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# Sources

The translation manuals are written in our own words. The works below are where their facts were checked. Public-domain works, official documents and open-access papers are the base; works under share-alike or non-commercial terms are cited and paraphrased, never copied; works known only by their library cards are named for their terms and no claim rests on them. Each work has a card on [Elamur Research](https://research.elamur.ai/free/) under its slug. The files that cite a work are listed after it.

Files: G = [Good translation: the general manual](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/general/), FE = [Translating from English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/from-en/), IE = [Translating into English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/into-en/), FF = [Translating from French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/from-fr/), IF = [Translating into French](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/into-fr/), FU = [Translating from Ukrainian](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/from-uk/), IU = [Translating into Ukrainian](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/into-uk/), EF = [English and French: the pair manual](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/pairs/en-fr/), EU = [English and Ukrainian: the pair manual](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/pairs/en-uk/), FRU = [French and Ukrainian: the pair manual](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/pairs/fr-uk/), FFL = [false-friends/](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/false-friends/) (README and the three pair lists), CTX = [context/](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/translation/context/) (README and the three pair lists).

## Classics of translation theory (public domain)

| work | slug | licence | cited in |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Jerome, Letter 57 to Pammachius, *On the best method of translating* (395; English trans. in *Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers* II/6, 1893) | `jerome-1893` | public domain | G |
| John Dryden, *Essays*, ed. W. P. Ker (1900): the preface to Ovid's *Epistles* (1680) | `dryden-1900` | public domain | G |
| Alexander Fraser Tytler, *Essay on the Principles of Translation* (1791; Everyman reprint 1907) | `tytler-1791` | public domain | G |
| Friedrich Schleiermacher, *Ueber die verschiedenen Methoden des Uebersezens* (1813; Sämmtliche Werke III/2, 1838) | `schleiermacher-1813` | public domain | G, EF |
| Matthew Arnold, *On Translating Homer* (1861) | `arnold-1861` | public domain | G |
| J. P. Postgate, *Translation and Translations: Theory and Practice* (1922) | `postgate-1922` | public domain | G |

Known by their cards only (copyrighted; their terms are used, no claim rests on them): Vinay and Darbelnet, *Stylistique comparée du français et de l'anglais* (1958) `vinay-1958`; Catford, *A Linguistic Theory of Translation* (1965) `catford-1965`; Venuti, *The Translator's Invisibility* (1995) `venuti-1995` (G, IF, EF).

## Quality, evaluation and translationese (open access)

| work | slug | licence | cited in |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Lommel, Burchardt and Uszkoreit, Multidimensional quality metrics: a flexible system for assessing translation quality (2013) | `lommel-2013` | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (paraphrased) | G |
| Lommel, Gladkoff, Melby, Wright, Strandvik et al., The Multi-Range Theory of Translation Quality Measurement: MQM scoring models and statistical quality control (2024) | `lommel-2024` | CC BY 4.0 | G |
| Bentivogli et al., Machine translation human evaluation: an investigation of evaluation based on post-editing and its relation with direct assessment (2018) | `bentivogli-2018` | CC BY 4.0 | G |
| Graham, Haddow and Koehn, Statistical power and translationese in machine translation evaluation (2020) | `graham-2020-statistical-power-translationese-machine-translation` | CC BY 4.0 | G |
| Wein and Schneider, Lost in translationese? Reducing translation effect using Abstract Meaning Representation (2024) | `wein-2024-lost-translationese-reducing-translation-effect` | CC BY 4.0 | G |
| Vandevoorde, *Semantic differences in translation* (Language Science Press, 2020) | `vandevoorde-2020` | CC BY 4.0 | G |
| Popović, chrF: character n-gram F-score for automatic MT evaluation (2015) | `popovic-2015` | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (paraphrased) | G |
| Chaplynskyi, Zakharov and Ivashkevych, Professional translators versus quality estimation models: reliability and agreement in English–Ukrainian translation evaluation (2026) | `chaplynskyi-2026-professional-translators-versus-quality-estimation` | CC BY 4.0 | G, EU |
| Grozea and Verbitsky, Evaluation of Qwen-3 for English to Ukrainian translation (WMT 2025) | `grozea-2025` | CC BY 4.0 | G, FE, IU, EU |
| Petruniv, Makogon and Kyslyi, SimIdioms: a corpus and benchmark for Ukrainian idiom translation (2026) | `petruniv-2026-simidioms-corpus-benchmark-ukrainian-idiom` | CC BY 4.0 (the corpus: English side CC BY-SA, Ukrainian side academic use) | G, FU, IU, EU |
| Maksymenko, Turuta, Saichyshyna, Yerokhin and Turuta, Controllability for English–Ukrainian machine translation based on specialized corpora (2023) | `maksymenko-2023-controllability-english-ukrainian-machine-translation` | CC BY 4.0 | EU |
| Burda-Lassen, Ukrainian-to-English folktale corpus: parallel corpus creation and augmentation for machine translation (2022) | `lassen-2022-ukrainian-english-folktale-corpus-parallel` | CC BY 4.0 | EU |
| Shaitarova, Göhring and Volk, Machine vs. human: exploring syntax and lexicon in German translations, with a spotlight on anglicisms (2023) | `shaitarova-2023-machine-vs-human-exploring-syntax` | CC BY 4.0 | G |

