *mon pote*; *frérot, frère* (urban slang); *mon vieux*. ✓ `tatoeba:4058490-4058530`: «That dude is rolling in dough.» — «Ce mec roule sur l'or.» (Tatoeba, Asynja / Asynja) Address words carry the register. ✗ *Mon ami* for *Dude* (too warm and formal); ✓ *Mec, t'as vu ça ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 51 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 34, the avoided rendering in 3. - **sorry (condolence)** (en) · frame: sorry for your loss, sorry to hear ✓ *toutes mes condoléances*; *je suis désolé* (d'apprendre); *je suis navré* · ✗ *pardon* (= excuse me). ✓ `tatoeba:2544676-5317012`: «I'm sorry about your loss.» — «Je suis désolé pour votre perte.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) ✗ *Pardon pour votre perte*; ✓ *Toutes mes condoléances*, *Je suis désolé d'apprendre la nouvelle*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 47 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 22, the avoided rendering in 0. - **get it (understand)** (en) · register: colloquial; frame: don't get it ✓ *comprendre* · acceptable: *piger, capter* (colloquial, matches the register) · ✗ *obtenir*. ✓ `tatoeba:1649264-1650838`: «You don't get it, do you?» — «Tu ne comprends pas, si ?» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) *I don't get it* is understanding. ✗ *Je ne l'obtiens pas*; ✓ *Je ne comprends pas*, colloquial ✓ *J'pige pas*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 45 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 33, the avoided rendering in 1. - **cheers** (en) · register: British colloquial (toast, thanks, goodbye) ✓ *santé !* (toast); *merci* (thanks); *salut* (goodbye) · acceptable: *à la vôtre, à la tienne* (toast) · ✗ *acclamations* (= cheering). ✓ `ours-tr:en-fr:8`: «Cheers, mate, you saved me a lot of trouble by picking up those keys.» — «Merci, mon pote, tu m’as évité bien des soucis en allant chercher ces clés.» (Mova's own sentence pair, translation by sol, Elamur Cosmic License) *Cheers* has three uses. ✗ *Acclamations !* for a toast; ✓ *Santé !*; ending a note ✓ *Merci !* Corpora (2026-11-06): 37 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 9, the avoided rendering in 9. - **kind regards** (en) · register: e-mail closing ✓ *cordialement*; *bien cordialement*; *bien à vous* · acceptable: *salutations distinguées* (formal letter) · ✗ *meilleurs regards* (calque). ✓ `tatoeba:11939578-6778328`: «Kind regards.» — «Cordialement.» (Tatoeba, Fenrir / Fabimaru) ✗ *Meilleurs regards*; ✓ *Cordialement*, *Bien à vous*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 26 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 22, the avoided rendering in 0. - **please find attached** (en) · register: business letter ✓ *veuillez trouver ci-joint*; *vous trouverez ci-joint*; *en pièce jointe* (e-mail) · ✗ *trouvez attaché* (calque). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:4608859`: «Please see attached request» — «Veuillez consulter la demande ci-jointe» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *Veuillez trouver attaché le rapport*; ✓ *Vous trouverez ci-joint le rapport*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 15 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 15, the avoided rendering in 0. - **it's a deal** (en) · register: colloquial ✓ *marché conclu*; *d'accord*; *ça marche*; *tope là* · acceptable: *entendu* · ✗ *c'est un accord*. ✓ `tatoeba:1349866-3556659`: «It's a deal!» — «Ça marche.» (Tatoeba, sacredceltic / maydoo) ✗ *C'est un accord*; ✓ *Marché conclu !*, *Ça marche !*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 13 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 7, the avoided rendering in 0. - **baby (songs, endearment)** (en) · register: song lyrics; collocate: love, heart, kiss, tonight ✓ *chéri, chérie*; *mon amour*; *mon cœur* · acceptable: *bébé* (Québec, R&B, rap). ✓ `tatoeba:10798081-10798082`: «Oh baby, what a place to be!» — «Hé chérie, quel endroit où se trouver !» (Tatoeba, sacredceltic / sacredceltic) In French songs *bébé* reads as Québec or urban; general pop says *mon amour*. ✓ *Reste avec moi, mon amour*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 11 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 4, the avoided rendering in 0. ### French → English - **veuillez + infinitive** (fr) · register: instructions, letters ✓ *please + imperative*; *kindly* · acceptable: *be so kind as to* (formal) · ✗ *want, wish* (literal of vouloir). ✓ `tatoeba:29764-1335664`: «Veuillez mettre la radio.» — «Please turn on the radio.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✓ *Please find enclosed…*, *Please fasten your seat belts*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 14 799 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 9 522, the avoided rendering in 620. - **bref** (fr) · frame: discourse marker ✓ *anyway*; *in short*; *long story short*; *to cut a long story short* · acceptable: *so* · ✗ *brief* (adjective). ✓ `europarl-v8:506456`: «Bref, la confusion règne.» — «In short, there is confusion all round.» (Europarl v8) As a marker *bref* closes a digression. ✓ *Anyway, we left*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 334 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 621, the avoided rendering in 0. - **je vous prie de** (fr) · register: formal request ✓ *please*; *I would ask you to*; *would you kindly* · acceptable: *I must ask you to* (insistent) · ✗ *I pray you* (archaic: only 19th-century style). ✓ `tatoeba:33956-3666049`: «Fais le lit, je te prie !» — «Please make the bed.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✓ *Please be seated*, *I would ask you to respect speaking time*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 885 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 368, the avoided rendering in 5. - **assurer (slang)** (fr) · register: colloquial: il assure, tu assures ✓ *you're doing great*; *he's brilliant*; *nailed it*; *he knows his stuff* · ✗ *he assures*; *he insures*. ✓ `tatoeba:2202908-7232955`: «T'assures.» — «You're great.» (Tatoeba, CK / Micsmithel) ✗ *You assure!*; ✓ *You're doing great!*, *She really knows her stuff*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 637 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 33, the avoided rendering in 233. - **trop + adjective (slang)** (fr) · register: young speakers: trop bien, trop mignon ✓ *so*; *really*; *totally*; *awesome* (trop bien) · acceptable: *super* · ✗ *too* (= excessively). ✓ `tatoeba:6581398-6559840`: «C'est vraiment trop mignon.» — «It's really so cute.» (Tatoeba, Eccles17 / Blabla) In slang *trop* is an intensifier. ✗ *It's too good* (sounds like a complaint); ✓ *It's so good!*, *It's awesome!* Corpora (2026-11-06): 636 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 92, the avoided rendering in 515. - **je vous en prie** (fr) · register: politeness formula ✓ *you're welcome*; *please do*; *go ahead*; *not at all*; *by all means* · acceptable: *don't mention it* · ✗ *I pray you of it*. ✓ `tatoeba:246322-500905`: «Je t'en prie, crève pas !» — «Please don't die!» (Tatoeba, CE / sacredceltic) Three uses: answering thanks, giving permission, inviting. ✓ *Thank you. — You're welcome*; ✓ *May I sit down? — Please do*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 415 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 329, the avoided rendering in 0. - **truc, machin** (fr) · register: colloquial ✓ *thing*; *stuff*; *thingy*; *whatsit* · acceptable: *gadget* · ✗ *machine*. ✓ `tatoeba:3594022-3599330`: «Ce truc, c'est du poison.» — «That stuff is poison.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✓ *Pass me that thing*, *What's that thingy?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 375 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 277, the avoided rendering in 4. - **du coup** (fr) · register: colloquial connector ✓ *so*; *as a result*; *that's why*; *then* · acceptable: *therefore* (formal) · ✗ *of the blow*. ✓ `tatoeba:1136450-1136443`: «Du coup, ça a l'air plus grand.» — «It looks consequently bigger.» (Tatoeba, sacredceltic / sacredceltic) ✓ *So I missed the train*; *therefore* raises the register. Corpora (2026-11-06): 200 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 56, the avoided rendering in 0. - **se dresser** (fr) · frame: se dresser (stand up, rise) ✓ *rise*; *stand*; *tower*; *loom*; *sit up*; *rear* (a horse) · acceptable: *stand up* · ✗ *dress oneself*. ✓ `gut-hugo-les-miserables:20326`: «Elle tourna la tête et se dressa.» — «She turned her head and rose to her feet.» (Project Gutenberg, public domain) ✓ *The mountains tower over the valley*; ✗ *dress themselves above the valley*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 186 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 94, the avoided rendering in 2. - **saisir (grab)** (fr) · collocate: main, bras, épaule, poignet ✓ *seize*; *grab*; *grasp*; *catch hold of* · acceptable: *clutch*. ✓ `tatoeba:887165-1341623`: «Elle le saisit par la main.» — «She grabbed him by the hand.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✓ *He seized her arm*, *grabbed her by the wrist*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 182 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 118, the avoided rendering in 0. - **coup de fil** (fr) · register: colloquial ✓ *call*; *ring* (British); *give someone a call* · ✗ *blow of wire*. ✓ `tatoeba:1890974-2172235`: «J'attends un coup de fil.» — «I'm expecting a call.» (Tatoeba, CK / Sisyphe) ✓ *Give me a call*, *I'll give you a ring*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 134 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 126, the avoided rendering in 0. - **savant** (fr) · register: 19th-century prose ✓ *scientist*; *scholar*; *man of learning*; *(adj) learned* · acceptable: *savant* (only in English sense "idiot savant", or ironic). ✓ `tatoeba:36522-7499215`: «Il est plus qu'un savant.» — «He is very much a scholar.» (Tatoeba, AlanF_US / tras) In 19th-century novels *un savant* is a scientist or scholar. ✓ *the old scholar*, *a famous scientist*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 130 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 91, the avoided rendering in 0. - **kiffer** (fr) · register: slang ✓ *love*; *be into*; *really like*; *dig* (dated slang) · acceptable: *enjoy*. ✓ `tatoeba:252131-10673467`: «Je kiffe grave ce chanteur.» — «I really dig that singer.» (Tatoeba, CM / gillux) ✓ *I'm really into this song*, *I love it*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 60 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 13, the avoided rendering in 0. - **ressortir (go out again)** (fr) · collocate: maison, chambre, pièce, magasin ✓ *go out again*; *come out* (again); *come back out*; *emerge* · acceptable: *leave* · ✗ *resort*. ✓ `europarl-v8:196715`: «J'ai entendu certaines personnes comparer ces négociations à l'élection d'un pape, où l'on s'enferme dans une salle pour en ressortir avec un compromis.» — «I have heard that some have likened the negotiations to the choice of a pope, with people having shut themselves away in a room and then come out with a compromise.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *He came back out of the shop a minute later*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 49 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 5, the avoided rendering in 0. - **porter du fruit** (fr) · register: Bible ✓ *bear fruit*; *bring forth* (fruit) · acceptable: *produce* (fruit) · ✗ *carry fruit*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1214197`: «Ce nouveau partenariat peut-il porter des fruits?» — «Can this new partnership bear fruit?» (Europarl v8) ✓ *Every good tree bears good fruit*; ✗ *carries good fruit*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 39 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 27, the avoided rendering in 0. - **tutoyer** (fr) · frame: on peut se tutoyer, tu peux me tutoyer ✓ *call me* (by my first name); *let's not be so formal* · ✗ *thou me*; *say tu to me*. ✓ `tatoeba:13867709-13867474`: «Le vouvoiement marque le respect.» — «Using the formal "vous" is a form of respect.» (Tatoeba, zogwarg / felix63) English has no verb for it. ✗ *You can say tu to me*; ✓ *Call me Paul*, *Let's drop the formalities*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 14 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1, the avoided rendering in 9. - **de ouf** (fr) · register: slang (verlan of fou) ✓ *crazy*; *insane*; *amazing*; *unreal* · acceptable: *incredible* · ✗ *phew* (interjection ouf). ✓ `ours-tr:en-fr:10`: «On a eu un bol de ouf pour trouver un taxi sous cette pluie.» — «We had insane luck finding a taxi in this rain.» (Mova's own sentence pair, translation by sol, Elamur Cosmic License) ✓ *a crazy party* for *une soirée de ouf*. Corpora (2026-11-06): the source word does not occur in the pair's corpora. ## Shared Latin and French vocabulary: partial false friends in context These words share a form and part of their meaning, so the context decides whether the cognate is right. *Actual* is never *actuel*, but *réaliser* is right for a dream and doubtful for "become aware"; *important* is *important* for weight and *large* for size. The full false-friend list is [False friends: English and French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/false-friends/en-fr/); the rows here show the choice inside a context. ### English → French - **actually** (en) · frame: correction, emphasis ✓ *en fait*; *en réalité*; *vraiment*; *effectivement* (confirming) · acceptable: *à vrai dire* · ✗ *actuellement* (= currently). ✓ `tatoeba:3823452-4233246`: «Actually, I did write it.» — «En réalité, je l'ai écrit.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) See ../false-friends/en-fr.md; the choice inside the right set depends on use: correction *en fait*, emphasis *vraiment*, confirmation *effectivement*. ✗ *Actuellement, je ne suis pas d'accord*; ✓ *En fait, je ne suis pas d'accord*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 20 039 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 11 443, the avoided rendering in 254. - **actual** (en) · frame: adjective ✓ *réel*; *effectif*; *véritable*; *proprement dit* · acceptable: *concret* · ✗ *actuel* (= current). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:421663`: «Actual cycle work of NRTC» — «Travail du cycle effectif de l'essai NRTC» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *Les coûts actuels* for "the actual costs"; ✓ *les coûts réels*, *les coûts effectifs*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 19 198 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 14 687, the avoided rendering in 496. - **address (a problem)** (en) · collocate: problem, issue, challenge, concerns, needs ✓ *traiter*; *aborder*; *s'attaquer à*; *remédier à*; *répondre à* (needs, concerns) · acceptable: *régler* (solve) · ✗ *adresser*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:4263366`: «Addressed health problems» — «Problèmes de santé réglés» (DGT-TM, © European Union) *Adresser un problème* is a calque (see ../false-friends/en-fr.md). ✗ *Nous devons adresser ce problème*; ✓ *Nous devons nous attaquer à ce problème*, *répondre à ces préoccupations*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 10 671 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 6 536, the avoided rendering in 447. - **consistent with** (en) · frame: be consistent with ✓ *conforme à*; *compatible avec*; *cohérent avec* · acceptable: *en accord avec* · ✗ *consistant avec* (= thick, substantial). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:4170378`: «be consistent with Union legislation;» — «sont cohérentes avec la législation de l'Union;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *consistant avec le traité*; ✓ *conforme au traité*, *compatible avec le traité*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 714 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 5 463, the avoided rendering in 37. - **realise that** (en) · frame: realise that, how ✓ *se rendre compte que*; *prendre conscience que*; *s'apercevoir que* · acceptable: *comprendre* · ✗ *réaliser que* (semantic anglicism, common). ✓ `tatoeba:1110502-1111997`: «Did you just realize that?» — «Tu viens de t'en rendre compte ?» (Tatoeba, Eldad / sacredceltic) Usage is split (pair manual section 7.2); careful prose prefers *se rendre compte*. ? *J'ai réalisé que j'avais tort*; ✓ *Je me suis rendu compte que j'avais tort*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 919 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 532, the avoided rendering in 514. - **eventually** (en) · frame: narrative vs policy ✓ *finalement*; *finir par* (narrative); *à terme* (policy); *un jour* (future) · acceptable: *en fin de compte*; *par la suite* · ✗ *éventuellement* (= possibly). ✓ `tatoeba:933008-611168`: «Everyone dies eventually.» — «Tout le monde meurt un jour.» (Tatoeba, Scott / U2FS) In a story *finir par*, in a plan *à terme*. ✗ *Il a éventuellement accepté*; ✓ *Il a fini par accepter*; ✓ *À terme, les droits seront supprimés*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 365 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 430, the avoided rendering in 81. - **college (American)** (en) · domain: education; collocate: student, degree, graduate ✓ *université*; *fac* (colloquial); *études supérieures* · acceptable: *école* (supérieure) · ✗ *collège* (= lower secondary school, ages 11 to 15). ✓ `tatoeba:315684-15638`: «She is a college student.» — «Elle est étudiante à l'université.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) ✗ *Elle est au collège* for an American student of 20; ✓ *Elle est à l'université*, *Elle fait des études supérieures*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 251 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 159, the avoided rendering in 25. ### French → English - **actuel** (fr) · frame: adjective of time ✓ *current*; *present*; *existing*; *today's* · acceptable: *at present* (adverb actuellement) · ✗ *actual* (= real). ✓ `tatoeba:1495902-2355623`: «Où est Tom actuellement ?» — «Where's Tom now?» (Tatoeba, CK / nimfeo) See ../false-friends/en-fr.md. ✗ *the actual situation* for *la situation actuelle*; ✓ *the current situation*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 75 265 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 66 119, the avoided rendering in 1 014. - **éventuel, éventuellement** (fr) · frame: adjective, adverb ✓ *possible*; *any* (éventuels frais = any costs); *potential*; *if necessary*; *where appropriate* · acceptable: *perhaps* · ✗ *eventual* (= final). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:546206`: «Explications éventuelles:» — «Any explanations» (DGT-TM, © European Union) See ../false-friends/en-fr.md. ✗ *the eventual costs* for *les coûts éventuels*; ✓ *any costs*, *possible costs*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 37 625 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 33 166, the avoided rendering in 382. - **assurer (ensure)** (fr) · collocate: la sécurité, la protection, la continuité, le respect ✓ *ensure*; *guarantee*; *secure*; *maintain* · acceptable: *safeguard* · ✗ *assure* (= reassure someone). ✓ `tatoeba:1664315-1664318`: «La sécurité n'est pas assurée.» — «Safety is not guaranteed.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) English *assure* takes a person. ✗ *to assure the safety of passengers*; ✓ *to ensure the safety of passengers*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 17 144 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 13 818, the avoided rendering in 286. - **important (quantity)** (fr) · collocate: nombre, somme, montant, hausse, retard, ressources ✓ *large*; *significant*; *considerable*; *substantial*; *major*; *sharp* (rise) · acceptable: *heavy* (losses) · ✗ *important* (when it means size). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3348943`: «Investissements importants» — «Significant investments» (DGT-TM, © European Union) French *important* often measures size. ✗ *an important number of refugees*; ✓ *a large number of refugees*, *a sharp increase*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 15 498 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 8 153, the avoided rendering in 5 170. - **formation professionnelle** (fr) · domain: education, economy ✓ *vocational training*; *continuing training*; *lifelong learning*; *training centre* · acceptable: *education and training* · ✗ *formation* (= geology, military, team). