[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/brown-2019-verbnet-representations-subevent-semantics-transfer/)

[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [docs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/) / [papers](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/) / VerbNet Representations: Subevent Semantics for Transfer Verbs

# VerbNet Representations: Subevent Semantics for Transfer Verbs

**Authors:** [Susan Windisch Brown](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/susan-windisch-brown/), [Julia Bonn](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/julia-bonn/), [James Gung](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/james-gung/), [Annie Zaenen](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/annie-zaenen/), [James Pustejovsky](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/james-pustejovsky/), [Martha Palmer](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/martha-palmer/) · **Year:** 2019 · **Venue:** DMR 2019 (First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/W19-3318](https://aclanthology.org/W19-3318/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**16** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2972809615) openalex · 2026-10-19[**11** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/brown-2019-verbnet-representations-subevent-semantics-transfer/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/W19-33/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W19-3318/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W19-3318.pdf)
- [DOI 10.18653/v1/w19-3318](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-3318)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2972809615)

**Authors (6)**

1. [Susan Windisch Brown](https://openalex.org/A5015929703) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/1783500) · h 12 · 353 citations · 48 works
2. [Julia Bonn](https://openalex.org/A5088874459) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/19331592) · h 8 · 169 citations · 24 works
3. [James Gung](https://openalex.org/A5057625092) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2411024472) · h 7 · 144 citations · 31 works
4. [Annie Zaenen](https://openalex.org/A5026833137) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/1809816) · h 25 · 3821 citations · 122 works
5. [James Pustejovsky](https://openalex.org/A5012141433) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2233-9761) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/1707726) · h 55 · 16153 citations · 425 works
6. [Martha Palmer](https://openalex.org/A5017464054) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9864-6974) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/145755155) · h 57 · 21263 citations · 417 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-19); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper presents VerbNet's revised semantic representations, shown on the 37 classes (810 verbs) of change of possession and transfer of information. The old Start/During/End scheme with a generic `path_rel` is replaced by numbered subevents in the style of the Generative Lexicon's dynamic event model, with opposed predicates before and after the change and explicit `cause(e_i, e_j)`. A transfer of possession is: the source has the theme and the recipient does not (e1), the transfer (e2), the recipient has it and the source no longer does (e3), e2 causes e3. Variants say who initiates (an Agent replaces Source in *give*, Recipient in *steal*/*obtain*), two-way exchanges (*sell*, *pay*: two transfers, with `cost`), irrealis for *promise*/*offer*-type future having, and `manner(Illegal)` for *steal*/*rob*. Transfer of information differs in one point: the source keeps the information after telling it, and the hearer's earlier knowledge is left open. A pipeline (VerbNet class tagger, PropBank SRL, role alignment) instantiates these representations from text.

## Ideas

- I1. Turn the semantic predicates already stored in `prag/data/verbnet.tsv` (the frame rows carry `has_possession !has_possession transfer cause …`, but nothing reads them) into derived state facts for the student: after a transfer frame, the recipient has the theme and the source does not; after a motion frame the theme is at the destination and not at the start. Store them as Fact frames linked by `next` and marked as derived (`How` says from which class and frame). Questions «Who had the cheese at the end?» or «Where was the ring after …?» then have a frame to match. Measure with `world knowledge diagnose` the share of «nothing remembered matched» on possession/location questions, and the course test counts.
- I2. Keep the possession/information asymmetry: a say/tell frame leaves the speaker still knowing what was said, a give frame leaves the giver without the thing. A small inference test set from tales (give/lend/steal/tell/teach) with yes/no questions on who has or knows what, as a deterministic gate for I1.
- I3. Use the agent-as-source vs agent-as-recipient distinction to fix role questions: for *steal*, *take*, *buy*, *get* the subject is the one who ends with the thing, for *give*, *sell*, *lend* it is the one who loses it. «From whom did the fox take the cheese?» asks the source oblique. Check on the frame bench and in the to-whom/from-whom questions that docs/mmm-diagnosis.md lists as weak.
- I4. Irrealis for future-having classes (*promise*, *offer*, *owe*): their transfer did not happen yet, so no possession fact is derived. A negative control for I1: «The king promised the miller gold» must not yield «the miller has gold».

