[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/carlson-2021-how-focus-particles-accents-affect/)

[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [docs](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/) / [papers](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/) / [English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/) / How focus particles and accents affect attachment

# How focus particles and accents affect attachment

**Authors:** Katy Carlson, David Potter · **Year:** 2021 · **Venue:** Glossa: a journal of general linguistics 6(1): 100 **Link:** [glossa-journal.org/article/id/5782](https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/5782/) (DOI [10.16995/glossa.5782](https://doi.org/10.16995/glossa.5782)) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

[**4** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3184417864) openalex · 2026-10-19[Glossa: a journal of general linguistics](https://openalex.org/S4210226983)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.16995/glossa.5782)
- [PDF](https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/5782/galley/14495/download)
- [DOI 10.16995/glossa.5782](https://doi.org/10.16995/glossa.5782)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3184417864)

**Authors (2)**

1. [Katy Carlson](https://openalex.org/A5050740746) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6372-4389) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2224812) · h 16 · 2150 citations · 60 works
2. [David Potter](https://openalex.org/A5102949166) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5377-3005) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/145036513) · h 7 · 116 citations · 22 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-19); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The question is whether information structure, not only prosodic boundaries, changes where an ambiguous modifier attaches. Sentences like "Susie heard that Bill had called on Monday" leave the final time phrase free to attach to the embedded verb or the matrix verb. Experiment 1a, a written questionnaire with 41 analysed participants, puts "only" before the first or the second verb: high attachment is 61.5% with "only" before Verb1 and 26.6% with "only" before Verb2 (beta 2.16, p < 0.001). A completion study shows that readers rarely take the verb after "only" as the narrow focus (99% of contrasts are with the first verb or its clause in one condition). Auditory experiments with 38 to 52 participants show the same direction, and contrastive L+H* accents have a smaller, additive effect (beta 0.39 and 0.54 in the two auditory studies, with no interaction with "only"). The authors revise the Focus Attraction Hypothesis: the modifier is drawn to the highest focused domain under "only", and perceivers do not need the verb to be accented.

## Ideas

- I1. An attachment tie-break in `en/src/parse.rs`: when a final PP or time phrase is ambiguous between two verbs, and "only" precedes one of them, attach it to the VP headed by that verb. Measure the attachment accuracy on the paper's 20 items (Experiment 1a, the items with "(only)" in the appendix), with the default attachment as the baseline.
- I2. Keep the two cues as separate features in a perceptron attachment scorer (`en/src/parse.rs`, or the arc scorer of `gparse`): one feature for the position of "only", one for an accent on the verb. The paper reports the two as additive, so a model with no interaction term is the honest default; test whether a model with an interaction term gains anything on held-out items.
- I3. Use the paper's contradiction probe as a deterministic scope check in `prag`: a follow-up clause starting with "he" or "she" that contradicts the sentence shows which level "only" was applied to. Build the check on the paper's completion examples and count how often the contradicted constituent matches the rule's prediction.
- I4. Negative control: shuffle the position of "only" across the items, keep everything else fixed, and require the attachment accuracy to drop to baseline. A rule that does not depend on "only" must not gain on the shuffled set.

## For Mova

The chapters are [29. Ellipsis, word order and information structure](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/29-ellipsis-word-order-information-structure/) (focus, "only" and information structure), [24. Coordination and subordination](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/24-coordination-subordination/) (attachment of adverbials and complement clauses), [33. Implicature and presupposition](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/33-implicature-and-presupposition/) (exhaustivity of "only") and [23. Complementation](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en/23-complementation/) (verbs that take a clause). The code is `en/src/parse.rs` for the attachment choice, `gparse` for the arc scorer, and `prag/src/infer.rs` for the scope of "only". The measure is attachment accuracy on the paper's items with the shuffled-position control, run twice to confirm it is identical.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.16995/glossa.5782](https://doi.org/10.16995/glossa.5782)

```
@article{carlson2021how,
  title = {{How focus particles and accents affect attachment}},
  author = {Carlson, Katy and Potter, David},
  journal = {Glossa: a journal of general linguistics},
  year = {2021},
  doi = {10.16995/glossa.5782},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.16995/glossa.5782}
}
```

- [← previous Building a Discourse-Tagged Corpus in the Framework of Rhetorical Structure Theory](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/carlson-2001-building-discourse-tagged-corpus-framework/)
- [next → Introduction to the CoNLL-2005 Shared Task: Semantic Role Labeling](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/carreras-2005-introduction-conll-2005-shared-task/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