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:550620`: «Formation professionnelle» — «Professional training» (DGT-TM, © European Union) French *formation* is training (see ../false-friends/en-fr.md). ✗ *professional formation*; ✓ *vocational training*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 576 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 5 449, the avoided rendering in 15. - **collège (school)** (fr) · domain: education; collocate: élèves, lycée, école, professeur ✓ *secondary school*; *lower secondary school*; *middle school* (US); *junior high* · ✗ *college* (= university level). ✓ `tatoeba:3123396-6736907`: «Est-ce que tu appréciais tes enseignants quand tu étais au collège ?» — «Did you like your teachers when you were in junior high school?» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) ✗ *my son is at college* (he is 13); ✓ *my son is at secondary school*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 61 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 22, the avoided rendering in 32. ## Politics and parliamentary language Europarl shows how speeches and resolutions are rendered: *I welcome* is *je me félicite de*, *calls on* is *invite*, *je tiens à* is *I would like to*, *intervention* is *speech*. French administrative nouns (*dossier*, *enjeu*, *volet*, *chantier*, *acteurs*, *instances*, *collectivités territoriales*) need a different English noun in nearly every sentence; the Euro-English calques (*actors*, *instances*, *put in place*) are understood in Brussels and sound foreign elsewhere. ### English → French - **issue (topic, problem)** (en) · domain: politics, debate ✓ *question*; *problème*; *sujet*; *dossier* · acceptable: *enjeu* (what is at stake) · ✗ *issue* (= outcome, way out). ✓ `tatoeba:1635764-1635820`: «The issue is not settled.» — «Le problème n'est pas réglé.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) French *issue* means outcome or exit (*l'issue du vote*); see ../false-friends/en-fr.md. ✗ *C'est une issue importante*; ✓ *C'est une question importante*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 99 328 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 61 852, the avoided rendering in 377. - **policy (public)** (en) · collocate: agricultural, common, foreign, economic, monetary, social ✓ *politique* · ✗ *police*. ✓ `europarl-v8:231981`: «Future of cohesion policy» — «Avenir de la politique de cohésion» (Europarl v8) ✗ *la police agricole commune*; ✓ *la politique agricole commune*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 65 173 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 61 160, the avoided rendering in 83. - **human rights** (en) · domain: politics, law ✓ *droits de l'homme* (EU, ECHR, France) · acceptable: *droits humains* (NGOs, Québec, recent usage). ✓ `europarl-v8:1738525`: «It is about human rights.» — «Il s'agit de droits de l'homme.» (Europarl v8) Both are used; the Convention and most EU French say *droits de l'homme*. ✓ *la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme*; in an NGO text ✓ *les droits humains*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 33 604 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 32 572, the avoided rendering in 0. - **sustainable** (en) · domain: politics, environment ✓ *durable* · acceptable: *viable* (finance: debt); *soutenable* (economics, rare). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:866735`: «long-term sustainability,» — «la durabilité à long terme,» (DGT-TM, © European Union) EU French uses *durable* for development; *viable* for public finances. ✓ *le développement durable*, *une dette viable*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 26 300 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 24 802, the avoided rendering in 0. - **report (parliamentary)** (en) · domain: politics; collocate: rapporteur, committee ✓ *rapport* · ✗ *report* (= postponement in French). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:623242`: «Rule 45 Own-initiative reports» — «Article 45 Rapports d'initiative» (DGT-TM, © European Union) A French *report* is a postponement (*le report du vote*). ✓ *le rapport de Mme X*; ✗ *le report de Mme X*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 25 686 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 24 755, the avoided rendering in 69. - **notes (in resolutions)** (en) · domain: politics; text type: resolution ✓ *prend acte de*; *constate*; *relève* · acceptable: *note* (in speech) · ✗ *note que* (in a resolution). ✓ `europarl-v8:1398668`: «We have noted that point.» — «Nous avons pris note de ce point.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *Le Parlement européen prend acte du rapport de la Commission*; *constate que* introduces a finding. Corpora (2026-11-06): 23 506 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 20 088, the avoided rendering in 0. - **support (a proposal)** (en) · collocate: report, proposal, amendment, resolution, position ✓ *soutenir*; *appuyer*; *approuver*; *être favorable à*; *voter pour* · ✗ *supporter* (= put up with). ✓ `europarl-v8:122285`: «I support his amendments.» — «Je soutiens donc ses amendements.» (Europarl v8) *Supporter* means to bear or, colloquially, to support a team (see ../false-friends/en-fr.md). ✗ *Je supporte ce rapport*; ✓ *Je soutiens ce rapport*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 23 237 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 20 110, the avoided rendering in 167. - **matter (subject in debate)** (en) · frame: this matter, the matter ✓ *question*; *affaire*; *dossier*; *sujet* · acceptable: *point* · ✗ *matière*. ✓ `europarl-v8:4648`: «The matter is still open.» — «C'est une question ouverte.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *Je voudrais parler de cette matière*; ✓ *Je voudrais parler de cette question*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 20 246 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 11 709, the avoided rendering in 1 847. - **point out** (en) · frame: point out that ✓ *souligner*; *signaler*; *faire remarquer*; *rappeler* · acceptable: *indiquer*; *faire observer* · ✗ *pointer* (= tick, clock in, aim). ✓ `tatoeba:3415197-5688405`: «Tom pointed out my mistake.» — «Tom a souligné mon erreur.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) ✗ *Je voudrais pointer que…*; ✓ *Je voudrais souligner que…*, *faire remarquer que…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 17 897 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 13 224, the avoided rendering in 37. - **calls on (in resolutions)** (en) · domain: politics; text type: resolution ✓ *invite*; *demande à*; *appelle* (à) · acceptable: *exhorte* (stronger) · ✗ *appelle sur*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2757382`: «Calls on the Commission to:» — «demande à la Commission:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *invite la Commission à présenter une proposition*; ✗ *appelle sur la Commission*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 13 693 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 9 612, the avoided rendering in 0. - **welcome (in resolutions, speeches)** (en) · domain: politics ✓ *se féliciter de*; *saluer*; *accueillir favorablement*; *se réjouir de* · ✗ *bienvenir* (does not exist). ✓ `europarl-v8:20899`: «I welcome the new strategic goal of making Europe the most dynamic and competitive area.» — «Je me félicite de ce nouvel objectif stratégique qui consiste à faire de l'Europe la région la plus dynamique et la plus compétitive.» (Europarl v8) The EU resolution formula *welcomes* is *se félicite de*. ✗ *accueille la proposition* (literal, weak); ✓ *se félicite de la proposition*, *salue la proposition*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 10 840 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 9 803, the avoided rendering in 0. - **state (that) (speech)** (en) · frame: X stated that ✓ *déclarer*; *affirmer*; *indiquer*; *dire* · acceptable: *préciser* (add a detail) · ✗ *énoncer* (law); *étatiser*. ✓ `tatoeba:3991365-3991755`: «Dan stated that he was a cop.» — «Dan a indiqué qu'il était flic.» (Tatoeba, Amastan / Scorpionvenin14) In a report of speech *déclarer*, *indiquer*. ✓ *Le ministre a déclaré que…*; ✗ *Le ministre a énoncé que…* (too legal). Corpora (2026-11-06): 10 516 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 7 089, the avoided rendering in 295. - **argue that (claim)** (en) · frame: argue that + clause ✓ *faire valoir que*; *soutenir que*; *affirmer*; *estimer* · acceptable: *arguer que* (formal, rare) · ✗ *se disputer*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3280517`: «More specifically, it argued that:» — «Plus précisément, elle a affirmé:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *Certains font valoir que la mesure est disproportionnée*; ✗ *se disputent que*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 9 122 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 6 707, the avoided rendering in 0. - **challenge (difficulty)** (en) · collocate: face, meet, major, new, global, key ✓ *défi*; *enjeu* · acceptable: *gageure* (literary) · ✗ *challenge* (sport, business slang). ✓ `europarl-v8:978964`: «We are facing challenges.» — «Nous avons des défis à relever.» (Europarl v8) EU French says *défi* (pair manual section 7.3: 11 590 against 14 in Europarl). ✗ *un challenge majeur*; ✓ *un défi majeur*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 8 272 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 7 588, the avoided rendering in 15. - **stakeholders** (en) · domain: politics, economy ✓ *parties prenantes*; *acteurs concernés*; *parties intéressées* · acceptable: *milieux concernés* (EU). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2200096`: «Banking Stakeholder Group» — «Groupe des parties intéressées au secteur bancaire» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *une consultation des parties prenantes*; *acteurs* is common, *stakeholders* in French is jargon. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 254 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 6 758, the avoided rendering in 0. - **involve (people)** (en) · collocate: stakeholders, citizens, regions, civil society, social partners ✓ *associer* (à); *faire participer*; *impliquer* (common); *consulter* · acceptable: *mobiliser*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1628495`: «Will Parliament be involved?» — «Et le Parlement sera-t-il associé à ces accords?» (Europarl v8) ✓ *associer les partenaires sociaux à la décision*; *impliquer* is common and accepted. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 123 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 4 459, the avoided rendering in 0. - **item (on the agenda)** (en) · domain: politics, meetings ✓ *point* (de l'ordre du jour) · ✗ *article*; *élément*. ✓ `europarl-v8:956267`: «The next item is the vote.» — «(EN) Le prochain point est le vote.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *L'article suivant de l'ordre du jour*; ✓ *L'ordre du jour appelle le point suivant*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 058 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 720, the avoided rendering in 139. - **as (in a function)** (en) · frame: as rapporteur, as president ✓ *en tant que*; *en ma* (sa) qualité de; *comme* · acceptable: *à titre de*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1909466`: «I have done it as rapporteur.» — «Comme rapporteur, je l'ai fait.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *En tant que rapporteur, je voudrais…*; *comme rapporteur* is neutral, *en ma qualité de* formal. Corpora (2026-11-06): 6 382 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 4 806, the avoided rendering in 0. - **report to (be answerable)** (en) · frame: report to the director, board, minister ✓ *relever de*; *rendre compte à*; *être placé sous l'autorité de* · acceptable: *faire rapport à* (Canada, law) · ✗ *reporter à*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1478300`: «report to the Governing Board;» — «fait rapport au comité directeur;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *Elle reporte au directeur*; ✓ *Elle relève directement du directeur*, *L'agence rend compte au Parlement*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 844 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 905, the avoided rendering in 16. - **urges** (en) · domain: politics; text type: resolution ✓ *prie instamment*; *demande instamment*; *invite instamment* · acceptable: *exhorte* · ✗ *urge* (= is urgent, colloquial). ✓ `europarl-v8:1676509`: «I urge you to support them.» — «Je vous exhorte donc de les soutenir.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *prie instamment le Conseil de…*; ✗ *urge le Conseil*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 051 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 496, the avoided rendering in 0. - **in charge of** (en) · frame: be in charge of ✓ *chargé de*; *responsable de* · acceptable: *en charge de* (common, tolerated). ✓ `tatoeba:2544745-4561725`: «I'm in charge of shopping.» — «Je suis responsable des courses.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) Pair manual section 7.2: *en charge de* 573 against *chargé de* 2 306 in Europarl. ✓ *le commissaire chargé de la concurrence*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 200 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 781, the avoided rendering in 0. - **agenda (meeting)** (en) · domain: politics; collocate: item, next, plenary ✓ *ordre du jour* · acceptable: *programme* · ✗ *agenda* (= diary). ✓ `europarl-v8:298337`: «What is on today's agenda?» — «Qu'y a-t-il à l'ordre du jour ?» (Europarl v8) A French *agenda* is a diary. ✗ *le prochain point à l'agenda*; ✓ *le point suivant de l'ordre du jour*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 031 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 545, the avoided rendering in 324. - **accountability** (en) · domain: politics ✓ *responsabilité*; *obligation de rendre des comptes*; *redevabilité* (development aid) · acceptable: *transparence* (loosely) · ✗ *comptabilité* (= accounting). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:5604044`: «Democratic accountability» — «Responsabilité démocratique» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *la comptabilité démocratique*; ✓ *l'obligation de rendre des comptes*, *la responsabilité démocratique*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 475 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 104, the avoided rendering in 11. - **law enforcement** (en) · domain: politics, police ✓ *forces de l'ordre*; *services répressifs* (EU); *police* · acceptable: *autorités chargées de l'application de la loi* · ✗ *renforcement de la loi*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:416956`: «Law enforcement equipment» — «Équipement de maintien de l'ordre» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *le renforcement de la loi*; ✓ *les services répressifs des États membres*, *les forces de l'ordre*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 347 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 576, the avoided rendering in 61. - **drug (narcotic)** (en) · collocate: addiction, trafficking, abuse, dealers ✓ *drogue*; *stupéfiant* (law); *toxicomanie* (addiction) · ✗ *médicament*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1675348`: «unlawful drug trafficking,» — «trafic de stupéfiants,» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *le trafic de drogue*, *la lutte contre la toxicomanie*; in law ✓ *les stupéfiants*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 145 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 008, the avoided rendering in 41. - **point of order** (en) · domain: politics ✓ *rappel au règlement* · acceptable: *motion de procédure* · ✗ *point d'ordre*. ✓ `europarl-v8:401116`: «The final point of order.» — «Dernière motion de procédure.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *un point d'ordre*; ✓ *Monsieur le Président, je voudrais faire un rappel au règlement*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 825 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 483, the avoided rendering in 9. - **while (concession, in argument)** (en) · frame: while I agree, while welcoming ✓ *tout en* (+ gerund); *si* (concessive); *même si*; *bien que* · acceptable: *alors que* · ✗ *pendant que* (time). ✓ `europarl-v8:1753296`: «How can we improve this procedure while respecting its form?» — «Quelles améliorations peut-on apporter à cette procédure tout en respectant son caractère?» (Europarl v8) In debate *while* concedes. ✗ *Pendant que je suis d'accord avec le rapporteur, …*; ✓ *Tout en étant d'accord avec le rapporteur, …*, *Si je suis d'accord…, je regrette…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 402 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 987, the avoided rendering in 2. - **press release** (en) · domain: media ✓ *communiqué de presse* · ✗ *relâche de presse*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3708216`: «number of press releases;» — «le nombre de communiqués de presse,» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *Dans un communiqué de presse, la Commission annonce…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 266 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 815, the avoided rendering in 0. - **release (a prisoner)** (en) · collocate: prisoner, hostage, detained, prison, custody ✓ *libérer*; *relâcher*; *remettre en liberté* · acceptable: *élargir* (law, old) · ✗ *sortir*. ✓ `tatoeba:8079034-11482584`: «Release all the prisoners.» — «Libérez tous les prisonniers.» (Tatoeba, CK / lbdx) ✓ *Les otages ont été libérés*; ✗ *Les otages ont été sortis*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 062 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 960, the avoided rendering in 0. - **deliver (results, promises)** (en) · collocate: results, promises, commitments ✓ *obtenir des résultats*; *tenir ses promesses*; *concrétiser* · acceptable: *produire des résultats* · ✗ *livrer des résultats* (calque). ✓ `europarl-v8:1126334`: «Will it deliver on that promise?» — «Tiendra-t-elle cette promesse?» (Europarl v8) ✗ *La Commission doit livrer des résultats*; ✓ *La Commission doit obtenir des résultats*, *tenir ses promesses*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 682 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 508, the avoided rendering in 52. - **deal (agreement)** (en) · collocate: struck, reached, signed, trade ✓ *accord*; *marché*; *entente* · acceptable: *deal* (journalese). ✓ `tatoeba:13807456-1383066`: «They struck a secret deal.» — «Ils ont conclu un accord secret.» (Tatoeba, tieguy / sacredceltic) ✓ *Ils ont conclu un accord*; *un deal* is journalese and slang. Corpora (2026-11-06): 674 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 288, the avoided rendering in 0. - **just (fair)** (en) · domain: politics, ethics ✓ *juste*; *équitable*. ✓ `tatoeba:596242-412861`: «Be just and you will be happy.» — «Sois juste, et tu seras heureux.» (Tatoeba, Scott / Scott) A true cognate in this sense. ✓ *une guerre juste*, *une solution juste et durable*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 539 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 459, the avoided rendering in 0. - **run for (office)** (en) · frame: run for president, office, election ✓ *se présenter* (à une élection); *être candidat* (à) · acceptable: *briguer* (formal: un mandat) · ✗ *courir pour*. ✓ `tatoeba:301192-4711230`: «He's running for Congress.» — «Il est candidat au Congrès.