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# LSTM CCG Parsing

**Authors:** [Mike Lewis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/mike-lewis/), [Kenton Lee](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/kenton-lee/) and [Luke Zettlemoyer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/luke-zettlemoyer/) · **Year:** 2016 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/N16-1026](https://aclanthology.org/N16-1026/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**71** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2466736553) openalex · 2026-10-18[**49** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/aclbulk-2016-lewis-lstm-ccg-parsing/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/N16-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/N16-1026/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/N16-1026.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/n16-1026](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-1026)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2466736553)

**Authors (3)**

1. [Mike Lewis](https://openalex.org/A5004412943) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0679-6612) · h 43 · 39413 citations · 84 works
2. [Kenton Lee](https://openalex.org/A5081862885) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-5970) · h 37 · 69881 citations · 111 works
3. [Luke Zettlemoyer](https://openalex.org/A5067919401) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8296-0764) · h 93 · 82307 citations · 519 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper asks whether a CCG parser needs an explicit model of bilexical dependencies. Its parser has none: a bidirectional LSTM supertagger assigns lexical categories, a deterministic grammar combines them, and A* search finds the best parse. Semi-supervised tri-training adds training signal. On CCGbank section 23 the parser improves on the earlier state of the art by 1.1 F1 in domain and by up to 4.5 F1 out of domain (BioInfer). It parses over 2600 sentences per second on a GPU. When all supertags of a sentence are correct, the parse F1 is 97.7; when some supertags are wrong, it drops to 80.3.

## Ideas

- I1. `en/src/ptag.rs` and `en/src/parse.rs`: split the error budget as the paper does. On EWT test, report the parse LAS for sentences whose tags are all correct and for sentences with tag errors, using our own tags and gold tags. This shows whether the tagger or the arc model is the next target.
- I2. Tri-training with a deterministic tagger: tag unlabeled plain text with `en`, keep only tags the tagger is confident about, retrain the perceptron, and measure EWT test tagging accuracy with `en tag-eval`. Run twice with the same seed.
- I3. Long-range check: report LAS by dependency length in `en parse-eval` on EWT test. The paper shows F1 by length to argue that a recurrent tagger keeps long-range links.

## For Mova

The chapters are [20. Syntax: the Universal Dependencies frame](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/20-syntax-overview/) and `21-clause-structure.md`. The code is `en/src/ptag.rs` and `en/src/parse.rs`. The paper is neural and GPU-fast, so only the error split and the length check transfer to our CPU pipeline. Its data are CCGbank (WSJ-derived), not in our licence list, so use no part of them in the build.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/n16-1026](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-1026)

```
@inproceedings{lewis2016lstm,
  title = {{LSTM CCG Parsing}},
  author = {Lewis, Mike and Lee, Kenton and Zettlemoyer, Luke},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/n16-1026},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n16-1026}
}
```

- [← previous An Evaluation of Parser Robustness for Ungrammatical Sentences](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2016-hashemi-evaluation-parser-robustness-ungrammatical-sentences/)
- [next → Exploring the steps of Verb Phrase Ellipsis](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/aclbulk-2016-liu-exploring-steps-verb-phrase-ellipsis/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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