## References

67 references, 1 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Arregi, Karlos. 2016. Focus projection theories. In Féry, Caroline & Ishihara, Shinichiro (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Information Structure, 185–202. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Arregi%2C+Karlos%2E+2016%2E+Focus+projection+theories%2E+In+F%C3%A9ry%2C+Caroline+%26+Ishihara%2C+Shinichiro+%28eds%2E%29%2C+Oxford+Handbook+of+Information+Structure%2C+185%E2%80%93202%2E+Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press%2E)
2. Barr, Dale J. & Levy, Roger & Scheepers, Christoph & Tily, Harry J. 2013. Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language 68(3). 255–278. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Barr%2C+Dale+J%2E+%26+Levy%2C+Roger+%26+Scheepers%2C+Christoph+%26+Tily%2C+Harry+J%2E+2013%2E+Random+effects+structure+for+confirmatory+hypothesis+testing%3A+Keep+it+maximal%2E+Journal+of+Memory+and+Language+68%283%29%2E+255%E2%80%93278%2E)
3. Bartels, Christine & Kingston, John. 1996. Salient pitch cues in the perception of contrastive focus. In Dickey, Michael Walsh & Tunstall, Sue (eds.), UMOP 19: Linguistics in the laboratory, 1–26. Amherst: GLSA. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bartels%2C+Christine+%26+Kingston%2C+John%2E+1996%2E+Salient+pitch+cues+in+the+perception+of+contrastive+focus%2E+In+Dickey%2C+Michael+Walsh+%26+Tunstall%2C+Sue+%28eds%2E%29%2C+UMOP+19%3A+Linguistics+in+the+laboratory%2C+1%E2%80%9326%2E+Amh)
4. Bates, Douglas & Maechler, Martin & Bolker, Ben & Walker, Steve. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67(1). 1–48. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bates%2C+Douglas+%26+Maechler%2C+Martin+%26+Bolker%2C+Ben+%26+Walker%2C+Steve%2E+2015%2E+Fitting+linear+mixed%2Deffects+models+using+lme4%2E+Journal+of+Statistical+Software+67%281%29%2E+1%E2%80%9348%2E)
5. Beaver, David I. & Clark, Brady Z. 2002. The proper treatments of focus sensitivity. In Mikkelsen, Line & Potts, Christopher (eds.), Proceedings of WCCFL 21, 15–28. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Beaver%2C+David+I%2E+%26+Clark%2C+Brady+Z%2E+2002%2E+The+proper+treatments+of+focus+sensitivity%2E+In+Mikkelsen%2C+Line+%26+Potts%2C+Christopher+%28eds%2E%29%2C+Proceedings+of+WCCFL+21%2C+15%E2%80%9328%2E+Somerville%2C+MA%3A+Cascadilla+Press%2E)
6. Beaver, David & Clark, Brady Z. 2003. Always and only: Why not all focus-sensitive operators are alike. Natural Language Semantics 11. 323–362. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Beaver%2C+David+%26+Clark%2C+Brady+Z%2E+2003%2E+Always+and+only%3A+Why+not+all+focus%2Dsensitive+operators+are+alike%2E+Natural+Language+Semantics+11%2E+323%E2%80%93362%2E)
7. Beaver, David I. & Clark, Brady Z. 2008. Sense and Sensitivity: How Focus Determines Meaning. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Beaver%2C+David+I%2E+%26+Clark%2C+Brady+Z%2E+2008%2E+Sense+and+Sensitivity%3A+How+Focus+Determines+Meaning%2E+Oxford%3A+Wiley%2DBlackwell%2E)
8. Beck, Sigrid. 2016. Focus sensitive operators. In Féry, Caroline & Ishihara, Shinichiro (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Information Structure, 227–250. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Beck%2C+Sigrid%2E+2016%2E+Focus+sensitive+operators%2E+In+F%C3%A9ry%2C+Caroline+%26+Ishihara%2C+Shinichiro+%28eds%2E%29%2C+Oxford+Handbook+of+Information+Structure%2C+227%E2%80%93250%2E+Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press%2E)
9. Beckman, Mary & Ayers, Gayle. 1997. Guidelines for ToBI transcription, vers. 2.0. Ms. and accompanying speech materials, Ohio State University. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Beckman%2C+Mary+%26+Ayers%2C+Gayle%2E+1997%2E+Guidelines+for+ToBI+transcription%2C+vers%2E+2%2E0%2E+Ms%2E+and+accompanying+speech+materials%2C+Ohio+State+University%2E)
