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# AI-Driven Generation of Old English: A Framework for Low-Resource Languages

**Authors:** Rodrigo Gabriel Salazar Alva, Matías Núñez, Cristian López, Javier Martín Arista · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** arXiv preprint (arXiv:2507.20111) **Link:** [arxiv.org/abs/2507.20111](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20111) · **Licence:** arXiv non-exclusive licence — summary only

[**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W7160541849) openalex · 2026-10-18[arXiv:2507.20111](https://openalex.org/S4210238752)[licence](http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20111)
- [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.20111)
- [arXiv 2507.20111](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20111)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7160541849)

**Authors (4)**

1. [Rodrigo Gabriel Salazar Alva](https://openalex.org/A5135548596) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6617-4174) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2373613266) · h 0 · 0 citations · 1 works
2. Matias Nunez [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0790-5405) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2241061441)
3. [Cristian Lopez](https://openalex.org/A5012304998) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-650X) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2374997748) · h 6 · 123 citations · 24 works
4. [Javier Martin Arista](https://openalex.org/A5070769890) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9900-0104) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/40860535) · h 13 · 578 citations · 124 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper tries to enlarge the Old English corpus, which has about 3 million words, by generating new Old English text with an 8B language model. It is trained in stages: continued pre-training on English and Old English fragments (text completion, forward and back translation, cross-lingual definitions) with LoRA; then back-translation, where real Old English is translated into English and the pairs are used as new training data; then a dual-agent pipeline. One agent writes English sentences, using examples from the corpus, and a second translates them into Old English with greedy decoding. Evaluation uses BLEU, chrF and METEOR against reference translations, and expert linguists who score inflection, word order, lexical attestedness and coherence on a 1–10 scale; a text is added to the corpus only if it scores at least 7. BLEU for English to Old English rises from 25.9 for the base model to 60.0 after the first stage and 65.4 after back-translation. The expert averages are 9.0 for inflection, 9.0 for word order, 9.1 for lexical choice and 7.8 for coherence, with an overall 8.7. Common errors are looped output, untranslated segments, invented vocabulary and anachronisms. The paper does not say clearly whether the test pairs are kept apart from the pairs taken from the corpus.

## Ideas

- I1. `en/src/emode.rs` and `tools/gutenberg`: back-translation as a rule-based round trip. Generate Early Modern sentences from modern English with the closed form table, translate them back by the inverse table, and keep only pairs that return the source. Report the round-trip exact-match rate per form, with a negative control where the table is shuffled.
- I2. Acceptance gate with per-criterion numbers: for each generated sentence, report the pronoun form, the verb ending and the lexical attestedness (is each word in the Early Modern lexicon?) as separate pass or fail values, and admit a sentence only when all pass. Mirrors the paper's threshold of 7 but is explainable.
- I3. Loop detector: refuse a generated sentence that repeats a word pair within a short window, as in the looped output the paper reports, and count how many outputs it blocks on [14. Sample texts, read word by word](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/14-sample-texts/).
- I4. Person and number consistency across a passage: the paper's example shifts from second person singular to third person plural mid-passage. Check the pronoun features with `coref/src/sieve.rs`, and report violations per passage, with a clean passage as control.

## For Mova

The Early Modern forms are in `en/src/emode.rs`, with the chapters [3. Pronouns](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/03-pronouns/), [4. Verb endings: -est, -st, -eth, -th](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/04-verb-endings/) and [5. Auxiliaries and modals](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/05-auxiliaries/). Generation and its checks belong to [12. How Mova reads this English today: pipeline, fixes, failures](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/12-mova-pipeline/) and [13. Concrete improvements for Mova's parser and lexicon](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/13-improvements/). The corpus tool is `tools/gutenberg`, and the reference coreference check is `coref/src/sieve.rs`. Measures: round-trip exact match, lexicon attestedness rate, loop blocks, and pronoun-agreement violations per passage, all run twice for determinism.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [arXiv 2507.20111](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20111)

```
@misc{alva2025ai,
  title = {{AI-Driven Generation of Old English: A Framework for Low-Resource Languages}},
  author = {Alva, Rodrigo Gabriel Salazar and Nunez, Matias and Lopez, Cristian and Arista, Javier Martin},
  year = {2025},
  eprint = {2507.20111},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.20111}
}
```

- [← previous The acquisition of English irregular inflections by Yemeni L1 Arabic learners: A Universal Grammar approach](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/alsawsh-2026-acquisition-english-irregular-inflections-yemeni/)
- [next → Diachronic Analysis of Phrasal Verbs in English Scientific Writing](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/alves-2025-diachronic-analysis-phrasal-verbs-english/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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