## For Mova

[13. Verbs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/13-verbs/) (verb classes), `30-pragmatics-overview.md` §5.3 (a frame with its pragmatics), `36-discourse-relations.md` §11.4 (story time). Code: `prag/src/vnconv.rs` and `prag/data/verbnet.tsv` (keep predicate arguments and subevent order, not only names), `prag/src/vn.rs`, `prag/src/frames.rs` (derived state frames), `world/src/knowledge.rs`. Measures: diagnosis step shares on possession and location questions, course tests and exams, the inference gate with its negative control.

Topics: [Semantic role labeling](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/topics/semantic-role-labeling/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.18653/v1/w19-3318](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-3318)

```
@inproceedings{brown2019verbnet,
  title = {{VerbNet Representations: Subevent Semantics for Transfer Verbs}},
  author = {Brown, Susan Windisch and Bonn, Julia and Gung, James and Zaenen, Annie and Pustejovsky, James and Palmer, Martha},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Designing Meaning Representations},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/w19-3318},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-3318}
}
```

- [← previous Focus particles and scalar inferences across humans and language models](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/brousse-2026-focus-particles-scalar-inferences-across/)
- [next → Revisiting the ISO standard for dialogue act annotation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/bunt-2017-revisiting-iso-standard-dialogue-act/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

