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# Parsing Noun Phrases in the Penn Treebank

**Authors:** [David Vadas](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/david-vadas/), [James R. Curran](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/james-r-curran/) · **Year:** 2011 · **Venue:** Computational Linguistics, vol. 37, no. 4 **Link:** [aclanthology.org/J11-4006](https://aclanthology.org/J11-4006/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) — summary only

[**15** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2078244995) openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14[**8** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/bank-2011-vadas-parsing-noun-phrases-penn-treebank/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Computational Linguistics](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/J11-4/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/J11-4006/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/J11-4006.pdf)
- [DOI 10.1162/coli_a_00076](https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00076)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2078244995)

**Authors (2)**

1. [David Vadas](https://openalex.org/A5061948215) h 5 · 207 citations · 11 works
2. James R. Curran

Citations and author metrics from openalex-snapshot (2026-10-14); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The Penn Treebank does not mark the internal structure of noun phrases, so statistical parsers cannot learn it. The authors annotate NP structure by hand for the whole Wall Street Journal section of the treebank, and the inter-annotator agreement shows that the task is feasible. The Collins parser recovers NP structure worse than its overall performance, up to 5.69 F-score points below a rule baseline, and the authors trace this to missing lexical information. A supervised NP bracketing model with lexical and other features reaches 93.8% F-score on simple NPs and 89.14% on the harder, longer NPs, and as a post-processor it raises the parser's NP brackets by 9.04 points.

## Ideas

- I1. NP bracketing stage after `en` parses: a post-processor on the arc-standard output that re-attaches noun-compound and modifier dependents inside each NP, and measure UAS on the NP-internal arcs of EWT test (the EWT is CC BY-SA, so the gold NP annotation is not needed).
- I2. Compound lexicon feature in `en/src/parse.rs`: add a feature from the AGID and UD lemma lists that records whether a noun pair is a known compound, which is the lexical information the paper says the parser lacked, and measure LAS on the NP-internal subset of EWT.
- I3. Baseline for NP attachment: report the accuracy of the rule baseline in the paper (simple NP bracketing) on the NP subset of EWT, so that the `en` parser's NP-internal arcs have a number to beat.
- I4. Penn Treebank NP data is LDC-licensed: use it for tests only, and only if the test is needed; it must never enter a shipped model.

## For Mova

The NP logic belongs in `en/src/parse.rs` (features) and in a post-processor next to it; the lexicon is `en/seeds/nominal`. The chapter that the ideas touch is [22. Phrases: noun, adjective, adverb and prepositional phrases](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/22-phrases/). Measure first: UAS on the NP-internal arcs of EWT test, reported separately from the overall LAS.

Topics: [Treebanks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/treebanks/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.1162/coli_a_00076](https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00076)

```
@article{vadas2011parsing,
  title = {{Parsing Noun Phrases in the Penn Treebank}},
  author = {Vadas, David and Curran, James R.},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2011},
  doi = {10.1162/coli\_a\_00076},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00076}
}
```

- [← previous Parsing to Stanford Dependencies: Trade-offs between Speed and Accuracy](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bank-2010-cer-parsing-stanford-dependencies-trade-offs/)
- [next → More Constructions, More Genres: Extending Stanford Dependencies](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bank-2013-marneffe-more-constructions-more-genres-extending/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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