10. Breen, Mara. 2014. Empirical investigations of the role of implicit prosody in sentence processing. Language and Linguistics Compass 8(2). 37–50. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Breen%2C+Mara%2E+2014%2E+Empirical+investigations+of+the+role+of+implicit+prosody+in+sentence+processing%2E+Language+and+Linguistics+Compass+8%282%29%2E+37%E2%80%9350%2E)
11. Byrd, Dani & Riggs, Daylen. 2008. Locality interactions with prominence in determining the scope of phrasal lengthening. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38. 187–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100308003460 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025100308003460)
12. Carlson, Katy. 2001. The effects of parallelism and prosody on the processing of gapping structures. Language and Speech 44. 1–26. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Carlson%2C+Katy%2E+2001%2E+The+effects+of+parallelism+and+prosody+on+the+processing+of+gapping+structures%2E+Language+and+Speech+44%2E+1%E2%80%9326%2E)
13. Carlson, Katy. 2002. Parallelism and prosody in the processing of ellipsis sentences. Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics Series. NY: Routledge Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Carlson%2C+Katy%2E+2002%2E+Parallelism+and+prosody+in+the+processing+of+ellipsis+sentences%2E+Outstanding+Dissertations+in+Linguistics+Series%2E+NY%3A+Routledge+Press%2E)
14. Carlson, Katy. 2013. The role of only in contrasts in and out of context. Discourse Processes 50. 1–27. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Carlson%2C+Katy%2E+2013%2E+The+role+of+only+in+contrasts+in+and+out+of+context%2E+Discourse+Processes+50%2E+1%E2%80%9327%2E)
15. Carlson, Katy & Clifton, Charles, Jr. & Frazier, Lyn. 2001. Prosodic boundaries in adjunct attachment. Journal of Memory and Language 45. 58–81. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Carlson%2C+Katy+%26+Clifton%2C+Charles%2C+Jr%2E+%26+Frazier%2C+Lyn%2E+2001%2E+Prosodic+boundaries+in+adjunct+attachment%2E+Journal+of+Memory+and+Language+45%2E+58%E2%80%9381%2E)
16. Carlson, Katy & Dickey, Michael Walsh & Frazier, Lyn & Clifton, Charles, Jr. 2009. Information structure expectations in sentence comprehension. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62. 114–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701880171 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210701880171)
17. Carlson, Katy & Frazier, Lyn & Clifton, Charles, Jr. 2009. How prosody constrains comprehension: A limited effect of prosodic packaging. Lingua 119. 1066–1082. Carlson, Katy & Potter, David. in press. Focus affects attachment. Language and Speech. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Carlson%2C+Katy+%26+Frazier%2C+Lyn+%26+Clifton%2C+Charles%2C+Jr%2E+2009%2E+How+prosody+constrains+comprehension%3A+A+limited+effect+of+prosodic+packaging%2E+Lingua+119%2E+1066%E2%80%931082%2E+Carlson%2C+Katy+%26+Potter%2C+David%2E+in+press%2E)
18. Carlson, Katy & Tyler, Joseph C. 2018. Accents, not just prosodic boundaries, influence syntactic attachment. Language and Speech 61. 246–276. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Carlson%2C+Katy+%26+Tyler%2C+Joseph+C%2E+2018%2E+Accents%2C+not+just+prosodic+boundaries%2C+influence+syntactic+attachment%2E+Language+and+Speech+61%2E+246%E2%80%93276%2E)
19. Cinque, Guglielmo. 1993. A null theory of phrase and compound stress. Linguistic Inquiry 24(2). 239–297. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Cinque%2C+Guglielmo%2E+1993%2E+A+null+theory+of+phrase+and+compound+stress%2E+Linguistic+Inquiry+24%282%29%2E+239%E2%80%93297%2E)
20. Clifton, Charles, Jr. & Carlson, Katy & Frazier, Lyn. 2002. Informative prosodic boundaries. Language and Speech 45. 87–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309020450020101 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/00238309020450020101)
21. Clifton, Charles, Jr. & Carlson, Katy & Frazier, Lyn. 2006. Tracking the what and why of speaker’s choices: Prosodic boundaries and the length of constituents. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 13. 854–861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194009 [↗](https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03194009)
