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# Should a conditional marker arise … The diachronic development of conditional sollte in German

**Authors:** [Anne Breitbarth](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/anne-breitbarth/) · **Year:** 2019 · **Venue:** Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 4(1) **Link:** [glossa-journal.org/article/id/5128](https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/5128/) (DOI [10.5334/gjgl.599](https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.599)) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**3** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2912333916) openalex · 2026-10-18[Glossa: a journal of general linguistics](https://openalex.org/S4210226983)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

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**Authors (1)**

1. [Breitbarth, Anne](https://openalex.org/A5034204425) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8300-8275) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/52021409) · h 18 · 1305 citations · 136 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-18); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper studies the German modal *sollen* (past subjunctive *sollte*) when it appears in the protasis of a conditional, where it no longer carries its ordinary deontic or evidential sense but marks conditionality. The data are hand-checked conditional clauses from a Middle High German corpus (428 clauses) and two New High German samples (186 and 195 clauses). The coded variables are the modal meaning, syndetic or asyndetic (with or without *wenn*), linkage level, and the tense and mood of the modal. The main finding is a steady narrowing: the past subjunctive becomes the only form for conditional *sollte*, and tense mismatch between protasis and apodosis rises from about 13% in Middle High German to about 70% in present-day German. The paper reads this as ongoing grammaticalization by upward reanalysis (Roberts and Roussou 2003) through Cinque's functional hierarchy, where the modal moves to a Mood-irrealis head and in verb-first conditionals is starting to act as a conditional marker.

## Ideas

- I1. Rule-based classifier for English *should*: a sentence-initial *should* + subject + bare or finite verb, followed by a main clause with *will/would/could*, is a conditional protasis (*Should he call, I will answer*). Mark it as a conditional rather than a modal, with the rule that fired shown in the output.
- I2. Coding scheme from the paper as a test set: for each English *should*, record modal meaning (deontic, evidential, conditional), position (V1 or with *if*), and tense pattern. Measure the rule's precision and recall on hand-coded English sentences, with a negative control of plain deontic *should* ("You should go").
- I3. Trousdale's example "Should Hillary wins" (finite verb after conditional *should*) shows the rule needs to accept a finite verb as well as a bare infinitive. Write both forms into the test set.

## For Mova

The chapters are [24. Coordination and subordination](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/24-coordination-subordination/) (conditional clauses), [21. The simple clause](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/21-clause-structure/) (inverted V1 protases), [32. Politeness and hedging](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/32-politeness-and-hedging/) (the epistemic and evidential uses of *should*) and [27. Negation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/27-negation/). The code is `en/src/tag.rs` and `en/src/udreg.rs` (modal and mood features in the tagger), with the classifier best placed in `prag` next to the modal and hedge code. The paper is about German, so its data give no English numbers; the measures are the rule's precision and recall on an English *should* test set, and the negative-control result on plain deontic uses.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.5334/gjgl.599](https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.599)

```
@article{breitbarth2019should,
  title = {{Should a conditional marker arise … The diachronic development of conditional sollte in German}},
  author = {Breitbarth, Anne},
  journal = {Glossa: a journal of general linguistics},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.5334/gjgl.599},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.599}
}
```

- [← previous The DISRPT 2023 Shared Task on Elementary Discourse Unit Segmentation, Connective Detection, and Relation Classification](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/braud-2023-disrpt-2023-shared-task-elementary/)
- [next → Focus particles and scalar inferences across humans and language models](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/brousse-2026-focus-particles-scalar-inferences-across/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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39. How to cite this article: Breitbarth, Anne. 2019. Should a conditional marker arise … The diachronic development of conditional sollte in German. Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 4(1): 21. 1–23, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.599 [↗](https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.599)
40. Submitted: 25 December 2017 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Submitted%3A+25+December+2017)
41. Accepted: 12 October 2018 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Accepted%3A+12+October+2018)
42. Published: 01 February 2019 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Published%3A+01+February+2019)
43. Copyright: © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Glossa: a journal of general linguistics is a peer-reviewed open access journal published by Ubiquity Press. OPEN ACCESS [↗](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)