## References

35 references, 3 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Omri Abend, Roi Reichart, and Ari Rappoport. 2008. A supervised algorithm for verb disambiguation into verbnet classes. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics-Volume 1, pages 9–16. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Omri+Abend%2C+Roi+Reichart%2C+and+Ari+Rappoport%2E+2008%2E+A+supervised+algorithm+for+verb+disambiguation+into+verbnet+classes%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+22nd+International+Conference+on+Computational+Linguistics)
2. Luheng He, Kenton Lee, Mike Lewis, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2017. Deep Semantic Role Labeling: What Works and What’s Next. Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Luheng+He%2C+Kenton+Lee%2C+Mike+Lewis%2C+and+Luke+Zettlemoyer%2E+2017%2E+Deep+Semantic+Role+Labeling%3A+What+Works+and+What%E2%80%99s+Next%2E+Proceedings+of+the+55th+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Ling) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/he-2017-deep-semantic-role-labeling-what/)
3. Norm Badler, Martha Palmer, and Rama Bindiganavle. 1999. Animation control for real-time virtual humans. Communications of the ACM, 42(7):65–73. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Norm+Badler%2C+Martha+Palmer%2C+and+Rama+Bindiganavle%2E+1999%2E+Animation+control+for+real%2Dtime+virtual+humans%2E+Communications+of+the+ACM%2C+42%287%29%3A65%E2%80%9373%2E)
4. Ann Bies, Justin Mott, Colin Warner, and Seth Kulick. 2012. English web treebank. Linguistic Data Consortium, Philadelphia, PA. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ann+Bies%2C+Justin+Mott%2C+Colin+Warner%2C+and+Seth+Kulick%2E+2012%2E+English+web+treebank%2E+Linguistic+Data+Consortium%2C+Philadelphia%2C+PA%2E)
5. Eduard Hovy, Mitchell Marcus, Martha Palmer, Lance Ramshaw, and Ralph Weischedel. 2006. OntoNotes: the 90% solution. In Proceedings of the human language technology conference of the NAACL, Companion Volume: Short Papers, pages 57–60. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Eduard+Hovy%2C+Mitchell+Marcus%2C+Martha+Palmer%2C+Lance+Ramshaw%2C+and+Ralph+Weischedel%2E+2006%2E+OntoNotes%3A+the+90%25+solution%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+human+language+technology+conference+of+the+NAACL%2C+Companion+)
6. Claire Bonial, Susan Windisch Brown, William Corvey, Martha Palmer, Volha Petukhova, and Harry Bunt. 2011. An exploratory comparison of thematic roles in verbnet and lirics. In Workshop on Interoperable Semantic Annotation, page 39. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Claire+Bonial%2C+Susan+Windisch+Brown%2C+William+Corvey%2C+Martha+Palmer%2C+Volha+Petukhova%2C+and+Harry+Bunt%2E+2011%2E+An+exploratory+comparison+of+thematic+roles+in+verbnet+and+lirics%2E+In+Workshop+on+Interoperab)
7. Jena D Hwang. 2014. Identification and representation of caused motion constructions. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jena+D+Hwang%2E+2014%2E+Identification+and+representation+of+caused+motion+constructions%2E)
8. Johan Bos. 2008. Wide-coverage semantic analysis with boxer. In Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Semantics in Text Processing, pages 277–286. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Johan+Bos%2E+2008%2E+Wide%2Dcoverage+semantic+analysis+with+boxer%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+2008+Conference+on+Semantics+in+Text+Processing%2C+pages+277%E2%80%93286%2E+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics%2E)
9. Daisuke Kawahara and Martha Palmer. 2014. Single classifier approach for verb sense disambiguation based on generalized features. In LREC, pages 4210–4213. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daisuke+Kawahara+and+Martha+Palmer%2E+2014%2E+Single+classifier+approach+for+verb+sense+disambiguation+based+on+generalized+features%2E+In+LREC%2C+pages+4210%E2%80%934213%2E)
10. Susan Windisch Brown, Dmitriy Dligach, and Martha Palmer. 2014. Verbnet class assignment as a wsd task. In Computing Meaning, pages 203–216. Springer. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Susan+Windisch+Brown%2C+Dmitriy+Dligach%2C+and+Martha+Palmer%2E+2014%2E+Verbnet+class+assignment+as+a+wsd+task%2E+In+Computing+Meaning%2C+pages+203%E2%80%93216%2E+Springer%2E)
11. Karin Kipper, Anna Korhonen, Neville Ryant, and Martha Palmer. 2006. Extending verbnet with novel verb classes. In Proceedings of LREC, volume 2006, page 1. Citeseer. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Karin+Kipper%2C+Anna+Korhonen%2C+Neville+Ryant%2C+and+Martha+Palmer%2E+2006%2E+Extending+verbnet+with+novel+verb+classes%2E+In+Proceedings+of+LREC%2C+volume+2006%2C+page+1%2E+Citeseer%2E)
12. Susan Windisch Brown and Martha Palmer. 2012. Semantic annotation of metaphorical verbs with verbnet: A case study of climband poison. In Workshop on interoperable semantic annotation, page 72. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Susan+Windisch+Brown+and+Martha+Palmer%2E+2012%2E+Semantic+annotation+of+metaphorical+verbs+with+verbnet%3A+A+case+study+of+climband+poison%2E+In+Workshop+on+interoperable+semantic+annotation%2C+page+72%2E)