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *Il court pour la présidence*; ✓ *Il se présente à l'élection présidentielle*, *Il est candidat à la présidence*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 387 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 69, the avoided rendering in 14. - **state of play** (en) · domain: politics ✓ *état des lieux*; *état d'avancement*; *point de la situation* · acceptable: *bilan* · ✗ *état de jeu*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:4489019`: «PF4EE state-of-play and upscale» — «Situation actuelle et amélioration du PF4EE» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *l'état de jeu des négociations*; ✓ *l'état d'avancement des négociations*, *faire le point sur les négociations*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 365 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 284, the avoided rendering in 0. - **bill (legislation)** (en) · domain: politics; collocate: parliament, senate, congress, vote ✓ *projet de loi* (government); *proposition de loi* (members); *texte* · ✗ *bill* (in French). ✓ `tatoeba:1478773-1479153`: «Congress passed the bill.» — «Le parlement a entériné la loi.» (Tatoeba, CM / sacredceltic) ✓ *Le Sénat a examiné le projet de loi*; the government bill and the private member's bill have different names. Corpora (2026-11-06): 355 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 176, the avoided rendering in 25. - **figure (person)** (en) · collocate: public, political, key, leading, historical ✓ *personnalité*; *figure* (key figure: figure de proue); *personnage* (historical). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2535942`: «Key figure and supporter of the regime.» — «Personnalité majeure et militant important du régime.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *une personnalité politique*, *une grande figure de la Résistance*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 195 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 158, the avoided rendering in 0. - **address (an assembly)** (en) · collocate: parliament, assembly, nation, audience ✓ *s'adresser à*; *prendre la parole devant*; *noun: allocution, discours* · ✗ *adresser* (without se). ✓ `europarl-v8:444236`: «It is now my great honour and privilege to invite you to address the House.» — «J'ai maintenant l'honneur et le privilège insignes de vous inviter à prendre la parole devant cette Assemblée.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *Le président a adressé le Parlement*; ✓ *Le président s'est adressé au Parlement*, *une allocution devant le Parlement*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 154 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 100, the avoided rendering in 0. - **pass (a law)** (en) · collocate: law, bill, legislation ✓ *adopter*; *voter* · acceptable: *promulguer* (= sign into law) · ✗ *passer une loi*. ✓ `tatoeba:2820875-11266702`: «The Senate passed the bill yesterday.» — «Le Sénat a adopté le projet de loi hier.» (Tatoeba, sharptoothed / lbdx) ✗ *Le Parlement a passé la loi*; ✓ *Le Parlement a adopté la loi*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 98 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 76, the avoided rendering in 2. ### French → English - **dans le cadre de** (fr) · frame: dans le cadre de + noun ✓ *under* (a programme); *as part of*; *in the context of*; *within* (the framework of) · acceptable: *in connection with* · ✗ *in the frame of*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2774057`: «Dans le cadre du cinquième ajout» — «Within the framework of the Fifth Addition» (DGT-TM, © European Union) The phrase is far more frequent in French than *within the framework of* in English. ✗ *in the frame of the programme*; ✓ *under the programme*, *as part of the programme*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 92 941 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 64 063, the avoided rendering in 133. - **prendre des mesures** (fr) · collocate: mesures nécessaires, appropriées, urgentes ✓ *take measures, action, steps*. ✓ `tatoeba:6698012-11860692`: «Des mesures furent prises.» — «Measures were taken.» (Tatoeba, Eccles17 / calypsow) A true parallel; English often prefers *action* or *steps*. ✓ *to take the necessary measures*, *to take urgent action*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 82 692 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 75 206, the avoided rendering in 0. - **mettre en place** (fr) · domain: politics ✓ *set up*; *establish*; *introduce*; *create*; *put in place* (Euro-English, common) · acceptable: *develop*; *launch*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1153458`: «Mise en place du programme» — «Establishment of the Programme» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Native English prefers a specific verb. ? *to put in place a mechanism*; ✓ *to set up a mechanism*, *to introduce a scheme*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 34 343 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 27 343, the avoided rendering in 0. - **je souhaite** (fr) · register: formal speech ✓ *I would like* (to); *I wish to* (formal); *I hope* (that) · acceptable: *I should like* (British formal) · ✗ *I wish* (that) + past (= regret). ✓ `tatoeba:256020-6830`: «Je souhaite être docteur.» — «I wish to be a doctor.» (Tatoeba, CK / TRANG) *Je souhaite que* is a wish for the future, English *I wish* + past is a regret. ✗ *I wish the Council took action* for *je souhaite que le Conseil agisse*; ✓ *I hope the Council will act*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 19 058 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 16 446, the avoided rendering in 0. - **tenir à** (fr) · frame: tenir à + infinitive, noun ✓ *would like to* (speech); *insist on*; *be keen to*; *care about, value* (a thing, a person) · acceptable: *wish to* (formal) · ✗ *hold to*. ✓ `tatoeba:2013621-8666854`: «Je tenais à me présenter.» — «I wanted to introduce myself.» (Tatoeba, CK / Micsmithel) In speeches *je tiens à* is *I would like to*. ✗ *I hold to thank the rapporteur*; ✓ *I would like to thank the rapporteur*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 15 967 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 11 871, the avoided rendering in 355. - **suivi** (fr) · domain: politics, medicine; collocate: mesures, rapport, mise en œuvre, évaluation, médical ✓ *monitoring*; *follow-up*; *tracking*; *supervision* · acceptable: *review* · ✗ *suite*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1257113`: «Comité de suivi sectoriel» — «Sectoral monitoring committee» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *monitoring of implementation*, *medical follow-up*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 9 981 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 8 609, the avoided rendering in 0. - **en ce sens, aller dans le sens de** (fr) · domain: politics ✓ *in this respect*; *to this effect*; *along these lines*; *be in line with*; *point in the same direction* · ✗ *in this sense* (when not about meaning). ✓ `europarl-v8:858670`: «Travaillons-nous en ce sens?» — «Are we working towards it?» (Europarl v8) *Aller dans le sens de* is agreement or tendency. ✗ *The amendment goes in the sense of the report*; ✓ *The amendment is in line with the report*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 9 367 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 910, the avoided rendering in 0. - **s'engager à** (fr) · frame: s'engager à + infinitive ✓ *undertake to*; *commit to* (-ing); *pledge to*; *promise* · acceptable: *agree to* · ✗ *engage to* (engaged to = to marry). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3086268`: «En signant, je m'engage à:» — «By signing I undertake to:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *The Member States engage to respect…*; ✓ *The Member States undertake to respect…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 242 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 6 803, the avoided rendering in 5. - **acteurs (economic, social)** (fr) · domain: politics, economy ✓ *stakeholders*; *players*; *operators* (market); *parties*; *those involved* · acceptable: *actors* (social sciences, Euro-English). ✓ `europarl-v8:146435`: «Une politique qui rejette cette mission sur les acteurs économiques se fait la partie belle sur le dos des concernées.» — «A policy that shifts this task to economic players lets policy makers off the hook at the expense of those affected.» (Europarl v8) *Actors* in general English are on stage. ? *all the economic actors*; ✓ *all economic operators*, *all stakeholders*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 6 969 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 6 364, the avoided rendering in 0. - **intervenir (in a debate)** (fr) · domain: politics; collocate: débat, orateurs, collègues, temps de parole ✓ *speak*; *take the floor*; *contribute*; *(noun) speech, contribution* · acceptable: *comment* · ✗ *intervene, intervention* (Euro-English). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:624687`: «Interventions d'une minute» — «One-minute speeches» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Native English says *speak*, *speech*. ? *In my intervention yesterday*; ✓ *In my speech yesterday*, *the previous speakers*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 472 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 3 685, the avoided rendering in 719. - **dossier (political matter)** (fr) · domain: politics; collocate: Commission, Conseil, négociations ✓ *issue*; *matter*; *file* (EU jargon); *subject*; *area* · acceptable: *dossier* (EU English jargon). ✓ `europarl-v8:1470868`: «Il s'agit d'un dossier politique important.» — «It is an important political issue.» (Europarl v8) *Dossier* in English is a set of documents; in EU jargon it is acceptable for a legislative file. ✓ *this is a difficult issue for the Council*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 024 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 3 497, the avoided rendering in 0. - **se tenir (a meeting)** (fr) · collocate: réunion, sommet, conférence, élections ✓ *be held*; *take place* · ✗ *hold itself*. ✓ `tatoeba:22502-1337289`: «La réunion se tenait ici.» — «The meeting was held here.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✓ *The summit will be held in Brussels*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 540 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 582, the avoided rendering in 0. - **séance (sitting)** (fr) · domain: politics ✓ *sitting*; *plenary session*; *meeting*; *(la séance est levée) the sitting is closed* · acceptable: *session* · ✗ *séance* (= spiritualist meeting). ✓ `europarl-v8:880460`: «Séance solennelle - Qatar» — «Formal sitting - Qatar» (Europarl v8) ✓ *The sitting was closed at 8 p.m.*; ✗ *The séance was lifted*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 468 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 143, the avoided rendering in 0. - **esprit (spirit)** (fr) · collocate: esprit de coopération, d'équipe, européen; Saint-Esprit ✓ *spirit*; *team spirit*; *Holy Spirit* (WEB), Holy Ghost (KJV) · acceptable: *entrepreneurship* (esprit d'entreprise) · ✗ *mind*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1149367`: «C'était ça l'esprit du traité!» — «That was the spirit of the treaty.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *in a mind of cooperation*; ✓ *in a spirit of cooperation*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 284 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 524, the avoided rendering in 93. - **instances (bodies)** (fr) · domain: politics; collocate: européennes, internationales, compétentes, de décision ✓ *bodies*; *institutions*; *authorities*; *forums*; *decision-making bodies* · acceptable: *organs* (formal) · ✗ *instances*. ✓ `europarl-v8:25570`: «Quelle sera l'instance de décision ?» — «Which is the decision-making authority?» (Europarl v8) ✗ *the European instances*; ✓ *the European institutions*, *the competent bodies*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 264 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 275, the avoided rendering in 378. - **remettre en cause** (fr) · frame: call into question ✓ *call into question*; *question*; *challenge*; *undermine*; *reopen* · acceptable: *jeopardise* · ✗ *put back into cause*. ✓ `tatoeba:3730923-3978996`: «Les as-tu remis en question ?» — «Did you question them?» (Tatoeba, CM / sacredceltic) ✓ *This calls into question the whole agreement*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 195 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 599, the avoided rendering in 18. - **démarche (approach)** (fr) · domain: politics; collocate: cohérente, globale, commune, ascendante ✓ *approach*; *initiative*; *process*; *move*; *step*; *exercise* · acceptable: *strategy* · ✗ *march*; *gait* (only physical). ✓ `europarl-v8:1595972`: «Cette démarche est illusoire.» — «This approach is illusory.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *a coherent approach*, *a bottom-up approach* for *démarche ascendante*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 957 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 020, the avoided rendering in 10. - **intervenir (act)** (fr) · frame: l'Union doit intervenir, intervention militaire ✓ *act*; *take action*; *step in*; *intervene* (military, humanitarian) · acceptable: *respond*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1101612`: «C'est là où il faut intervenir.» — «This is where we need to intervene.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *The EU must act now*, *a military intervention*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 659 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 039, the avoided rendering in 0. - **genre (gender)** (fr) · domain: politics, social sciences ✓ *gender* (gender equality, gender-based violence) · acceptable: *equality between women and men* (EU French also says égalité entre les femmes et les hommes) · ✗ *genre*; *kind*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2338754`: «Genre grammatical neutre.» — «Neuter grammatical gender.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *gender-based violence* for *violences fondées sur le genre*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 551 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 492, the avoided rendering in 7. - **volet (part of a policy)** (fr) · domain: politics; collocate: social, externe, du programme, premier, second ✓ *part*; *component*; *strand*; *aspect*; *pillar*; *dimension*; *strand* (programme) · acceptable: *chapter* · ✗ *shutter*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1988930`: «Le volet macro-économique.» — «First, I would like to look at the macro-economic section.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *the social shutter of the strategy*; ✓ *the social dimension of the strategy*, *the second strand of the programme*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 300 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 048, the avoided rendering in 0. - **collectivités territoriales** (fr) · domain: politics ✓ *local and regional authorities*; *local authorities*; *local government* · acceptable: *municipalities* · ✗ *territorial collectivities*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1942277`: «Collectivité territoriale» — «Regional or local authority» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *the territorial collectivities*; ✓ *local and regional authorities*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 244 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 119, the avoided rendering in 16. - **saisir l'occasion** (fr) · collocate: occasion, chance, opportunité ✓ *take the opportunity*; *seize the opportunity*; *grasp the chance* · acceptable: *avail oneself of*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1961421`: «Il faut saisir cette chance.» — «We must seize this opportunity.» (Europarl v8) In speeches ✓ *I would like to take this opportunity to thank…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 175 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 126, the avoided rendering in 0. - **enjeu (key issue)** (fr) · collocate: majeur, crucial, stratégique, économique, politique ✓ *challenge*; *issue*; *what is at stake*; *stakes* · acceptable: *priority*; *significance* · ✗ *stake* (singular, alone: odd). ✓ `europarl-v8:1416309`: «C'est un enjeu important.» — «This is an important issue.» (Europarl v8) No single English word: choose by sentence. ✗ *a major stake for Europe*; ✓ *a major challenge for Europe*, *what is at stake for Europe*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 110 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 960, the avoided rendering in 0. - **assurer la présidence** (fr) · collocate: présidence, secrétariat, intérim, gestion ✓ *hold* (the presidency); *provide* (the secretariat); *act as* (interim); *run* · acceptable: *chair* · ✗ *assure the presidency*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1686018`: «Qui assure la gestion du régime?» — «Who manages the scheme?» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *Finland assures the presidency*; ✓ *Finland holds the presidency*, *The Commission provides the secretariat*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 104 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 917, the avoided rendering in 9. - **collège (EU)** (fr) · domain: politics; collocate: commissaires, Commission ✓ *the College* (of Commissioners) · acceptable: *the Commission* · ✗ *school*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3922452`: «aux autres membres du collège;» — «to the other members of the college;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *The College adopted the proposal*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 101 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 089, the avoided rendering in 0. - **manifestation (protest)** (fr) · collocate: manifestants, police, rue, pacifique, interdite ✓ *demonstration*; *protest*; *rally*; *march* · acceptable: *demo* (colloquial) · ✗ *manifestation*. ✓ `tatoeba:12776997-13365282`: «Ils soutiennent les manifestations pacifiques.» — «They support peaceful protests.» (Tatoeba, Igider / Igider) ✗ *a peaceful manifestation*; ✓ *a peaceful demonstration*, *a protest march*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 056 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 952, the avoided rendering in 12. - **rendre compte à, rendre des comptes** (fr) · domain: politics ✓ *report to*; *be accountable, answerable to* · acceptable: *account for* (rendre compte de) · ✗ *realise*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2763209`: «Obligation de rendre des comptes» — «Accountability» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *The agency realises to Parliament*; ✓ *The agency reports to Parliament*, *is accountable to Parliament*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 969 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 849, the avoided rendering in 9. - **préfecture** (fr) · domain: culture, administration ✓ *prefecture* (with a gloss on first mention); *local state office* · acceptable: *the authorities*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1725371`: «Préfet de police adjoint.» — «Deputy Police Commissioner.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) French state administration has no English equivalent; keep the term and gloss it. ✓ *the prefecture (the State's local office)*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 498 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 445, the avoided rendering in 0. - **comité de pilotage** (fr) · domain: politics, management ✓ *steering committee, group* · ✗ *piloting committee*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3168981`: «Tâches du groupe de pilotage» — «Steering Group's tasks» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *the steering committee met on 3 May*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 424 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 419, the avoided rendering in 0. - **tutelle** (fr) · domain: politics, law; collocate: ministère, autorité, sous la tutelle ✓ *supervision*; *oversight*; *(under the) authority, aegis* (of); *guardianship* (law of persons) · acceptable: *responsibility* · ✗ *tutelage* (= teaching). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:327415`: «sous la tutelle du ministère des finances du Japon» — «under the supervision of the Ministry of Finance of Japan» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *an agency under the authority of the Ministry*, *placed under guardianship*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 390 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 306, the avoided rendering in 0. - **grand chantier (project)** (fr) · domain: politics ✓ *major project*; *task*; *undertaking*; *reform agenda*; *area of work* · acceptable: *work in progress* · ✗ *construction site* (figurative calque). ✓ `europarl-v8:1357868`: «Un grand chantier nous attend.» — «We have some hard work ahead of us.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *Pensions are a big construction site*; ✓ *Pension reform is a major undertaking*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 84 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 54, the avoided rendering in 5. - **dispositif (police, security)** (fr) · collocate: policier, militaire, de secours, d'urgence ✓ *operation*; *deployment*; *security measures*; *presence* · ✗ *device*. ✓ `ours-tr:en-fr:5`: «Un important dispositif policier encadrait la manifestation devant le palais de justice ce matin.» — «There was a heavy police presence at the demonstration outside the courthouse this morning.» (Mova's own sentence pair, translation by terra, Elamur Cosmic License) ✗ *a large police device*; ✓ *a large police operation*, *a heavy police presence*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 50 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 19, the avoided rendering in 6. - **relever de ses fonctions** (fr) · frame: relever (relieve, dismiss) ✓ *relieve* (of one's duties); *dismiss*; *remove from office*; *(la relève) the next generation, successors* · ✗ *raise from his functions*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:4406469`: «Le délégué à la protection des données ne peut être relevé de ses fonctions ou pénalisé par le collège pour l’exercice de ses missions.» — «The Officer shall not be dismissed or penalised by the College for performing his/her tasks.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *The general was relieved of his command*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 49 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 32, the avoided rendering in 0. ## EU law EU legislative drafting has fixed equivalents, and the DGT memory records them at scale (pair manual section 17). English *shall* in enacting terms is the French present; *should* in recitals is *il convient de* or *devrait*; *provide* is *prévoir*; *Member States shall ensure that* is *veillent à ce que*; *having regard to* is *vu*; *legal* is *juridique* more often than *légal*. In the other direction *arrêter* is *adopt* or *lay down*, *relever de* is *fall within*, *saisir* a court is *refer to* (and a court is *seised*), *intervenir* is often *be reached* or *occur*. ### English → French - **Member State** (en) · domain: law-eu ✓ *État membre* (capital É, no hyphen) · ✗ *État-membre*; *état membre*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:408864`: «Member States' competence» — «Compétence des États membres» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *les États membres*; ✗ *les états-membres*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 455 395 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 439 277, the avoided rendering in 0. - **pursuant to** (en) · domain: law-eu ✓ *en vertu de*; *conformément à*; *en application de*; *au titre de* · acceptable: *aux termes de* · ✗ *suite à*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:5579775`: «Cooling pursuant to 3.2.3» — «Refroidissement selon paragraphe 3.2.3» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *suite à l'article 5* (= following); ✓ *en vertu de l'article 5*, *conformément à l'article 5*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 334 802 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 276 158, the avoided rendering in 453. - **set out in, laid down in** (en) · domain: law-eu ✓ *prévu à*; *fixé par*; *énoncé à*; *visé à*; *établi par* · acceptable: *figurant à* · ✗ *posé dans*; *mis dehors*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3488909`: «They are set out in Table 1.» — «Ces limites figurent au tableau 1.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *les conditions mises dehors à l'article 3*; ✓ *les conditions prévues à l'article 3*, *énoncées à l'article 3*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 144 938 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 120 544, the avoided rendering in 0. - **having regard to** (en) · domain: law-eu; text type: citation of an act ✓ *vu* (Vu le traité…) · ✗ *ayant égard à*; *eu égard à* (= considering, in prose). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1350776`: «Having regard to their comments,» — «vu ces observations,» (DGT-TM, © European Union) The citations of an EU act begin with *vu*. ✗ *Ayant égard au traité*; ✓ *vu le traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 131 428 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 127 729, the avoided rendering in 584. - **implement (policy, law)** (en) · collocate: directive, regulation, policy, measures, programme ✓ *mettre en œuvre*; *appliquer*; *exécuter* (a budget); *transposer* (a directive into national law) · ✗ *implémenter* (IT only). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3155562`: «‘Implementation Strategy’» — ««stratégie de mise en œuvre»» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *implémenter la directive*; ✓ *mettre en œuvre la directive*; for national law ✓ *transposer la directive*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 126 221 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 116 283, the avoided rendering in 30. - **provide for (law)** (en) · domain: law-eu; frame: provide for, provide that ✓ *prévoir*; *disposer que* (Article X dispose que) · ✗ *fournir*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2942874`: «The ESA 2010 provides for:» — «Le SEC 2010 prévoit:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) In legislation *provide* is *prévoir*. ✗ *Le règlement fournit que…*; ✓ *Le règlement prévoit que…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 117 482 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 95 235, the avoided rendering in 3 912. - **should (EU recitals)** (en) · domain: law-eu; text type: recital ✓ *il convient de, il convient que*; *devrait, devraient*; *il y a lieu de* · ✗ *doit, doivent* (= enacting terms). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1433281`: «The Member States should:» — «Les États membres devraient:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Recitals give reasons, not obligations. ✗ *Les États membres doivent…* in a recital; ✓ *Il convient que les États membres…*, *Les États membres devraient…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 108 467 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 67 848, the avoided rendering in 17 707. - **provide (information, assistance)** (en) · collocate: information, data, assistance, support, services, evidence ✓ *fournir*; *communiquer* (information); *apporter* (aid); *offrir, assurer* (services) · acceptable: *mettre à disposition* · ✗ *prévoir* (= stipulate). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:100965`: «Support provided by Niger» — «Soutien fourni par le Niger» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *Les États membres prévoient les données à la Commission*; ✓ *Les États membres communiquent les données à la Commission*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 99 003 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 76 385, the avoided rendering in 12 656. - **shall apply** (en) · domain: law-eu; frame: shall (not) apply, applies to ✓ *s'appliquer*; *être applicable* · acceptable: *valoir pour*. ✓ `tatoeba:59746-764649`: «This rule does not apply.» — «Cette règle ne s'applique pas.» (Tatoeba, CK / U2FS) A true cognate. ✓ *Le présent règlement s'applique à partir du 1er janvier*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 79 383 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 70 025, the avoided rendering in 0. - **framework** (en) · domain: law-eu, politics ✓ *cadre*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1852550`: «Fifth Framework Programme» — «Cinquième programme-cadre» (Europarl v8) A true equivalent. ✓ *dans le cadre juridique actuel*; ✗ *une charpente juridique*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 69 953 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 62 813, the avoided rendering in 464. - **implementing acts** (en) · domain: law-eu ✓ *actes d'exécution*; *mesures d'exécution*; *règlement d'exécution* · acceptable: *modalités d'application* · ✗ *actes d'implémentation*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1293718`: «Detailed implementing rules» — «Modalités d'application» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *des actes d'implémentation*; ✓ *La Commission adopte des actes d'exécution*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 65 369 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 59 580, the avoided rendering in 1. - **shall enter into force** (en) · domain: law-eu; frame: shall + verb in enacting terms ✓ *présent de l'indicatif* (entre en vigueur) · acceptable: *futur* (older treaties: entrera en vigueur) · ✗ *devra entrer en vigueur*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1921749`: «It shall enter into force on 1 May 2010.» — «Il entre en vigueur le 1er mai 2010.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) EU drafting renders *shall* by the present (pair manual section 17). ✗ *Le présent règlement devra entrer en vigueur*; ✓ *Le présent règlement entre en vigueur le vingtième jour…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 41 593 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 41 097, the avoided rendering in 245. - **relevant (authority)** (en) · domain: law-eu; collocate: authorities, provisions, legislation, information ✓ *compétent* (authority); *concerné*; *pertinent* (information); *applicable* (provision) · acceptable: *en question*; *visé* · ✗ *relevant* (= falling under). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3380232`: «the relevant authorities;» — «les autorités concernées;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) French *relevant de* means "coming under". ✗ *les autorités relevantes*; ✓ *les autorités compétentes*, *les dispositions applicables*, *les informations pertinentes*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 41 017 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 34 183, the avoided rendering in 474. - **may (EU permission)** (en) · domain: law-eu; frame: Member States may ✓ *peuvent*; *peut* (present) · acceptable: *pourront* (older acts). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1258260`: «Member States may decide:» — «les États membres peuvent décider:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Like *shall*, *may* in enacting terms takes the present. ✓ *Les États membres peuvent décider…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 35 051 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 32 201, the avoided rendering in 387. - **provided that** (en) · frame: provided that + clause ✓ *à condition que* (+ subjunctive); *pour autant que*; *sous réserve que* (law) · acceptable: *si*; *pourvu que* (spoken) · ✗ *fourni que*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2454749`: «an MPL, provided that the FI:» — «d’une MPL, pour autant que le FI:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) All take the subjunctive except *si*. ✗ *à condition que les délais sont respectés*; ✓ *à condition que les délais soient respectés*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 28 233 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 23 792, the avoided rendering in 1 454. - **shall ensure** (en) · domain: law-eu; frame: Member States shall ensure that ✓ *veiller à ce que* (+ subjunctive) · acceptable: *garantir que*; *faire en sorte que* · ✗ *s'assurer que* (= check). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:802379`: «Germany shall ensure that:» — «L’Allemagne veille à ce que:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) *Veiller à ce que* is the EU formula of obligation; *s'assurer que* is checking. ✗ *Les États membres s'assurent que…*; ✓ *Les États membres veillent à ce que…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 26 979 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 17 896, the avoided rendering in 3 273. - **shall be + past participle** (en) · domain: law-eu; frame: shall be published, adopted, notified ✓ *est + past participle* (est publié) · acceptable: *futur in older acts* · ✗ *sera publié*; *devra être publié*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:5457034`: «A force F shall be applied.» — «Une force F est appliquée:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *La décision sera publiée au Journal officiel* (older style); ✓ *La décision est publiée au Journal officiel*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 26 094 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 15 877, the avoided rendering in 282. - **issue (a document)** (en) · collocate: certificate, licence, passport, permit, visa ✓ *délivrer* · acceptable: *établir* (a certificate); *émettre* (rare for documents) · ✗ *livrer*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:103076`: «Issue of fishing licences» — «Délivrance de l’autorisation de pêche» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Official documents are *délivrés*. ✗ *Le passeport a été émis par la préfecture* (odd); ✓ *Le passeport a été délivré par la préfecture*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 25 467 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 22 214, the avoided rendering in 1 714. - **without prejudice to** (en) · domain: law-eu; text type: legal formula ✓ *sans préjudice de* · ✗ *sans préjuger* (= without deciding in advance). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1188253`: «Without prejudice to Article 7» — «Sans préjudice de l'article 7:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) A fixed formula (pair manual section 17). ✓ *Sans préjudice de l'article 7, …*; ✗ *Sans préjuger l'article 7*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 22 779 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 20 375, the avoided rendering in 40. - **application (form, request)** (en) · frame: application form, application for ✓ *demande*; *dossier de candidature*; *formulaire de demande* · acceptable: *candidature* (a job) · ✗ *application*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:993688`: «Applications for licences» — «Demandes de certificat» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *remplir une application*; ✓ *remplir un formulaire de demande*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 22 578 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 20 533, the avoided rendering in 2 415. - **is hereby repealed, amended** (en) · domain: law-eu; frame: legal passive ✓ *passive kept: est abrogé*; *est modifié comme suit* · ✗ *on abroge*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:4458577`: «The FAR is hereby repealed.» — «Le règlement sur les autorisations de pêche est abrogé.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Legislative French keeps the passive here. ✗ *On abroge la directive 90/385/CEE*; ✓ *La directive 90/385/CEE est abrogée*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 22 319 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 21 635, the avoided rendering in 0. - **state, provide (a legal text)** (en) · domain: law-eu; frame: Article X states that ✓ *disposer* (que); *prévoir* (que); *stipuler* (contracts); *énoncer* · acceptable: *préciser* · ✗ *déclarer* (of a text). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3885769`: «This Article provides that» — «Celui-ci dispose que» (DGT-TM, © European Union) French law says the article *dispose*. ✗ *L'article 5 déclare que…*; ✓ *L'article 5 dispose que…*, *prévoit que…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 14 243 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 10 029, the avoided rendering in 423. - **framework programme, decision, directive** (en) · domain: law-eu ✓ *programme-cadre*; *décision-cadre*; *directive-cadre*; *accord-cadre* · ✗ *programme de cadre*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1852550`: «Fifth Framework Programme» — «Cinquième programme-cadre» (Europarl v8) The compound is a hyphenated noun. ✗ *le programme de cadre*; ✓ *le septième programme-cadre*, *la directive-cadre sur l'eau*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 13 264 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 12 865, the avoided rendering in 0. - **eligible** (en) · domain: law-eu, economy; collocate: aid, funding, costs, expenditure ✓ *admissible* (au bénéfice de); *éligible* (dominant in EU funds) · acceptable: *pouvant bénéficier de*; *avoir droit à*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:652227`: «Products eligible for aid» — «Produits éligibles à l’aide» (DGT-TM, © European Union) *Éligible* in this sense was criticised but is standard in EU funds; for persons *avoir droit à* reads better. ✓ *les dépenses éligibles*, *les agriculteurs qui peuvent bénéficier de l'aide*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 12 208 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 11 462, the avoided rendering in 0. - **legal person** (en) · domain: law ✓ *personne morale* · acceptable: *entité juridique* (entity) · ✗ *personne légale*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:266889`: «Formation of Legal Entity» — «Constitution de personnes morales» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *une personne légale*; ✓ *toute personne physique ou morale*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 12 186 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 6 199, the avoided rendering in 5. - **set up (create)** (en) · collocate: fund, agency, body, committee, system, company ✓ *créer*; *mettre en place*; *instituer* (law); *établir* · acceptable: *fonder* (a company) · ✗ *setter*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1156348`: «the setting-up of a company,» — «lors de la création d'entreprises;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *mettre en haut un fonds*; ✓ *créer un fonds*, *instituer une agence*, *mettre en place un système*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 9 566 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 7 759, the avoided rendering in 0. - **case (court)** (en) · domain: law; collocate: court, judge, judgment ✓ *affaire* · acceptable: *dossier*; *procès* (the trial) · ✗ *cas*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1864640`: «Court's ruling in Case C/106» — «Arrêt de la Cour dans l'affaire C/106» (Europarl v8) A court case is *une affaire*. ✗ *le cas devant la Cour*; ✓ *l'affaire portée devant la Cour*, *l'affaire C-123/05*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 9 110 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 4 373, the avoided rendering in 1 776. - **injury (trade law)** (en) · domain: law-eu; text type: anti-dumping regulation ✓ *préjudice* (important) · ✗ *blessure*; *injure*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:454620`: «Injury elimination margin» — «Marge d'élimination du préjudice» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *une blessure importante pour l'industrie de l'Union*; ✓ *un préjudice important pour l'industrie de l'Union*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 8 414 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 8 177, the avoided rendering in 69. - **subject to** (en) · domain: law-eu; frame: subject to the provisions, conditions ✓ *sous réserve de* · acceptable: *soumis à* (= liable to) · ✗ *sujet à* (= prone to). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:5324299`: «subject to the provisions of point (1):» — «sous réserve des dispositions du point 1:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) *Sujet à* means "prone to". ✗ *sujet aux dispositions de l'article 3*; ✓ *sous réserve des dispositions de l'article 3*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 185 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 456, the avoided rendering in 0. - **legal basis** (en) · domain: law-eu ✓ *base juridique* · acceptable: *fondement juridique* · ✗ *base légale* (= statutory basis, national law). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:574202`: «Legal basis of the scheme» — «Base juridique du régime» (DGT-TM, © European Union) *Légal* means "laid down by statute". ✗ *la base légale de la proposition*; ✓ *la base juridique de la proposition*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 6 766 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 5 615, the avoided rendering in 760. - **natural person** (en) · domain: law ✓ *personne physique* · ✗ *personne naturelle*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3993922`: «Name of the natural person» — «Nom de la personne physique» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *une personne naturelle*; ✓ *une personne physique*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 6 060 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 5 799, the avoided rendering in 2. - **in matters of** (en) · domain: law-eu ✓ *en matière de* (civile, pénale, fiscale) · acceptable: *dans le domaine de* · ✗ *dans les matières de*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:60147`: «in matters relating to maintenance:» — «en matière d'obligation alimentaire,» (DGT-TM, © European Union) *Tax matters* is *en matière fiscale*. ✗ *dans les matières fiscales*; ✓ *la coopération judiciaire en matière civile*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 513 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 810, the avoided rendering in 0. - **enforcement (of rules)** (en) · domain: law-eu; collocate: rules, competition, legislation, judgments ✓ *application*; *mise en œuvre*; *respect*; *exécution* (judgments); *faire respecter* · acceptable: *contrôle de l'application* · ✗ *renforcement* (= strengthening). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1313890`: «general rules on enforcement.» — «les règles générales en matière d’exécution.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *le renforcement des règles de concurrence* for "enforcement"; ✓ *l'application des règles de concurrence*, *faire respecter la législation*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 479 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 4 001, the avoided rendering in 253. - **case law** (en) · domain: law ✓ *jurisprudence* · ✗ *loi des cas*; *droit des cas*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2232903`: «According to settled case-law:» — «Selon une jurisprudence constante:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) *Case law* is *jurisprudence*; English *jurisprudence* is legal theory (see ../false-friends/en-fr.md). ✗ *la loi des cas*; ✓ *selon une jurisprudence constante*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 617 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 505, the avoided rendering in 0. - **legal certainty** (en) · domain: law-eu ✓ *sécurité juridique* · ✗ *certitude légale*; *certitude juridique*. ✓ `europarl-v8:451942`: «This provides legal certainty.» — «La sécurité juridique est par conséquent garantie.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *la certitude juridique*; ✓ *pour des raisons de sécurité juridique*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 463 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 073, the avoided rendering in 213. - **apply for (aid, a permit, asylum)** (en) · collocate: asylum, aid, permit, licence, funding, visa ✓ *demander*; *introduire, présenter une demande* (de); *solliciter* (formal) · ✗ *appliquer pour*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1073083`: «Applying for registration» — «Demande d'enregistrement» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *appliquer pour l'asile*; ✓ *demander l'asile*, *présenter une demande de permis*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 530 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 172, the avoided rendering in 262. - **release (substances)** (en) · domain: environment, law-eu; collocate: emissions, substances, pollutants, atmosphere ✓ *rejet*; *rejeter*; *émission*; *dégagement* (gas); *dissémination* (GMOs) · acceptable: *libération* (pharmacology, radioactivity) · ✗ *relâchement*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3394558`: «Hazardous substances released» — «Rejet de substances dangereuses» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *les rejets de substances dangereuses dans l'environnement*; ✗ *les relâchements de substances*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 718 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 342, the avoided rendering in 15. - **trial (court)** (en) · domain: law; collocate: court, judge, jury, accused, criminal ✓ *procès*; *jugement*; *audience* (hearing) · acceptable: *comparution* · ✗ *essai*. ✓ `tatoeba:286381-486609`: «The truth finally came out at his trial.» — «La vérité éclata finalement à son procès.» (Tatoeba, CM / sacredceltic) ✗ *l'essai de l'accusé*; ✓ *le procès de l'accusé*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 357 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 133, the avoided rendering in 3. - **fair competition** (en) · domain: law-eu ✓ *concurrence loyale* · acceptable: *concurrence équitable* (also used) · ✗ *concurrence juste*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1397347`: «This is about fair competition.» — «Nous parlons de concurrence loyale.» (Europarl v8) EU French says *concurrence loyale*. ✗ *une concurrence juste*; ✓ *des conditions de concurrence loyale*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 182 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 046, the avoided rendering in 28. - **infringement proceedings** (en) · domain: law-eu ✓ *procédure d'infraction*; *recours en manquement* (before the Court). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:5102040`: «Infringement procedure No 2007/4609» — «La procédure d’infraction 2007/4609» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *La Commission a engagé une procédure d'infraction contre la France*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 030 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 934, the avoided rendering in 0. - **challenge (contest in law)** (en) · domain: law; collocate: decision, validity, legality, court ✓ *contester*; *attaquer* (une décision); *former un recours contre*; *remettre en cause* · ✗ *défier*. ✓ `europarl-v8:253902`: «Mr Cashman has challenged the validity of this.» — «M. Cashman a contesté la validité de cet amendement.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *défier la décision devant la Cour*; ✓ *contester la décision devant la Cour*, *former un recours contre la décision*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 991 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 606, the avoided rendering in 246. - **file (case file)** (en) · domain: law, administration ✓ *dossier* · ✗ *fichier* (= database, card index). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3567420`: «Inspection of the case-file» — «Consultation du dossier de l'affaire» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *le dossier médical du patient*, *le dossier de l'affaire*; ✗ *le fichier de l'affaire*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 840 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 721, the avoided rendering in 86. - **charges (criminal)** (en) · domain: law; collocate: police, prosecutor, murder, accused ✓ *chefs d'accusation*; *inculpation*; *être inculpé, mis en examen*; *poursuites* · acceptable: *charges* (French: evidence against). ✓ `tatoeba:2276388-13325529`: «Tom was charged with murder.» — «Tom a été accusé de meurtre.» (Tatoeba, CK / genes1s) *Les charges* in French law are the evidence against the accused. ✓ *Il a été inculpé de meurtre*, *Les poursuites ont été abandonnées*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 832 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 417, the avoided rendering in 0. - **evidence (court)** (en) · domain: law; collocate: court, witness, trial, judge, prosecution ✓ *preuve(s)*; *éléments de preuve*; *témoignage* (give evidence = témoigner) · acceptable: *pièces* (documents) · ✗ *évidence*. ✓ `tatoeba:6372683-6372815`: «The police were short on evidence.» — «La police manquait de preuves.» (Tatoeba, OsoHombre / Micsmithel) ✗ *Les évidences présentées au tribunal*; ✓ *les preuves présentées au tribunal*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 726 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 477, the avoided rendering in 8. - **court order** (en) · domain: law ✓ *ordonnance*; *décision de justice*; *injonction* · acceptable: *arrêt* (higher courts) · ✗ *ordre de la cour*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:155814`: «a court order or judgment.» — «une décision ou un jugement d'un tribunal;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *un ordre de la cour*; ✓ *une ordonnance du tribunal*, *une injonction*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 661 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 497, the avoided rendering in 0. - **fair trial** (en) · domain: law ✓ *procès équitable* · ✗ *procès juste*. ✓ `europarl-v8:482282`: «They called for a fair trial.» — «Ils ont demandé un procès équitable.» (Europarl v8) The ECHR term (Article 6) is *procès équitable*. ✗ *un procès juste*; ✓ *le droit à un procès équitable*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 563 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 433, the avoided rendering in 0. - **infringement (intellectual property)** (en) · domain: law; collocate: patent, copyright, trade mark ✓ *contrefaçon*; *atteinte* (à un droit) · acceptable: *violation* · ✗ *infraction*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1268840`: «Infringement of intellectual property rights» — «Atteinte aux droits de propriété intellectuelle» (DGT-TM, © European Union) For IP rights *contrefaçon* is the term. ✗ *une infraction au brevet*; ✓ *une contrefaçon du brevet*, *une atteinte au droit d'auteur*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 98 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 60, the avoided rendering in 17. - **report (a crime)** (en) · frame: report it to the police ✓ *signaler*; *déclarer* (a theft, a loss); *dénoncer* (a person); *porter plainte* (file a complaint) · acceptable: *prévenir la police* · ✗ *reporter* (= postpone); *rapporter* (= bring back). ✓ `tatoeba:3791592-3795156`: «We reported the theft to the police.» — «Nous avons signalé le vol à la police.» (Tatoeba, SnipsyStripes / Scorpionvenin14) ✗ *J'ai reporté le vol à la police*; ✓ *J'ai déclaré le vol à la police*, *J'ai porté plainte*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 46 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 15, the avoided rendering in 5. ### French → English - **prévoir (law)** (fr) · domain: law-eu; collocate: règlement, directive, article, disposition ✓ *provide* (for); *lay down*; *set out*; *stipulate* (contracts) · acceptable: *envisage* (plans) · ✗ *foresee*; *predict*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2746757`: «les dispositions prévoyant:» — «arrangements providing for:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *The directive foresees a derogation*; ✓ *The directive provides for a derogation*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 151 154 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 126 069, the avoided rendering in 2 119. - **mettre en œuvre** (fr) · domain: law-eu ✓ *implement*; *put into effect, into practice*; *carry out* · acceptable: *apply*; *deliver* · ✗ *put in work*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:86282`: «Mise en œuvre de l’accord» — «Implementation of the Agreement» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *Member States must implement the directive*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 104 161 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 92 716, the avoided rendering in 0. - **relever de (fall under)** (fr) · domain: law-eu ✓ *fall within, under*; *come under*; *be a matter for*; *be the responsibility of*; *be within the competence of* · ✗ *be relevant to*; *raise*. ✓ `europarl-v8:882160`: «Europol relève de la PESD.» — «Europol is covered by the ESDP.» (Europarl v8) French *relevant de* is not English *relevant*. ✗ *matters relevant of national competence*; ✓ *matters falling within national competence*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 36 996 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 24 582, the avoided rendering in 1 247. - **avis (EU)** (fr) · domain: law-eu; collocate: motivé, conforme, du comité, favorable ✓ *opinion*; *reasoned opinion*; *assent, consent* (avis conforme) · acceptable: *view* · ✗ *notice*; *advice*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:624124`: «PROCÉDURE D'AVIS CONFORME» — «ASSENT PROCEDURE» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *The Commission sent a reasoned opinion*; ✗ *a motivated advice*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 34 169 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 32 971, the avoided rendering in 261. - **à compter de** (fr) · domain: law-eu ✓ *from*; *as from*; *with effect from* · acceptable: *starting on* · ✗ *counting from*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2936626`: «à compter du 6 août 2013:» — «from 6 August 2013:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *with effect from 1 January 2008*, *as from the date of notification*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 33 024 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 26 683, the avoided rendering in 19. - **constater (find)** (fr) · domain: law-eu; frame: constate que, manquement constaté ✓ *find*; *note*; *establish*; *observe*; *record*; *detect* · acceptable: *ascertain* (formal) · ✗ *constate*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:153115`: «Nature de la constatation» — «Nature of findings» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *The Court finds that the Member State has failed to fulfil its obligations*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 21 270 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 14 638, the avoided rendering in 0. - **demande (application)** (fr) · domain: law-eu; collocate: asile, autorisation, remboursement, brevet, visa ✓ *application*; *request*; *claim* (reimbursement) · acceptable: *reference* (for a preliminary ruling) · ✗ *demand*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:393368`: «Demandes de remboursement» — «Claims for reimbursement» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *a demand for asylum*; ✓ *an asylum application*, *an application for authorisation*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 14 241 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 13 372, the avoided rendering in 67. - **ressortissant** (fr) · domain: law-eu ✓ *national*; *citizen* (of a country) · ✗ *resident* (different concept). ✓ `tatoeba:6896742-6997009`: «Es-tu non-ressortissant ?» — «Are you a non-citizen?» (Tatoeba, shekitten / Aiji) ✓ *third-country nationals*, *a French national*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 11 540 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 11 061, the avoided rendering in 525. - **à titre (de)** (fr) · frame: à titre exceptionnel, indicatif, gratuit, personnel ✓ *exceptionally*; *for information, by way of illustration*; *free of charge*; *in a personal capacity*; *on a temporary basis* · acceptable: *as* · ✗ *at the title of*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:130349`: «ou, à titre exceptionnel:» — «or, in exceptional cases,» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *on an exceptional basis*, *free of charge*, *in a personal capacity*; ✗ *at title of example*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 10 564 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 8 097, the avoided rendering in 0. - **arrêter (adopt, lay down)** (fr) · domain: law-eu; collocate: Commission, Conseil, modalités, mesures, position ✓ *adopt*; *lay down*; *establish*; *decide on*; *determine*; *draw up* · acceptable: *fix*; *set* · ✗ *stop*; *arrest*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1372213`: «ARRÊTE LA PRÉSENTE DÉCISION:» — «HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *The Council stops its position*; ✓ *The Council adopts its position*, *The Commission shall lay down detailed rules*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 10 495 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 9 594, the avoided rendering in 114. - **faire valoir** (fr) · domain: law-eu, politics ✓ *argue*; *assert* (a right); *claim*; *put forward*; *invoke*; *rely on* · acceptable: *exercise* (rights) · ✗ *make worth, make value*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:475070`: «Le groupe faisait valoir que:» — «The group claimed that:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *The applicant argues that…*, *to assert their rights*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 9 944 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 8 267, the avoided rendering in 0. - **dispositif (technical device)** (fr) · domain: law-eu, vehicles; collocate: sécurité, retenue, éclairage, freinage ✓ *device*; *system*; *equipment* (restraint system, lighting device) · ✗ *dispositive*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:5447023`: «Dispositifs de protection» — «Protection devices» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Here *device* is right. ✓ *child restraint systems*, *lighting and light-signalling devices*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 535 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 4 395, the avoided rendering in 0. - **dispositif (scheme)** (fr) · domain: law-eu, politics; collocate: aide, contrôle, surveillance, juridique ✓ *scheme*; *system*; *mechanism*; *arrangements*; *measures*; *framework* · acceptable: *machinery*; *set-up* · ✗ *device* (outside technology). ✓ `europarl-v8:1062006`: «Et, d'autre part, une autre proposition, qui complète ce dispositif, sur la responsabilité de l'État du pavillon.» — «On the other hand, a further proposal, which supplements this scheme, on the liability of the flag State.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *the aid device*; ✓ *the aid scheme*, *the monitoring system*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 294 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 4 601, the avoided rendering in 0. - **porter atteinte à** (fr) · domain: law-eu ✓ *undermine*; *harm*; *infringe*; *prejudice*; *adversely affect* · acceptable: *jeopardise* · ✗ *carry attack*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1727692`: «Il n'a pas porté atteinte à nos principes.» — «It did not violate our principles.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *measures that undermine the independence of the judiciary*; ✓ *without prejudice to…* for *sans porter atteinte à*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 911 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 262, the avoided rendering in 0. - **chantier (site)** (fr) · collocate: construction, travaux, ouvriers, bâtiment, naval ✓ *building site*; *construction site*; *works*; *shipyard* (chantier naval) · acceptable: *worksite*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:533966`: «Chantier naval bénéficiaire» — «Beneficiary Shipyard» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *temporary or mobile construction sites*, *the shipyards of Saint-Nazaire*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 869 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 492, the avoided rendering in 0. - **rendre un arrêt, un avis** (fr) · domain: law-eu ✓ *deliver* (a judgment, an opinion); *give* (an opinion); *hand down* (a ruling) · acceptable: *render* (US legal). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:439254`: «Avis rendu le 10 février 2004.» — «Opinion delivered on 10 February 2004.