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# Unified Syntactic Annotation of English in the CGEL Framework

**Authors:** [Brett Reynolds](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/brett-reynolds/), [Aryaman Arora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/aryaman-arora/), [Nathan Schneider](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/nathan-schneider/) · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/2023.law-1.22](https://aclanthology.org/2023.law-1.22/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**0** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4385571292) openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14[Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2023.law-1/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2023.law-1.22/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2023.law-1.22.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/2023.law-1.22](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.law-1.22)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4385571292)

**Authors (3)**

1. [Brett Reynolds](https://openalex.org/A5055886085) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0073-7195) · h 2 · 15 citations · 50 works
2. [Aryaman Arora](https://openalex.org/A5082261951) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4977-8206) · h 7 · 141 citations · 52 works
3. [Nathan Schneider](https://openalex.org/A5014008069) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2745-0533) · h 28 · 6580 citations · 159 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex-snapshot (2026-10-14); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The authors test whether the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (CGEL) can serve as a corpus annotation scheme. They write guidelines, list the linguistic points the grammar leaves open, and annotate sentences from the English Web Treebank with constituents and function labels. An inter-annotator study on 50 sentences gives agreement F1 above 90% on all metrics, and 93.9% on the flexible metric that gives partial credit for labelled nodes. The annotation covers complex phenomena such as gapping. The authors argue that CGEL is attractive because its analysis of English is exhaustive and it labels both constituents and functions, and they plan to expand CGELBank and convert existing treebanks.

## Ideas

- I1. `en/seeds/verbal`: list the CGEL gapping and ellipsis constructions as checks on `en` output; measure gapping recall of `en ud-eval` on the EWT test sentences that contain gapping (test only).
- I2. `en/src/parse.rs` error classes: compare the `en` parser's head choice on coordinated predicates with the CGEL decision for the same sentence, on 50 EWT sentences (matching the paper's IAA set), reporting the share of disagreements.

## For Mova

The paper is a guideline study, so the useful part is its list of open decisions. Each open decision is a place where Mova's `en` rules and the `mova` dialect need a documented choice. Relevant chapters are `languages/en/22-phrases`, `23-complementation`, `24-coordination-subordination` and `29-ellipsis-word-order-information-structure`. Measure first the gapping recall of `en` on EWT, which needs no new data.

Topics: [Treebanks](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/treebanks/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/2023.law-1.22](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.law-1.22)

```
@inproceedings{reynolds2023unified,
  title = {{Unified Syntactic Annotation of English in the CGEL Framework}},
  author = {Reynolds, Brett and Arora, Aryaman and Schneider, Nathan},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII)},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2023.law-1.22},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.law-1.22}
}
```

- [← previous The Tembusu Treebank: An English Learner Treebank](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bank-2022-costa-tembusu-treebank-english-learner-treebank/)
- [next → Annotation Scheme for English Argument Structure Constructions Treebank](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bank-2024-sung-annotation-scheme-english-argument-structure/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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