22. Dainora, Audra. 2002. Does intonational meaning come from tones or tunes? Evidence against a compositional approach. In Bel, Bernard & Marlien, Isabelle (eds.), Proceedings of the Speech Prosody 2002 Conference, 235–238. Aix-en-Provence, France: Laboratoire Parole et Langage. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dainora%2C+Audra%2E+2002%2E+Does+intonational+meaning+come+from+tones+or+tunes%3F+Evidence+against+a+compositional+approach%2E+In+Bel%2C+Bernard+%26+Marlien%2C+Isabelle+%28eds%2E%29%2C+Proceedings+of+the+Speech+Prosody+2002+)
23. Filik, Ruth & Paterson, Kevin B. & Liversedge, Simon P. 2005. Parsing with focus particles in context: Eye movements during the processing of relative clause ambiguities. Journal of Memory and Language 53(4). 473–495. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Filik%2C+Ruth+%26+Paterson%2C+Kevin+B%2E+%26+Liversedge%2C+Simon+P%2E+2005%2E+Parsing+with+focus+particles+in+context%3A+Eye+movements+during+the+processing+of+relative+clause+ambiguities%2E+Journal+of+Memory+and+Languag)
24. Fodor, Janet Dean. 1998. Learning to parse? Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 27. 285–319. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Fodor%2C+Janet+Dean%2E+1998%2E+Learning+to+parse%3F+Journal+of+Psycholinguistic+Research+27%2E+285%E2%80%93319%2E)
25. Frazier, Lyn & Clifton, Charles, Jr. 1998. Comprehension of sluiced constituents. Language and Cognitive Processes 13. 499–520. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Frazier%2C+Lyn+%26+Clifton%2C+Charles%2C+Jr%2E+1998%2E+Comprehension+of+sluiced+constituents%2E+Language+and+Cognitive+Processes+13%2E+499%E2%80%93520%2E)
26. Frazier, Lyn & Clifton, Charles, Jr. 2005. The syntax-discourse divide: Processing ellipsis. Syntax 8(2). 121–174. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Frazier%2C+Lyn+%26+Clifton%2C+Charles%2C+Jr%2E+2005%2E+The+syntax%2Ddiscourse+divide%3A+Processing+ellipsis%2E+Syntax+8%282%29%2E+121%E2%80%93174%2E)
27. Gotzner, Nicole. 2019. The role of focus intonation in implicature calculation: a comparison with only and also. Natural Language Semantics 27. 189–226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11050-019-09154-7 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11050-019-09154-7)
28. Hajičová, Eva & Partee, Barbara H. & Sgall, Petr. 1998. Focus, topic and semantics. In Benedicto, Elena & Romero, Maribel & Tomioka, Satoshi (eds.), Proceedings of the Workshop on Focus, 21. 101–124. UMass WPL. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Haji%C4%8Dov%C3%A1%2C+Eva+%26+Partee%2C+Barbara+H%2E+%26+Sgall%2C+Petr%2E+1998%2E+Focus%2C+topic+and+semantics%2E+In+Benedicto%2C+Elena+%26+Romero%2C+Maribel+%26+Tomioka%2C+Satoshi+%28eds%2E%29%2C+Proceedings+of+the+Workshop+on+Focus%2C+21%2E+101%E2%80%93124%2E+)
29. Harris, Jesse & Carlson, Katy. 2018. Information structure preferences in focus-sensitive ellipsis: How defaults persist. Language and Speech 61. 480–512. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Harris%2C+Jesse+%26+Carlson%2C+Katy%2E+2018%2E+Information+structure+preferences+in+focus%2Dsensitive+ellipsis%3A+How+defaults+persist%2E+Language+and+Speech+61%2E+480%E2%80%93512%2E)
30. Hirose, Yuki. 2003. Recycling prosodic boundaries. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 32(2). 162–195. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hirose%2C+Yuki%2E+2003%2E+Recycling+prosodic+boundaries%2E+Journal+of+Psycholinguistic+Research+32%282%29%2E+162%E2%80%93195%2E)
31. Hirose, Yuki. 2019. Sequential interpretation of pitch prominence as contrastive and syntactic information: contrast comes first, but syntax takes over. Language and Speech 63(3). 455–478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830919854476 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1177/0023830919854476)