## False friends, cognates and lexical choice

| work | slug | licence | cited in |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Frunza and Inkpen, A tool for detecting French–English cognates and false friends (2007) | `frunza-2007-tool-detecting-french-english-cognates` | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (paraphrased) | FFL |
| Nakov, Nakov and Paskaleva, Unsupervised extraction of false friends from parallel bi-texts using the web as a corpus (2009) | `nakov-2009-unsupervised-extraction-false-friends-parallel` | CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (paraphrased) | FFL |
| Uban and Dinu, Automatically building a multilingual lexicon of false friends with no supervision (2020) | `uban-2020-automatically-building-multilingual-lexicon-false` | CC BY-NC 4.0 (paraphrased) | FFL |
| Uban, Dinu, Iordache, Georgescu and Vlad, Friend or foe? A computational investigation of semantic false friends across Romance languages (2025) | `uban-2025-friend-or-foe-computational-investigation` | CC BY 4.0 | FFL |
| Han, Sasano and Takeda, Automating interlingual homograph recognition with parallel sentences (2022) | `han-2022-automating-interlingual-homograph-recognition-parallel` | CC BY 4.0 | FFL |
| Barua, Subramanian, Yin and Suhr, Using language models to disambiguate lexical choices in translation (2024) | `barua-2024-language-models-disambiguate-lexical-choices` | CC BY 4.0 | CTX |
| Voita, Sennrich and Titov, When a good translation is wrong in context (2019) | `voita-2019-when-good-translation-is-wrong` | CC BY 4.0 | CTX |
| Sennrich, Haddow and Birch, Controlling politeness in neural machine translation via side constraints (2016) | `sennrich-2016-controlling-politeness-neural-machine-translation` | CC BY 4.0 | CTX |

## Style guides and norms

| work | slug | licence | cited in |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| European Commission, DG Translation, *English Style Guide: a handbook for authors and translators in the European Commission* (8th ed. 2016, updated November 2025) | `commission-1982` | reuse authorised with acknowledgement (Commission Decision 2011/833/EU) | G, FE, IE, FF, IF, FU, EF, EU |
| *Український правопис* (2019), approved by Cabinet of Ministers resolution No. 437 of 22 May 2019 | `ukrainskyi-pravopys-2019` | official document, not protected by copyright | G, FU, IU, EU, FRU |
| Romanisation of Ukrainian: Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine resolution No. 55 of 27 January 2010 | (no card; given through `commission-1982`, Annex 4) | official document | EU |

Named as resources, not cited for facts: IATE (EU terminology; its reuse terms for the bulk export are to be confirmed), TERMIUM Plus (Government of Canada), FranceTerme (*Journal officiel*), the OQLF *Grand dictionnaire terminologique*, r2u.org.ua.