13. Karin Kipper and Martha Palmer. 2000. Representation of actions as an interlingua. In Proceedings of NAACL-ANLP Workshop on Applied Interlinguas: practical applications of interlingual approaches to NLP,, pages 12–17. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Karin+Kipper+and+Martha+Palmer%2E+2000%2E+Representation+of+actions+as+an+interlingua%2E+In+Proceedings+of+NAACL%2DANLP+Workshop+on+Applied+Interlinguas%3A+practical+applications+of+interlingual+approaches+to+N)
14. Susan Windisch Brown, James Pustejovsky, Annie Zaenen, and Martha Palmer. 2018. Integrating generative lexicon event structures into verbnet. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-2018). [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Susan+Windisch+Brown%2C+James+Pustejovsky%2C+Annie+Zaenen%2C+and+Martha+Palmer%2E+2018%2E+Integrating+generative+lexicon+event+structures+into+verbnet%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+Eleventh+International+Conference+on)
15. Beth Levin. 1993. English Verb Classes and Alternations: A Preliminary Investigation. University of Chicago Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Beth+Levin%2E+1993%2E+English+Verb+Classes+and+Alternations%3A+A+Preliminary+Investigation%2E+University+of+Chicago+Press%2E)
16. Danilo Croce, Roberto Basili, Alessandro Moschitti, and Martha Palmer. 2012. Verb classification using distributional similarity in syntactic and semantic structures. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Long Papers-Volume 1, pages 263–272. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Danilo+Croce%2C+Roberto+Basili%2C+Alessandro+Moschitti%2C+and+Martha+Palmer%2E+2012%2E+Verb+classification+using+distributional+similarity+in+syntactic+and+semantic+structures%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+50th+Annual)
17. Edward Loper, Szu-Ting Yi, and Martha Palmer. 2007. Combining lexical resources: mapping between propbank and verbnet. In Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Computational Linguistics, Tilburg, the Netherlands. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Edward+Loper%2C+Szu%2DTing+Yi%2C+and+Martha+Palmer%2E+2007%2E+Combining+lexical+resources%3A+mapping+between+propbank+and+verbnet%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+7th+International+Workshop+on+Computational+Linguistics%2C+Ti)
18. Jennifer Garland, Stephanie Strassel, Safa Ismael, Zhiyi Song, and Haejoong Lee. 2012. Linguistic resources for genre-independent language technologies: user-generated content in bolt. In Workshop Programme, page 34. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jennifer+Garland%2C+Stephanie+Strassel%2C+Safa+Ismael%2C+Zhiyi+Song%2C+and+Haejoong+Lee%2E+2012%2E+Linguistic+resources+for+genre%2Dindependent+language+technologies%3A+user%2Dgenerated+content+in+bolt%2E+In+Workshop+Pro)
19. Anjali Narayan-Chen, Colin Graber, Mayukh Das, Md Rakibul Islam, Soham Dan, Sriraam Natarajan, Janardhan Rao Doppa, Julia Hockenmaier, Martha Palmer, and Dan Roth. 2017. Towards problem solving agents that communicate and learn. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics, pages 95–103. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Anjali+Narayan%2DChen%2C+Colin+Graber%2C+Mayukh+Das%2C+Md+Rakibul+Islam%2C+Soham+Dan%2C+Sriraam+Natarajan%2C+Janardhan+Rao+Doppa%2C+Julia+Hockenmaier%2C+Martha+Palmer%2C+and+Dan+Roth%2E+2017%2E+Towards+problem+solving+agents)
20. Daniel Gildea and Daniel Jurafsky. 2002. Automatic labeling of semantic roles. Computational Linguistics, 28(3):245–288. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Daniel+Gildea+and+Daniel+Jurafsky%2E+2002%2E+Automatic+labeling+of+semantic+roles%2E+Computational+Linguistics%2C+28%283%29%3A245%E2%80%93288%2E) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/gildea-2002-automatic-labeling-semantic-roles/)
21. Tim O’Gorman, Sameer Pradhan, James Gung, and Martha Palmer. 2019. The unified propbank landscape. Ms. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tim+O%E2%80%99Gorman%2C+Sameer+Pradhan%2C+James+Gung%2C+and+Martha+Palmer%2E+2019%2E+The+unified+propbank+landscape%2E+Ms%2E)
22. Ana-Maria Giuglea and Alessandro Moschitti. 2006. Semantic role labeling via framenet, verbnet and propbank. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 44th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 929–936. Association for Computational Linguistics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ana%2DMaria+Giuglea+and+Alessandro+Moschitti%2E+2006%2E+Semantic+role+labeling+via+framenet%2C+verbnet+and+propbank%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+21st+International+Conference+on+Computational+Linguistics+and+the+44)
23. Martha Palmer. 2009. Semlink: Linking propbank, verbnet and framenet. In Proceedings of the generative lexicon conference, pages 9–15. Pisa Italy. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Martha+Palmer%2E+2009%2E+Semlink%3A+Linking+propbank%2C+verbnet+and+framenet%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+generative+lexicon+conference%2C+pages+9%E2%80%9315%2E+Pisa+Italy%2E)