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *The Court delivered its judgment on 5 May*; ✓ *The Committee gave its opinion*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 701 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 387, the avoided rendering in 0. - **intervenir (occur)** (fr) · domain: law-eu; frame: un accord est intervenu, les changements intervenus ✓ *be reached* (an agreement); *occur*; *take place*; *happen*; *(changes) since made* · ✗ *intervene*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2370426`: «CIF si la prise en charge est intervenue» — «CIF if take-over took place» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *An agreement intervened*; ✓ *An agreement was reached*; ✓ *the changes that have occurred since*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 667 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 648, the avoided rendering in 168. - **relever (note)** (fr) · frame: relever que, il convient de relever ✓ *note*; *observe*; *point out*; *notice*; *highlight* · acceptable: *remark* · ✗ *raise*; *relieve*; *lift*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2762748`: «relève que cette correction a été effectuée;» — «notes that this correction was made;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *I raise that the report is late*; ✓ *I note that the report is late*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 475 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 041, the avoided rendering in 36. - **prescription (law)** (fr) · domain: law; collocate: délai, action, pénale, acquisitive, extinctive ✓ *limitation* (period); *time bar*; *statute of limitations* (US); *prescription* (acquisitive) · ✗ *prescription* (medical sense). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1835493`: «Le délai de prescription court:» — «The limitation period shall be calculated as follows:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *the limitation period*, *the action is time-barred*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 781 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 847, the avoided rendering in 0. - **en instance, première instance** (fr) · domain: law ✓ *pending*; *(court of) first instance* · acceptable: *outstanding* (cases) · ✗ *in instance*. ✓ `europarl-v8:6295`: «Tribunal de première instance» — «Court of First Instance» (Europarl v8) ✓ *pending cases*, *the Court of First Instance* (now *the General Court*). Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 635 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 373, the avoided rendering in 0. - **engager des poursuites** (fr) · domain: law-eu; collocate: poursuites, procédure, action, recours ✓ *bring, institute, initiate* (proceedings); *launch* (infringement proceedings); *prosecute* · acceptable: *take action* · ✗ *engage proceedings*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:800406`: «Décision d’engager la procédure» — «Decision to initiate the procedure» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *to engage infringement proceedings*; ✓ *to initiate infringement proceedings*, *to bring proceedings*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 425 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 119, the avoided rendering in 25. - **dresser (a list, a report)** (fr) · collocate: liste, bilan, inventaire, procès-verbal, constat, tableau, portrait ✓ *draw up*; *compile*; *take stock* (dresser le bilan); *paint a picture* (dresser un tableau); *make* (a record) · acceptable: *produce* · ✗ *dress*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1082446`: «Vous demandez également à la Commission de dresser la liste des navires susceptibles d'être envoyés à la casse au cours des prochaines années.» — «You also call on the Commission to draw up a list of ships likely to be taken to breaking yards in the next few years.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *to dress a list*; ✓ *to draw up a list*, *to take stock of the situation*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 367 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 262, the avoided rendering in 0. - **arrêter (arrest)** (fr) · collocate: police, a été arrêté ✓ *arrest*; *detain*; *apprehend*; *pick up* (colloquial) · acceptable: *take into custody* · ✗ *stop*. ✓ `tatoeba:1434561-1435436`: «As-tu jamais été arrêté ?» — «Have you ever been arrested?» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *He was stopped by the police* (= pulled over) for an arrest; ✓ *He was arrested by the police*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 343 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 711, the avoided rendering in 62. - **saisir (a court)** (fr) · domain: law-eu ✓ *refer* (a matter) to; *bring* (an action) before; *apply to*; *(the court) seised* (EU English) · ✗ *grab the court*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3635620`: «Notification de la juridiction saisie» — «Notice by the court seised» (DGT-TM, © European Union) EU English keeps *seised* for a court that has a case before it. ✓ *the court seised of the matter*, *to bring the matter before the Court of Justice*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 209 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 667, the avoided rendering in 0. - **mettre en cause (a person)** (fr) · frame: mis en cause (implicated) ✓ *implicate*; *blame*; *accuse*; *involve*; *criticise* · acceptable: *call into question* (a thing) · ✗ *put in cause*. ✓ `tatoeba:10026338-11840015`: «Yanni met en cause le système.» — «Yanni blames the system.» (Tatoeba, Amastan / Amastan) ✓ *the companies implicated in the scandal*; ✗ *the companies put in cause*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 070 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 549, the avoided rendering in 0. - **arrêté (decree)** (fr) · domain: law; collocate: ministériel, royal, préfectoral, municipal ✓ *order*; *decree*; *Royal Decree* (Belgium); *ministerial order* · acceptable: *arrêté* (kept, with a gloss) · ✗ *arrest*; *stop*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3820813`: «L'ARRÊTÉ DU 15 NOVEMBRE 1994» — «THE DECREE OF 15 NOVEMBER 1994» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *by ministerial order of 3 May*, *Royal Decree of 1 June* (Belgium). Corpora (2026-11-06): 995 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 833, the avoided rendering in 2. - **saisie (seizure)** (fr) · domain: law; collocate: biens, avoirs, drogue, douane, confiscation ✓ *seizure*; *confiscation*; *attachment* (of property); *freezing* (gel) · acceptable: *impounding* · ✗ *input*; *entry*. ✓ `europarl-v8:558775`: «Les saisies d’héroïne ont augmenté depuis 2001.» — «Heroin seizures have increased since 2001.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *the seizure and confiscation of criminal assets*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 843 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 404, the avoided rendering in 12. - **démarches (administratives)** (fr) · collocate: administratives, nécessaires, accomplir, effectuer ✓ *formalities*; *paperwork*; *procedures*; *steps* · acceptable: *red tape* (negative) · ✗ *marches*; *approach*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1129834`: «Les autorités locales n'accomplissent pas les démarches nécessaires.» — «The local authorities are not taking the steps required.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *to simplify administrative formalities*, *the steps to take*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 197 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 150, the avoided rendering in 1. - **porter plainte** (fr) · domain: law ✓ *file, lodge a complaint*; *press charges*; *report to the police* · acceptable: *sue* (civil) · ✗ *carry a complaint*. ✓ `tatoeba:843960-747374`: «Je voudrais porter plainte.» — «I would lodge a complaint.» (Tatoeba, J_S / Cocorico) ✓ *She pressed charges*, *lodged a complaint with the police*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 177 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 140, the avoided rendering in 1. - **dispositif (operative part)** (fr) · domain: law-eu; frame: le dispositif de l'arrêt ✓ *operative part* (of a judgment) · acceptable: *operative provisions* · ✗ *device*; *system*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1697829`: «DISPOSITIF DE LA DÉCISION DE 2003» — «OPERATIVE PART OF THE 2003 DECISION» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *point 2 of the operative part of the judgment*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 44 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 13, the avoided rendering in 1. ## Economy and finance Numbers and terms of account carry traps that cost money: *billion* is *milliard*, *trillion* is *billion*, *fiscal policy* is *politique budgétaire*, *turnover* is *chiffre d'affaires* or *rotation* depending on the collocate. The ECB corpus is counted but not quoted. ### English → French - **SMEs** (en) · domain: economy ✓ *PME* (petites et moyennes entreprises). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1356870`: «SME and industrial policy» — «PME et politique industrielle» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *l'accès des PME au financement*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 16 198 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 15 683, the avoided rendering in 0. - **billion** (en) · domain: numbers ✓ *milliard* (10⁹) · acceptable: *Md, Mrd* (abbreviations) · ✗ *billion* (French billion = 10¹²). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:825086`: «Amount in EUR billion [23]» — «Montant en milliards d'euros [23]» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *trois billions d'euros* for 3 × 10⁹; ✓ *trois milliards d'euros*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 13 808 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 12 688, the avoided rendering in 54. - **issue (securities, money)** (en) · collocate: bonds, shares, securities, banknotes, coins, debt ✓ *émettre*; *émission* · ✗ *délivrer*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:620605`: «11 Debt securities issued» — «Titres de créance émis» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Money and securities are *émis*. ✗ *délivrer des obligations*; ✓ *émettre des obligations*, *l'émission de billets*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 9 937 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 7 953, the avoided rendering in 138. - **support (financial)** (en) · domain: economy; collocate: financial, scheme, measures ✓ *aide*; *soutien* · acceptable: *concours* (financial, formal); *appui* · ✗ *support*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1548162`: «TITLE II SUPPORT MEASURES» — «TITRE II MESURES DE SOUTIEN» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *un support financier*; ✓ *une aide financière*, *un régime d'aide*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 9 455 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 8 737, the avoided rendering in 138. - **bill (banknote, American)** (en) · collocate: dollar bill, banknotes ✓ *billet* (de banque) · ✗ *facture*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1466043`: «Total number of banknotes» — «Nombre total de billets» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *un billet de dix dollars*; ✗ *une facture de dix dollars*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 8 333 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 7 616, the avoided rendering in 16. - **commodities** (en) · domain: economy ✓ *matières premières*; *produits de base* · acceptable: *denrées* (food) · ✗ *commodités* (= conveniences). ✓ `europarl-v8:36431`: «Finally - sadly - commodity prices were conspicuous by their absence from this agenda.» — «Finalement - et c'est triste -, le prix des matières premières a brillé par son absence de l'ordre du jour.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *le prix des commodités*; ✓ *le prix des matières premières*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 6 884 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 5 493, the avoided rendering in 4. - **shares (stock)** (en) · domain: economy; collocate: shareholders, stock, listed, capital ✓ *actions*; *parts* (sociales); *titres* · ✗ *partages*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3438130`: «o/w listed shares (F.511)» — «dont actions cotées (F.511)» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *des partages de la société*; ✓ *des actions de la société*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 330 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 3 979, the avoided rendering in 30. - **tax (policy)** (en) · domain: economy ✓ *fiscal*; *fiscalité*; *impôt* · ✗ *budgétaire*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3266123`: «Tax policy and administration» — «Politique et administration fiscales» (DGT-TM, © European Union) The counterpart of the previous row: *tax* is *fiscal*. ✓ *la fraude fiscale*, *les paradis fiscaux*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 608 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 752, the avoided rendering in 51. - **turnover (sales)** (en) · domain: economy; collocate: annual, company, total, million ✓ *chiffre d'affaires* · ✗ *rotation*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2553026`: «net turnover: EUR 700000;» — «montant net du chiffre d'affaires: 700000 EUR;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *une rotation annuelle de 2 millions*; ✓ *un chiffre d'affaires annuel de 2 millions d'euros*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 992 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 806, the avoided rendering in 14. - **free of charge** (en) · frame: free of charge, at no charge ✓ *gratuit*; *gratuitement*; *sans frais*; *à titre gratuit* (law) · ✗ *sans charge*. ✓ `tatoeba:1503063-1691697`: «The call is free of charge.» — «L'appel est gratuit.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *sans charge*; ✓ *gratuitement*, in law ✓ *à titre gratuit*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 575 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 339, the avoided rendering in 1. - **fiscal (policy)** (en) · domain: economy ✓ *budgétaire* (fiscal policy = politique budgétaire) · ✗ *fiscal* (= tax). ✓ `europarl-v8:1520820`: «Fiscal consolidation is not an end in itself.» — «L'assainissement budgétaire ne représente pas une fin en soi.» (Europarl v8) French *fiscal* means tax. ✗ *la politique fiscale* for "fiscal policy"; ✓ *la politique budgétaire*, *la consolidation budgétaire*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 389 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 608, the avoided rendering in 679. - **figures (numbers)** (en) · collocate: show, statistics, unemployment, official, million ✓ *chiffres*; *données*; *statistiques* · ✗ *figures*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1046038`: «Figures, however, show otherwise.» — «Les chiffres, en revanche, reflètent une toute autre image.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *les figures du chômage*; ✓ *les chiffres du chômage*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 122 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 452, the avoided rendering in 177. - **stock market** (en) · domain: economy ✓ *la Bourse*; *les marchés boursiers, d'actions* · ✗ *le marché du stock*. ✓ `tatoeba:21200-10635568`: «The stock market tumbled.» — «Le marché boursier a chuté.» (Tatoeba, fishda / lbdx) ✗ *le marché des stocks*; ✓ *la Bourse de Paris*, *les marchés boursiers*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 670 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 432, the avoided rendering in 0. - **current account** (en) · domain: economy, banking ✓ *compte courant* (bank); *balance courante, des transactions courantes* (macroeconomics) · ✗ *compte actuel*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3461547`: «(including current accounts)» — «(y compris les comptes courants)» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *le déficit du compte actuel*; ✓ *le déficit de la balance courante*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 472 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 327, the avoided rendering in 0. - **raise (prices, taxes)** (en) · collocate: prices, taxes, wages, interest rates, threshold ✓ *augmenter*; *relever* (rates, thresholds); *hausser* · acceptable: *majorer* (formal, prices) · ✗ *élever*. ✓ `tatoeba:44868-477576`: «The store raised all the prices.» — «Le magasin a augmenté tous ses tarifs.» (Tatoeba, CM / Michael64) ✗ *élever les impôts*; ✓ *augmenter les impôts*, *relever les taux d'intérêt*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 399 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 665, the avoided rendering in 75. - **default (on debt)** (en) · domain: economy ✓ *défaut de paiement*; *défaillance*; *cessation de paiements* · acceptable: *faillite* (a firm). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3384187`: «Number of loans defaulted» — «Nombre de prêts en défaut de paiement» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *le risque de défaut de la Grèce*; for a company ✓ *la défaillance de l'emprunteur*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 192 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 970, the avoided rendering in 0. - **insurance policy** (en) · domain: economy ✓ *police* (d'assurance); *contrat d'assurance* · ✗ *politique d'assurance*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3213535`: «policy holder protection;» — «la protection des preneurs;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Here *police* is right. ✗ *une politique d'assurance*; ✓ *une police d'assurance*, *le preneur d'assurance*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 003 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 923, the avoided rendering in 22. - **take over (a company)** (en) · domain: economy; collocate: company, bank, bid ✓ *racheter*; *reprendre*; *prendre le contrôle de*; *noun: rachat, offre publique d'achat* (OPA) · acceptable: *acquisition* · ✗ *prendre par-dessus*. ✓ `tatoeba:303351-484773`: «He took over his father's business.» — «Il a repris l'affaire de son père.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✗ *prendre par-dessus la banque*; ✓ *racheter la banque*, *une OPA sur la banque*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 860 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 732, the avoided rendering in 0. - **fair trade** (en) · domain: economy ✓ *commerce équitable* · ✗ *commerce loyal*; *fair trade* (in French). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3490883`: «100 % Fair-trade; 100 % 4C» — «100 % commerce équitable; 100 % 4C» (DGT-TM, © European Union) *Fair trade* is the fixed term *commerce équitable*. ✗ *le commerce juste*; ✓ *des produits du commerce équitable*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 698 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 590, the avoided rendering in 33. - **run (a business)** (en) · collocate: company, business, shop, hotel, restaurant, firm ✓ *diriger*; *gérer*; *tenir* (a shop, a hotel) · acceptable: *exploiter* (formal, a business) · ✗ *courir*. ✓ `tatoeba:64068-1340800`: «My father runs a restaurant.» — «Mon père tient un restaurant.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) *Run* with a business is managing it. ✗ *Elle court un hôtel*; ✓ *Elle tient un hôtel*, *Il dirige l'entreprise*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 520 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 225, the avoided rendering in 33. - **raise money** (en) · collocate: money, funds ✓ *collecter* (des fonds); *recueillir*; *lever des fonds* (finance) · acceptable: *mobiliser* (des ressources) · ✗ *élever de l'argent*; *augmenter l'argent*. ✓ `tatoeba:271388-1907675`: «Politicians are good at raising money.» — «Les politiciens sont bons dans la collecte de fonds.» (Tatoeba, CK / Wakano) ✗ *élever des fonds*; ✓ *collecter des fonds pour l'association*, in finance ✓ *lever des fonds*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 378 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 299, the avoided rendering in 15. - **break even** (en) · domain: economy ✓ *atteindre le seuil de rentabilité*; *équilibrer ses comptes*; *rentrer dans ses frais* · acceptable: *être à l'équilibre* · ✗ *casser même*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3864326`: «MVV broke even in 2011/2012.» — «La MVV a atteint un seuil de rentabilité en 2011/2012.