## Ukrainian grammar and usage

| work | slug | licence | cited in |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Сергій Смеречинський, *Нариси з української синтакси* (1932) | `smerechynskyi-1932` | public domain in Ukraine and the EU (author †1954); not in the US | FU, IU, EU, FRU |
| Олекса Синявський, *Порадник української мови* (1922) | `syniavskyi-1922-poradnyk-ukrainskoi-movy-praktychnyi` | public domain | FU, IU |
| Василь Сімович, *Граматика української мови для самонавчання* (1919) | `simovych-1919` | public domain | FU, IU |
| Hentschel and Palinska, Restructuring in a mesolect: the infinitive in surzhyk (2022) | `hentschel-2022-mesolect-infinitive` | CC BY 4.0 | FU |
| Hentschel and Palinska, the linguistic situation on Ukraine's Black Sea coast (2022) | `hentschel-2022-black-sea-surzhyk` | CC BY 4.0 | FU |
| Hentschel, Ukrainian and Russian in the lexicon of Ukrainian surzhyk (2023) | `hentschel-2023-surzhyk-lexicon` | CC BY 4.0 | FU, FFL, CTX |
| Kanishcheva, Shvedova, Kovalova and von Waldenfels, The parliamentary code-switching corpus (2023) | `kanishcheva-2023-parliamentary-code-switching-corpus-bilingualism` | CC BY 4.0 | FU |
| Fellerer, Subject pro-drop and past-tense auxiliary clitics in south-western Ukrainian (2022) | `fellerer-2022-pro-drop-sw` | CC BY 4.0 | G, FU |
| Shvedova, Lukashevskyi and Rysin, Developing a Universal Dependencies treebank for Ukrainian parliamentary speech (2025) | `shvedova-2025-developing-universal-dependencies-treebank-ukrainian` | CC BY 4.0 | FU |
| Starko and Rysin, An electronic Ukrainian dictionary as a derussification tool (eLex 2025) | `starko-2025-dictionary-derussification` | CC BY-SA 4.0 (paraphrased; VESUM data CC BY-NC-SA, tests only) | FU, IU |
| Synchak, Military feminine personal nouns: a corpus-based update to the web dictionary of feminitives (2023) | `synchak-2023-military-feminine` | CC BY-SA 4.0 (paraphrased) | FU, IU |

## French

The [French manual](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/fr/) and its [sources](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/fr/sources/): chapters 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14 (FF, IF, EF, FRU).

## Outside the library

Logged in [docs/usage.tsv](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/repo-docs/): Shoshana Blum-Kulka 1986 (the explicitation hypothesis), Mona Baker 1993 (corpus linguistics and translation universals), Sonja Tirkkonen-Condit 2004 (unique items), Pieter Muysken 2000 (*Bilingual Speech*, cited through Hentschel). Already logged by the corpus build: Gale and Church 1993, Koehn 2005, Steinberger et al. 2012.

## Corpora quoted

Held in en-fr, `en-uk/` and `fr-uk/`, built by [tools/parallel](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/tools/parallel/); terms per the corpus README and [Data and model licences](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/licence/DATA/):

| corpus | ids | licence | use here |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Tatoeba (export, 2026-11-06) | `tatoeba:<en_id>-<fr_id>` | CC BY 2.0 FR; authors per sentence | quoted with ids; unknown-author rows not quoted |
| Europarl v8 | `europarl-v8:<line>` | European Parliament texts, no copyright restrictions known; cite the source | quoted, counted |
| DGT-TM 2021 | `dgt-tm-v2021:<line>` | Commission Decision 2011/833/EU | quoted |
| eBible WEB and KJV with Louis Segond 1910 | `bible-web-lsg:…`, `bible-kjv-lsg:…` | public domain (the KJV under Crown letters patent in the UK: quoted for study, not shipped) | quoted |
| Project Gutenberg book pairs, identified translators | `gut-<book>:<n>` | public domain | quoted |
| Ukrainian Wikisource dump, 2026-09-01 | (counts only) | CC BY-SA and public domain | counted, not quoted |
| Tatoeba EN–UK and FR–UK (exports 2026-10-31 and 2026-11-06), built with `parallel tatoeba … en uk` / `fr uk` | `tatoeba:<en_id>-<uk_id>`, `tatoeba:<fr_id>-<uk_id>` | CC BY 2.0 FR; authors per sentence | quoted with ids; unknown-author rows not quoted |
| Kulish/Puluj Bible (1905; eBible ukr1871) against WEB, KJV and Louis Segond | `bible-web-kulish:…`, `bible-kjv-kulish:…`, `bible-lsg-kulish:…` | public domain (translators †1897, †1918, †1918) | quoted |
| French and Ukrainian Wikipedia dumps of 2026-10-01 (read-only local copies) | (counts only) | CC BY-SA 4.0 | counted, streamed, not quoted |
| EMEA v3, JRC-Acquis v3.0, ECB v1 (OPUS, English–French) | (counts only) | terms not checked or to confirm (corpus README) | counted for the English–French false-friend and context lists, never quoted |

Folk songs named or glossed (*Frère Jacques*, *Au clair de la lune*, *Щедрик*) are traditional and public domain; *Carol of the Bells* (Wilhousky 1936) is in copyright and is named only.

*The Elamur team*

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