24. Martha Palmer, Daniel Gildea, and Paul Kingsbury. 2005. The proposition bank: An annotated corpus of semantic roles. Computational linguistics, 31(1):71–106. [↗](https://doi.org/10.1162/0891201053630264) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/palmer-2005-proposition-bank-annotated-corpus-semantic/)
25. Adele E Goldberg. 2006. Constructions at work: The nature of generalization in language. Oxford University Press on Demand. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Adele+E+Goldberg%2E+2006%2E+Constructions+at+work%3A+The+nature+of+generalization+in+language%2E+Oxford+University+Press+on+Demand%2E)
26. Martha Palmer, James Gung, Claire Bonial, Jinho Choi, Orin Hargraves, Derek Palmer, and Kevin Stowe. 2017. The Pitfalls of Shortcuts: Tales from the word sense tagging trenches. Springer series Text, Speech and Language Technology, Essays in Lexical Semantics and Computational Lexicography - In Honor of Adam Kilgarriff. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Martha+Palmer%2C+James+Gung%2C+Claire+Bonial%2C+Jinho+Choi%2C+Orin+Hargraves%2C+Derek+Palmer%2C+and+Kevin+Stowe%2E+2017%2E+The+Pitfalls+of+Shortcuts%3A+Tales+from+the+word+sense+tagging+trenches%2E+Springer+series+Text%2C+)
27. Matthew Peters, Mark Neumann, Mohit Iyyer, Matt Gardner, Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2018. Deep contextualized word representations. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers), pages 2227–2237. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Matthew+Peters%2C+Mark+Neumann%2C+Mohit+Iyyer%2C+Matt+Gardner%2C+Christopher+Clark%2C+Kenton+Lee%2C+and+Luke+Zettlemoyer%2E+2018%2E+Deep+contextualized+word+representations%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+2018+Conference+of+t)
28. J. Pustejovsky. 1995. The Generative Lexicon. Bradford Book. Mit Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J%2E+Pustejovsky%2E+1995%2E+The+Generative+Lexicon%2E+Bradford+Book%2E+Mit+Press%2E)
29. James Pustejovsky. 2013. Dynamic event structure and habitat theory. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Generative Approaches to the Lexicon (GL2013), pages 1–10. ACL. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=James+Pustejovsky%2E+2013%2E+Dynamic+event+structure+and+habitat+theory%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+6th+International+Conference+on+Generative+Approaches+to+the+Lexicon+%28GL2013%29%2C+pages+1%E2%80%9310%2E+ACL%2E)
30. James Pustejovsky and Jessica Moszkowicz. 2011. The qualitative spatial dynamics of motion. The Journal of Spatial Cognition and Computation. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=James+Pustejovsky+and+Jessica+Moszkowicz%2E+2011%2E+The+qualitative+spatial+dynamics+of+motion%2E+The+Journal+of+Spatial+Cognition+and+Computation%2E)
31. James Pustejovsky, Martha Palmer, Annie Zaenen, and Susan Brown. 2016. Verb meaning in context: Integrating verbnet and gl predicative structures. In Proceedings of the LREC 2016 Workshop: ISA-12, Potoroz, Slovenia, volume 2016. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=James+Pustejovsky%2C+Martha+Palmer%2C+Annie+Zaenen%2C+and+Susan+Brown%2E+2016%2E+Verb+meaning+in+context%3A+Integrating+verbnet+and+gl+predicative+structures%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+LREC+2016+Workshop%3A+ISA%2D12%2C+Pot)
32. J. Allbeck N. Badler A. Joshi R. Bindiganavale, W. Schuler and M. Palmer. 2000. Dynamically, altering agent behaviors using natural language instructions. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Autonomous Agents (AGENTS), pages 293–300. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=J%2E+Allbeck+N%2E+Badler+A%2E+Joshi+R%2E+Bindiganavale%2C+W%2E+Schuler+and+M%2E+Palmer%2E+2000%2E+Dynamically%2C+altering+agent+behaviors+using+natural+language+instructions%2E+In+Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Confe)
33. Karin Kipper Schuler. 2005. Verbnet: A broad-coverage, comprehensive verb lexicon. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Karin+Kipper+Schuler%2E+2005%2E+Verbnet%3A+A+broad%2Dcoverage%2C+comprehensive+verb+lexicon%2E)
34. Lei Shi and Rada Mihalcea. 2005. Putting pieces together: Combining framenet, verbnet and wordnet for robust semantic parsing. In International conference on intelligent text processing and computational linguistics, pages 100–111. Springer. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lei+Shi+and+Rada+Mihalcea%2E+2005%2E+Putting+pieces+together%3A+Combining+framenet%2C+verbnet+and+wordnet+for+robust+semantic+parsing%2E+In+International+conference+on+intelligent+text+processing+and+computatio)
35. Annie Zaenen, Daniel G Bobrow, and Cleo Condoravdi. 2008. The encoding of lexical implications in verbnet predicates of change of locations. In LREC. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Annie+Zaenen%2C+Daniel+G+Bobrow%2C+and+Cleo+Condoravdi%2E+2008%2E+The+encoding+of+lexical+implications+in+verbnet+predicates+of+change+of+locations%2E+In+LREC%2E)