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *casser même*; ✓ *L'entreprise a atteint le seuil de rentabilité*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 318 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 226, the avoided rendering in 19. - **fair (exhibition)** (en) · collocate: trade fair, book fair, funfair ✓ *foire*; *salon* (trade fair); *fête foraine* (funfair) · acceptable: *exposition* · ✗ *équitable*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:253812`: «trade fairs and exhibitions» — «salons professionnels et expositions» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *la juste du livre*; ✓ *le Salon du livre*, *la foire de Hanovre*, *la fête foraine*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 316 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 270, the avoided rendering in 4. - **trillion** (en) · domain: numbers ✓ *billion* (10¹²); *mille milliards* · ✗ *trillion* (French trillion = 10¹⁸). ✓ `europarl-v8:1250674`: «Did they not have that trillion?» — «Peut-être n'avaient-ils pas ces mille milliards de dollars?» (Europarl v8) ✗ *un trillion de dollars* for 10¹²; ✓ *mille milliards de dollars*, *un billion de dollars*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 184 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 50, the avoided rendering in 32. - **staff turnover** (en) · domain: economy, HR ✓ *rotation du personnel*; *renouvellement*; *turn-over* (business jargon) · ✗ *chiffre d'affaires*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2628246`: «rates of employee turnover, disability and early retirement;» — «les taux de rotation du personnel, d’invalidité et de retraite anticipée,» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *un chiffre d'affaires élevé du personnel*; ✓ *une forte rotation du personnel*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 43 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 37, the avoided rendering in 0. ### French → English - **évolution (economy)** (fr) · domain: economy; collocate: prix, taux, inflation, emploi, salaires, croissance ✓ *developments*; *trend(s)*; *movement*; *change*; *path* · acceptable: *outlook* · ✗ *evolution* (Euro-English in economics). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2511089`: «Ou l’évolution de ces prix.» — «Or movements therein.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Economic English speaks of *developments* and *trends*. ? *the evolution of prices*; ✓ *price developments*, *the trend in prices*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 12 712 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 9 766, the avoided rendering in 1 446. - **titres (securities)** (fr) · domain: economy; collocate: financiers, de créance, bourse, émetteur ✓ *securities*; *shares*; *bonds*; *(debt) instruments* · acceptable: *stocks* · ✗ *titles*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:921749`: «11 TITRES DE CRÉANCE ÉMIS» — «11 DEBT SECURITIES ISSUED» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *debt securities*, *transferable securities*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 11 190 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 9 762, the avoided rendering in 134. - **assurance (insurance)** (fr) · collocate: maladie, vie, chômage, automobile, habitation ✓ *insurance*; *cover* (UK) · ✗ *assurance* (British: life assurance only). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1070983`: «14 un contrat d'assurance» — «14 Insurance contract» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *health assurance*; ✓ *health insurance*, *unemployment insurance*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 6 473 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 5 696, the avoided rendering in 454. - **bilan (balance sheet)** (fr) · domain: economy; collocate: comptes, actif, passif, exercice, consolidé ✓ *balance sheet*; *(hors bilan) off-balance-sheet* · acceptable: *accounts* · ✗ *assessment*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3344802`: «EXPOSITIONS DE HORS BILAN» — «OFF-BALANCE SHEET EXPOSURES» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *the bank's balance sheet*, *off-balance-sheet items*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 598 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 4 882, the avoided rendering in 0. - **cadre (manager)** (fr) · domain: economy; collocate: entreprise, supérieur, salariés, ingénieurs ✓ *manager*; *executive*; *senior staff*; *professional* (staff grade) · acceptable: *management* · ✗ *frame*; *cadre* (= core group). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1411582`: «Formation des cadres moyens» — «Middle management training» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *the frames of the company*; ✓ *the company's managers*, *senior staff*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 172 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 193, the avoided rendering in 1 521. - **demande (economics)** (fr) · domain: economy ✓ *demand* · ✗ *request*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1480455`: «Demande intérieure chinoise» — «Chinese domestic demand» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Here *demand* is right. ✓ *supply and demand*, *domestic demand*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 290 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 144, the avoided rendering in 28. - **crédits d'engagement** (fr) · domain: economy, EU budget ✓ *commitment appropriations* · acceptable: *commitments* · ✗ *engagement credits*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1343889`: «TOTAL CRÉDITS D'ENGAGEMENT» — «TOTAL COMMITMENT APPROPRIATIONS» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *commitment appropriations and payment appropriations* for *crédits d'engagement et crédits de paiement*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 275 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 218, the avoided rendering in 0. - **filière (sector)** (fr) · domain: economy; collocate: agricole, bois, nucléaire, laitière, viande ✓ *sector*; *industry*; *(supply, value) chain*; *production chain* · acceptable: *channel* · ✗ *filière* (left untranslated). ✓ `europarl-v8:146642`: «Compétitivité de la filière bois et industries dérivées» — «Competitiveness of EU forest-based and related industries» (Europarl v8) ✓ *the dairy sector*, *the timber industry*, *the nuclear industry*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 581 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 484, the avoided rendering in 0. - **engager (hire)** (fr) · frame: engager quelqu'un ✓ *hire*; *recruit*; *take on*; *employ*; *retain* (a lawyer) · acceptable: *sign* (a player) · ✗ *engage* (dated, formal). ✓ `tatoeba:7956946-8403325`: «Tu devrais engager un avocat.» — «You should hire a lawyer.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) ✓ *They hired three engineers*; ? *engaged a lawyer* is formal British. Corpora (2026-11-06): 498 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 77, the avoided rendering in 31. - **sur mesure** (fr) · frame: sur mesure ✓ *tailor-made*; *bespoke*; *custom* (-made); *made-to-measure* · acceptable: *tailored* · ✗ *on measure*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:5253200`: «Autre – sur mesure (OTHER)» — «Other — Bespoke (OTHR)» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *a tailor-made solution*, *bespoke software*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 495 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 474, the avoided rendering in 0. - **relever (rates, thresholds)** (fr) · domain: economy; collocate: seuil, taux, plafond, âge ✓ *raise*; *increase*; *lift*; *hike* (rates, journalism) · ✗ *relieve*; *note*. ✓ `europarl-v8:923913`: «Elle contribue largement à relever le niveau de vie de la population.» — «It contributes significantly towards raising the standard of living of the population.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *to raise the retirement age*, *raising interest rates*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 490 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 455, the avoided rendering in 0. ## Medicine The EU package-leaflet template fixes many formulas (*Tenir hors de la vue et de la portée des enfants*, *effets indésirables*, *à libération prolongée*); EMEA is counted, not quoted, so most examples here come from Europarl, DGT and Tatoeba. Everyday medical words split by sense: *medicine* is *médicament* or *médecine*, *drug* is *médicament* or *drogue*, *trial* is *essai* or *procès*. ### English → French - **tell your doctor** (en) · domain: medicine; text type: package leaflet ✓ *informez votre médecin*; *parlez-en à votre médecin*; *demandez conseil à votre médecin* · ✗ *dites à ton médecin*. ✓ `tatoeba:4529646-8406933`: «Ask your doctor what he thinks.» — «Demandez à votre médecin ce qu'il en pense.» (Tatoeba, CK / Aiji) Leaflets address the patient as *vous* with imperatives. ✗ *Dis à ton médecin*; ✓ *Informez votre médecin ou votre pharmacien*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 11 294 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 10 427, the avoided rendering in 2. - **medicine (product)** (en) · domain: medicine; collocate: take, dose, tablet, pharmacist ✓ *médicament* · acceptable: *remède* (colloquial, old) · ✗ *médecine* (= the discipline). ✓ `tatoeba:43560-8593846`: «The medicine took effect.» — «Le médicament faisait effet.» (Tatoeba, CM / Micsmithel) ✗ *Prends ta médecine*; ✓ *Prends ton médicament*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 9 271 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 8 419, the avoided rendering in 44. - **clinical trial** (en) · domain: medicine ✓ *essai clinique*; *étude clinique* · ✗ *procès clinique*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2634158`: «Completed clinical trials» — «Essais cliniques terminés» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *un essai clinique de phase III*; ✗ *un procès clinique*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 8 046 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 7 495, the avoided rendering in 0. - **blood sample** (en) · domain: medicine ✓ *prélèvement* (de sang); *échantillon* · acceptable: *prise de sang* (everyday). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2956328`: «Date of the blood sampling» — «Date de prélèvement de l’échantillon sanguin» (DGT-TM, © European Union) In medicine the act is *prélèvement*; everyday *prise de sang*. ✓ *On vous fera une prise de sang*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 7 634 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 7 390, the avoided rendering in 0. - **dosage** (en) · domain: medicine ✓ *posologie* (instructions); *dose* · ✗ *dosage* (= assay, measurement of a concentration). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2541555`: «CDV at the highest recommended dosage» — «VCD à la dose maximale recommandée» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *Respectez le dosage indiqué*; ✓ *Respectez la posologie indiquée*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 6 275 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 4 182, the avoided rendering in 251. - **side effects** (en) · domain: medicine; text type: leaflet, SmPC ✓ *effets indésirables* · acceptable: *effets secondaires* (everyday speech) · ✗ *effets de côté*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1434712`: «Madam President, how often do we wonder about the side-effects of medicines we are taking?» — «(EN) Madame la Présidente, combien de fois nous interrogeons-nous sur les effets indésirables des médicaments que nous prenons?» (Europarl v8) The EU template uses *effets indésirables*; *effets secondaires* is everyday speech. ? *Quels sont les effets secondaires éventuels ?* in a leaflet; ✓ *Quels sont les effets indésirables éventuels ?* Corpora (2026-11-06): 5 781 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 5 052, the avoided rendering in 292. - **case (of a disease)** (en) · domain: medicine; collocate: disease, infection, outbreak ✓ *cas* · ✗ *affaire*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1378946`: «Case classification during an outbreak» — «Classification des cas pendant une épidémie» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Here the cognate is right. ✓ *trois cas de rougeole*; ✗ *trois affaires de rougeole*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 576 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 3 887, the avoided rendering in 8. - **keep out of reach (leaflet)** (en) · domain: medicine; text type: package leaflet ✓ *tenir hors de la vue et de la portée des enfants* · ✗ *garder loin des enfants*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1735625`: «Keep out of reach of children» — «Tenir hors de portée des enfants» (DGT-TM, © European Union) The EU leaflet template fixes the formula. ✗ *Gardez loin des enfants*; ✓ *Tenir hors de la vue et de la portée des enfants*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 014 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 3 831, the avoided rendering in 7. - **drug (medicine)** (en) · domain: medicine; collocate: patients, treatment, dose, prescription ✓ *médicament*; *substance active*; *principe actif* · ✗ *drogue* (= illegal drug). ✓ `tatoeba:27951-12800566`: «The doctor gave him some drugs to relieve the pain.» — «Le médecin lui a donné des médicaments pour soulager la douleur.» (Tatoeba, CK / lbdx) ✗ *une nouvelle drogue contre le cancer*; ✓ *un nouveau médicament contre le cancer*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 406 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 525, the avoided rendering in 115. - **physician** (en) · domain: medicine ✓ *médecin* · ✗ *physicien* (= physicist). ✓ `tatoeba:8925535-8925558`: «My sisters are physicians.» — «Mes sœurs sont médecins.» (Tatoeba, carlosalberto / carlosalberto) ✗ *Consultez votre physicien*; ✓ *Consultez votre médecin*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 3 178 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 835, the avoided rendering in 2. - **injury (bodily)** (en) · domain: medicine; collocate: accident, serious, head, knee, fatal ✓ *blessure*; *lésion* (medical); *traumatisme* · ✗ *injure* (= insult). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1669437`: «Causing minor bodily injury» — «Violences volontaires ayant entraîné des lésions corporelles légères» (DGT-TM, © European Union) French *injure* is an insult. ✗ *Il a subi des injures à la tête*; ✓ *Il a été blessé à la tête*, *des lésions cérébrales*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 742 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 811, the avoided rendering in 525. - **medical condition** (en) · domain: medicine ✓ *affection*; *maladie*; *problème de santé*; *pathologie* · acceptable: *troubles* (cardiaques) · ✗ *condition* (= requirement). ✓ `tatoeba:436631-1730015`: «I have a heart condition.» — «Je suis cardiaque.» (Tatoeba, lukaszpp / alexmarcelo) ✗ *une condition cardiaque*; ✓ *une maladie cardiaque*, *une affection cardiaque*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 293 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 508, the avoided rendering in 197. - **surgery (operation)** (en) · domain: medicine ✓ *opération*; *intervention* (chirurgicale); *chirurgie* (discipline) · ✗ *cabinet* (British "surgery" = GP's practice). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3602977`: «major urological surgery;» — «d'une intervention chirurgicale urologique lourde» (DGT-TM, © European Union) British *surgery* can also be the doctor's practice (*cabinet médical*). ✓ *Il a subi une opération du genou*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 248 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 1 095, the avoided rendering in 13. - **prescription (only)** (en) · domain: medicine; frame: on, without a prescription ✓ *sur ordonnance*; *sans ordonnance*; *soumis à prescription médicale* · ✗ *sur prescription* (ambiguous). ✓ `tatoeba:1008018-1013117`: «You can't buy this medicine without a prescription.» — «Tu ne peux pas acheter ce médicament sans ordonnance.» (Tatoeba, AOCinJAPAN / sacredceltic) ✓ *médicament disponible uniquement sur ordonnance*; the regulatory category ✓ *soumis à prescription médicale*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 156 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 082, the avoided rendering in 0. - **prolonged-release (tablets)** (en) · domain: medicine ✓ *à libération prolongée, modifiée, immédiate* · ✗ *à relâchement prolongé*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2984821`: «Neutral methacrylate copolymer is intended to be used as a sustained-release glazing agent.» — «Le copolymère de méthacrylate neutre est destiné à être utilisé en tant qu’agent d’enrobage à libération contrôlée.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) The EU standard terms. ✗ *comprimé à relâchement prolongé*; ✓ *comprimé à libération prolongée*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 122 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 935, the avoided rendering in 4. - **chemist (British: pharmacy)** (en) · register: British English ✓ *pharmacien*; *pharmacie* · ✗ *chimiste* (= scientist). ✓ `tatoeba:11434073-138676`: «Where's the nearest chemist's?» — «Où se trouve la pharmacie la plus proche ?» (Tatoeba, sundown / hortusdei) ✗ *Je vais chez le chimiste*; ✓ *Je vais à la pharmacie*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 154 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 39, the avoided rendering in 37. - **deliver (a baby)** (en) · domain: medicine; collocate: baby, birth ✓ *accoucher* (the mother); *mettre au monde*; *faire naître* (the midwife) · ✗ *livrer*; *délivrer*. ✓ `bible-web-lsg:ISA_66:7`: «“Before she travailed, she gave birth. Before her pain came, she delivered a son.» — «Avant d’éprouver les douleurs, Elle a enfanté; Avant que les souffrances lui vinssent, Elle a donné naissance à un fils.» (public domain) ✗ *Elle a été délivrée d'un garçon* (archaic); ✓ *Elle a accouché d'un garçon*; the doctor ✓ *a fait naître l'enfant*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 117 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 49, the avoided rendering in 15. ### French → English - **dispositif médical** (fr) · domain: medicine ✓ *medical device* · ✗ *medical dispositive*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:68124`: «Chapitre 4 Dispositifs médicaux» — «Chapter 4 Medical devices» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *the regulation on medical devices*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 632 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 602, the avoided rendering in 0. - **bilan de santé** (fr) · domain: medicine ✓ *check-up*; *medical* (examination); *blood tests* (bilan sanguin) · acceptable: *health screening* · ✗ *health balance*. ✓ `tatoeba:529800-12628169`: «Le médecin lui a fait un bilan de santé complet.» — «The doctor gave her a thorough check-up.» (Tatoeba, FeuDRenais / lbdx) ✓ *a routine check-up*, *a blood test*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 294 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 23, the avoided rendering in 0. - **dossier médical** (fr) · domain: medicine ✓ *medical record(s)*; *patient record*; *health record* · acceptable: *medical file, history* · ✗ *medical dossier*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:884632`: «le dossier médical du donneur;» — «the medical records of the donor;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *access to electronic health records*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 179 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 170, the avoided rendering in 0. ## IT and software IT French borrows freely and the official coinages coexist with the borrowings ([into-fr.md](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/into-fr/), pair manual section 18.1). The rows record which form the measured corpora use and which the official vocabulary recommends; neither is a rule by itself. The corpora are thin here: DGT has some IT procurement and standards text, Tatoeba some everyday computing. ### English → French - **implement (software)** (en) · domain: IT; collocate: algorithm, protocol, interface, function ✓ *implémenter*; *mettre en œuvre*; *réaliser* · acceptable: *coder*. ✓ `ours-tr:en-fr:3`: «Our team will implement the new protocol before the next security audit.» — «Notre équipe va implémenter le nouveau protocole avant le prochain audit de sécurité.» (Mova's own sentence pair, translation by terra, Elamur Cosmic License) In IT *implémenter* is the standard term. ✓ *implémenter l'algorithme en C*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 109 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 750, the avoided rendering in 0. - **device (IT)** (en) · domain: IT; collocate: mobile, usb, android, storage ✓ *appareil*; *périphérique* (attached); *terminal* (mobile) · acceptable: *dispositif* (technical, law) · ✗ *device*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1073692`: «Portable electronic devices» — «Appareils électroniques portatifs» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *sur tous vos appareils*, *un périphérique USB*, *les terminaux mobiles*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 834 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 2 549, the avoided rendering in 0. - **not supported (IT)** (en) · domain: IT; frame: is (not) supported ✓ *pris en charge* (par); *compatible* (avec) · acceptable: *supporté* (common in IT, criticised). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:4608385`: «115 = Not supported in this position» — «115 = Non pris en charge dans cette position» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ? *Ce format n'est pas supporté* is everyday IT French; the recommended form is ✓ *Ce format n'est pas pris en charge*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 611 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 65, the avoided rendering in 0. - **technical support** (en) · domain: IT ✓ *assistance* (technique); *support technique*; *service client*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1422016`: «TECHNICAL SUPPORT MEASURES» — «MESURES DE SOUTIEN TECHNIQUE» (DGT-TM, © European Union) *Support technique* is established in IT; *assistance* is the official choice. ✓ *Contactez l'assistance technique*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 172 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 804, the avoided rendering in 0. - **state-of-the-art** (en) · collocate: technology, equipment ✓ *de pointe*; *dernier cri*; *le plus avancé* · acceptable: *état de la technique* (patents, law) · ✗ *état de l'art* (calque, technical jargon). ✓ `europarl-v8:710209`: «We have to have state-of-the-art technology.» — «Nous devons utiliser des technologies à la pointe du progrès.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *une technologie de pointe*; in a patent ✓ *l'état de la technique*; ? *l'état de l'art* is engineers' jargon. Corpora (2026-11-06): 949 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 466, the avoided rendering in 0. - **feature (software)** (en) · domain: IT; collocate: new, application, device, version ✓ *fonctionnalité*; *fonction* · acceptable: *option* · ✗ *caractéristique* (= property). ✓ `tatoeba:3268101-8602497`: «This feature is deprecated. We advise you not to use it.» — «Cette fonctionnalité est obsolète. Nous vous conseillons de ne pas l'utiliser.» (Tatoeba, AlanF_US / Aiji) ✓ *une nouvelle fonctionnalité*; *caractéristique* is a property, not a function. Corpora (2026-11-06): 945 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 501, the avoided rendering in 0. - **file (computer)** (en) · domain: IT; collocate: download, save, open, attach, pdf, folder ✓ *fichier* · ✗ *dossier* (= folder). ✓ `tatoeba:5738382-11146380`: «How do I download the file?» — «Comment je télécharge le fichier ?» (Tatoeba, CM / lbdx) ✗ *Enregistrez le dossier* for a file; ✓ *Enregistrez le fichier dans le dossier Documents*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 885 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 424, the avoided rendering in 190. - **by default (IT)** (en) · domain: IT ✓ *par défaut*. ✓ `tatoeba:1669565-4668032`: «The default value is zero.» — «La valeur par défaut est zéro.» (Tatoeba, Spamster / sacredceltic) ✓ *les paramètres par défaut*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 715 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 665, the avoided rendering in 0. - **computer science** (en) · domain: IT, academic ✓ *informatique* · ✗ *science des ordinateurs*. ✓ `tatoeba:483268-500177`: «I'm a computer scientist.» — «Je suis informaticien.» (Tatoeba, CM / Pharamp) ✓ *Il étudie l'informatique*; ✗ *la science de l'ordinateur*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 714 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 447, the avoided rendering in 0. - **run (a program)** (en) · collocate: program, software, code, script, application ✓ *exécuter* (formal); *lancer* (start); *tourner* (colloquial: ça tourne sous Linux) · acceptable: *faire tourner* · ✗ *courir*. ✓ `tatoeba:1006053-1006054`: «My laptop is running Linux.» — «Mon ordinateur portable tourne sous Linux.» (Tatoeba, sysko / sysko) Software is *exécuté*, *lancé*, or *tourne*. ✗ *courir le programme*; ✓ *exécuter le programme*, *Le logiciel tourne sous Linux*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 666 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 185, the avoided rendering in 68. - **user-friendly** (en) · domain: IT ✓ *convivial*; *facile à utiliser*; *ergonomique* · acceptable: *simple d'emploi* · ✗ *amical pour l'utilisateur*. ✓ `tatoeba:10985044-10985049`: «This is very easy to use.» — «C’est très facile à employer.» (Tatoeba, CK / sacredceltic) ✓ *une interface conviviale*, *facile à utiliser*; ✗ *une interface amie de l'utilisateur*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 586 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 533, the avoided rendering in 0. - **save (a file)** (en) · domain: IT ✓ *enregistrer*; *sauvegarder* (backup) · ✗ *sauver*; *économiser*. ✓ `tatoeba:5966548-8823962`: «I didn't save the document.» — «Je n'ai pas sauvegardé le document.» (Tatoeba, mailohilohi / Aiji) ✗ *Sauvez vos modifications*; ✓ *Enregistrez vos modifications*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 255 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 36, the avoided rendering in 63. - **privacy policy** (en) · domain: IT, web ✓ *politique de confidentialité* · acceptable: *charte de confidentialité* · ✗ *police de confidentialité*. ✓ `tatoeba:8260436-8260432`: «This app’s privacy policy is over thirty pages long!» — «La politique de confidentialité de cette application fait plus de trente pages !» (Tatoeba, marioo / marioo) ✓ *Consultez notre politique de confidentialité*; ✗ *notre police de vie privée*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 79 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 62, the avoided rendering in 0. - **bug (software)** (en) · domain: IT ✓ *bogue* (official, Québec); *bug* (common in France) · acceptable: *erreur*; *anomalie* (formal). ✓ `tatoeba:1091526-439832`: «We're working to fix this bug.» — «Nous travaillons à corriger ce bug.» (Tatoeba, ellasevia / jerom) Both are used; *bogue* is the official term. ✓ *corriger un bug*, *corriger une anomalie*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 31 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 29, the avoided rendering in 0. - **library (software)** (en) · domain: IT ✓ *bibliothèque* (logicielle) · ✗ *librairie* (IT jargon calque). ✓ `ours-tr:en-fr:9`: «This Python library provides the functions we need to validate customer addresses before shipping.» — «Cette bibliothèque Python fournit les fonctions dont nous avons besoin pour vérifier les adresses des clients avant l’expédition.» (Mova's own sentence pair, translation by sol, Elamur Cosmic License) ? *une librairie Python* is common developers' slang; ✓ *une bibliothèque Python* (see ../false-friends/en-fr.md). Corpora (2026-11-06): 28 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 22, the avoided rendering in 2. - **release (software)** (en) · domain: IT ✓ *version*; *sortie*; *publication*; *mise en production* · acceptable: *release* (developers' jargon) · ✗ *relâche*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1718870`: «Applicable until new release of Eirene target during 2010» — «Applicable jusqu’à la publication du nouvel objectif d’Eirene courant 2010» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *les notes de version*, *la dernière version stable*; in-house jargon may keep *release*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 21 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 14, the avoided rendering in 2. ### French → English - **saisir (enter data)** (fr) · domain: IT ✓ *enter*; *type in*; *input*; *key in* · acceptable: *fill in* (a form) · ✗ *seize*; *grab*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:2032673`: «Phase de saisie des données» — «Data Input Phase» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✗ *Seize your password*; ✓ *Enter your password*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 305 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 152, the avoided rendering in 16. - **dossier (IT)** (fr) · domain: IT ✓ *folder*; *directory* (file systems) · ✗ *file*. ✓ `tatoeba:6601993-6601996`: «Quel dossier dois-je ouvrir ?» — «Which folder should I open?» (Tatoeba, Eccles17 / Eccles17) ✗ *Save the file in the "Documents" file*; ✓ *Save the file in the Documents folder*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 175 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 16, the avoided rendering in 118. ## Science and academic prose Academic English *evidence*, *significant* and *matter* each need a choice in French (*données*, *preuves*; *significatif* in statistics, *important* elsewhere; *matière* in physics, *question* in debate). French *il ressort de*, *porter sur*, *expérience* go the other way. ### English → French - **evidence (science)** (en) · domain: science; collocate: scientific, research, studies, data ✓ *données* (probantes); *preuves*; *éléments* (de preuve); *résultats* · acceptable: *faits établis* · ✗ *évidence* (= obviousness). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:3906341`: «the latest scientific evidence;» — «les données scientifiques les plus récentes;» (DGT-TM, © European Union) French *évidence* means obviousness (see ../false-friends/en-fr.md). ✗ *Il n'y a pas d'évidence scientifique*; ✓ *Il n'y a pas de preuve scientifique*, *les données scientifiques disponibles*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 4 927 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 3 698, the avoided rendering in 263. - **statistically significant** (en) · domain: science ✓ *significatif* (statistiquement). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1936334`: «Significant difference in risk» — «Différence significative en matière de risques» (DGT-TM, © European Union) In statistics *significatif* is the term. ✓ *une différence statistiquement significative*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 416 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 955, the avoided rendering in 0. - **matter (physics)** (en) · domain: science ✓ *matière* · acceptable: *substance* · ✗ *question*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:965020`: «(in tonnes of dry matter)» — «(en tonnes de matière sèche)» (DGT-TM, © European Union) Here the cognate is right. ✓ *la matière noire*, *la matière organique*, *la matière sèche*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 2 352 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 2 162, the avoided rendering in 4. - **control group** (en) · domain: science, medicine ✓ *groupe témoin* · acceptable: *groupe de contrôle* (common in medicine). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1534446`: «Treatment and control group» — «Groupes de traitement et groupes témoins En règle générale, on doit disposer d'au moins trois groupes d'animaux traités et d'un groupe témoin.» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *par rapport au groupe témoin*; *groupe contrôle* is lab jargon. Corpora (2026-11-06): 638 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 508, the avoided rendering in 0. - **deal with (a text is about)** (en) · frame: this report, chapter, directive deals with ✓ *porter sur*; *traiter de*; *concerner* · acceptable: *avoir pour objet* · ✗ *traiter avec*. ✓ `tatoeba:56894-1197699`: «This book deals with China.» — «Cet ouvrage traite de la Chine.» (Tatoeba, CM / sacredceltic) ✗ *Le rapport traite avec la pêche*; ✓ *Le rapport porte sur la pêche*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 370 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 263, the avoided rendering in 0. - **medicine (discipline)** (en) · collocate: study, practise, faculty, school ✓ *médecine* · ✗ *médicament*. ✓ `gut-hugo-les-miserables:14137`: «Joly was studying medicine.» — «Joly étudiait la médecine.» (Project Gutenberg, public domain) ✓ *Elle fait des études de médecine*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 349 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 240, the avoided rendering in 48. - **make up (form, account for)** (en) · collocate: per cent, majority, proportion, share ✓ *représenter*; *constituer*; *composer*; *former* · ✗ *maquiller*; *inventer*. ✓ `europarl-v8:972885`: «We make up 8% of the world's population.» — «Nous représentons 8 % de la population mondiale.» (Europarl v8) ✗ *Les femmes maquillent 52 % de la population*; ✓ *Les femmes représentent 52 % de la population*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 311 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 221, the avoided rendering in 1. - **decimal point** (en) · domain: numbers ✓ *virgule* (French decimal separator) · ✗ *point*. ✓ `europarl-v8:111130`: «Unfortunately, the decimal point is in the right place.» — «Malheureusement la virgule est placée au bon endroit.» (Europarl v8) French writes 3,5 and says *trois virgule cinq*. ✗ *3.5* in French prose; ✓ *3,5*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 105 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 37, the avoided rendering in 5. - **even (number)** (en) · domain: mathematics ✓ *pair* (nombre pair) · ✗ *même*. ✓ `tatoeba:73341-337274`: «Twelve is an even number.» — «Douze est un nombre pair.» (Tatoeba, CK / TRANG) ✗ *un nombre même*; ✓ *un nombre pair*, *les jours pairs*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 68 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 65, the avoided rendering in 2. ### French → English - **porter sur** (fr) · frame: porter sur (be about) ✓ *concern*; *be about*; *relate to*; *deal with*; *cover* · acceptable: *focus on* · ✗ *carry on*; *bear on* (narrower). ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:1310289`: «Ces critères portent sur:» — «The criteria shall address:» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *The question concerns the budget*, *The report deals with fisheries*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 24 760 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 12 494, the avoided rendering in 1 019. - **il ressort de** (fr) · frame: il ressort de X que ✓ *it is clear from*; *it emerges from*; *X shows*; *it appears from* · acceptable: *it follows from* · ✗ *it resorts from*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1956086`: «Ceci ressort clairement du projet.» — «The proposal makes that clear.» (Europarl v8) *Ressort* is not *resort* (see ../false-friends/en-fr.md). ✓ *It is clear from the file that…*, *The study shows that…*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 8 233 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 4 498, the avoided rendering in 40. - **assurance qualité** (fr) · domain: industry, academic ✓ *quality assurance* · ✗ *quality insurance*. ✓ `dgt-tm-v2021:890116`: «Assurance qualité complète» — «Full quality assurance» (DGT-TM, © European Union) ✓ *a quality assurance system*; ✗ *quality insurance*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 394 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 1 243, the avoided rendering in 0. - **expérience (science)** (fr) · domain: science; collocate: laboratoire, scientifique, chimie, animaux ✓ *experiment* · acceptable: *test*; *trial* · ✗ *experience*. ✓ `tatoeba:11539810-11539813`: «Faisons une expérience scientifique.» — «Let's do a scientific experiment.» (Tatoeba, carlosalberto / carlosalberto) ✗ *a chemistry experience*; ✓ *a chemistry experiment*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 1 324 sentence pairs with the source word in this context; a recommended rendering in 327, the avoided rendering in 824. - **faire ressortir** (fr) · frame: faire ressortir ✓ *highlight*; *bring out*; *underline*; *emphasise*; *show up* · acceptable: *set off* (colours) · ✗ *make go out again*. ✓ `tatoeba:272288-12457315`: «La ceinture rouge fait ressortir sa robe noire.» — «The red belt sets off her black dress.» (Tatoeba, sundown / lbdx) ✓ *The report highlights the risks*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 382 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 187, the avoided rendering in 0. - **filière (education)** (fr) · domain: education ✓ *stream*; *track*; *programme*; *course*; *pathway* · acceptable: *option*. ✓ `europarl-v8:1084440`: «Étant donné l'importance des sciences pour le développement économique, il faut promouvoir les filières scientifiques et techniques en tant qu'études attrayantes pour les deux genres.» — «Scientific and technical courses should be promoted as attractive studies for both genders, given the importance of science for economic development.» (Europarl v8) ✓ *the science stream* (school); ✓ *vocational pathways*. Corpora (2026-11-06): 18 sentence pairs with the source word; a recommended rendering in 4, the avoided rendering in 0. ## Limits - The counts are co-occurrence in sentence pairs, not word alignments, and the patterns are surface token sequences: a pattern can catch an unrelated sense (*right now* also matches *all right now*), and a target form can occur for another reason in the same sentence. We read every picked example, but we did not read the counted sentences behind each number. - DGT and JRC-Acquis contain many repeated sentences, and both are legal text: EU-law rows have very large counts, everyday rows small ones. A large count is not a measure of how common a word is in general French or English. - Corpus direction is unknown for Europarl and DGT, so a row cannot say whether the English or the French was the original. The Gutenberg pairs are French originals with 19th-century English translations. - Slang, song and youth-speech rows are thinly covered: Tatoeba has some, the other corpora almost none. *De ouf* does not occur in the corpora; *cheers* has no clean example. Song lyrics are not in any corpus we quote. - The preferred rendering is a judgement about the stated context. Where usage is split (*réaliser que*, *faire sens*, *éligible*, *supporté* in IT, *droits humains*), the row says so and gives the alternative; nothing here is a purist verdict. - EMEA, JRC-Acquis and the ECB corpus are counted but never quoted; medical and banking rows therefore often have examples from other corpora or none. Back to the [translation manuals](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/); the pair manual is [English and French: the pair manual](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/pairs/en-fr/); the false friends of the pair are in [False friends: English and French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/false-friends/en-fr/). *The Elamur team* - [next → English and Ukrainian: renderings by context](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/context/en-uk/) - [↑ back to Context-dependent renderings: English, French, Ukrainian](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/context/)