32. Hurley, Rose & Bishop, Jason. 2016. Prosodic and individual influences on the interpretation of only. In Barnes, Jon & Brugos, Alejna & Shattuck-Hufnagel, Stefanie & Veilleux, Nanette (eds.), Proceedings of Speech Prosody 8, 193–197. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hurley%2C+Rose+%26+Bishop%2C+Jason%2E+2016%2E+Prosodic+and+individual+influences+on+the+interpretation+of+only%2E+In+Barnes%2C+Jon+%26+Brugos%2C+Alejna+%26+Shattuck%2DHufnagel%2C+Stefanie+%26+Veilleux%2C+Nanette+%28eds%2E%29%2C+Proceedi)
33. Jun, Sun-Ah & Bishop, Jason. 2015. Prominence in relative clause attachment: Evidence from prosodic priming. In Frazier, Lyn & Gibson, Edward (eds.), Explicit and implicit prosody in sentence processing: Studies in honor of Janet Dean Fodor (pp. 217–240). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jun%2C+Sun%2DAh+%26+Bishop%2C+Jason%2E+2015%2E+Prominence+in+relative+clause+attachment%3A+Evidence+from+prosodic+priming%2E+In+Frazier%2C+Lyn+%26+Gibson%2C+Edward+%28eds%2E%29%2C+Explicit+and+implicit+prosody+in+sentence+processi)
34. Kiss, Katalin E. 1998. Identificational focus vs. information focus. Language 74(2). 245–273. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kiss%2C+Katalin+E%2E+1998%2E+Identificational+focus+vs%2E+information+focus%2E+Language+74%282%29%2E+245%E2%80%93273%2E)
35. Krahmer, Emiel & Swerts, Marc. 2001. On the alleged existence of contrastive accents. Speech Communication 34. 391–405. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Krahmer%2C+Emiel+%26+Swerts%2C+Marc%2E+2001%2E+On+the+alleged+existence+of+contrastive+accents%2E+Speech+Communication+34%2E+391%E2%80%93405%2E)
36. Kraljic, Tanja & Brennan, Susan E. 2005. Prosodic disambiguation of syntactic structure: For the speaker or for the addressee? Cognitive Psychology 50(2). 194–231. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kraljic%2C+Tanja+%26+Brennan%2C+Susan+E%2E+2005%2E+Prosodic+disambiguation+of+syntactic+structure%3A+For+the+speaker+or+for+the+addressee%3F+Cognitive+Psychology+50%282%29%2E+194%E2%80%93231%2E)
37. Ladd, D. Robert & Morton, Rachel. 1997. The perception of intonational emphasis: Continuous or categorical? Journal of Phonetics 25(3). 313–342. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ladd%2C+D%2E+Robert+%26+Morton%2C+Rachel%2E+1997%2E+The+perception+of+intonational+emphasis%3A+Continuous+or+categorical%3F+Journal+of+Phonetics+25%283%29%2E+313%E2%80%93342%2E)
38. Ladd, D. Robert & Schepman, Astrid. 2003. “Sagging transitions” between high pitch accents in English: Experimental evidence. Journal of Phonetics 31(1). 81–112. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ladd%2C+D%2E+Robert+%26+Schepman%2C+Astrid%2E+2003%2E+%E2%80%9CSagging+transitions%E2%80%9D+between+high+pitch+accents+in+English%3A+Experimental+evidence%2E+Journal+of+Phonetics+31%281%29%2E+81%E2%80%93112%2E)
39. Lee, Eun-Kyung & Garnsey, Susan M. 2012. Do contrastive accents modulate the effect of intonational phrase boundaries in parsing? Lingua 122. 1763–1775. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lee%2C+Eun%2DKyung+%26+Garnsey%2C+Susan+M%2E+2012%2E+Do+contrastive+accents+modulate+the+effect+of+intonational+phrase+boundaries+in+parsing%3F+Lingua+122%2E+1763%E2%80%931775%2E)
40. Lee, Eun-Kyung & Watson, Duane G. 2011. Effects of pitch accents in attachment ambiguity resolution. Language and Cognitive Processes 26. 262–297. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lee%2C+Eun%2DKyung+%26+Watson%2C+Duane+G%2E+2011%2E+Effects+of+pitch+accents+in+attachment+ambiguity+resolution%2E+Language+and+Cognitive+Processes+26%2E+262%E2%80%93297%2E)
41. Lehiste, Ilse. 1973. Phonetic disambiguation of syntactic ambiguity. Glossa 7. 107–122. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lehiste%2C+Ilse%2E+1973%2E+Phonetic+disambiguation+of+syntactic+ambiguity%2E+Glossa+7%2E+107%E2%80%93122%2E)
42. Martin, Andrea E. & McElree, Brian. 2008. A content-addressable pointer mechanism underlies comprehension of verb-phrase ellipsis. Journal of Memory and Language 58(3). 879–906. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Martin%2C+Andrea+E%2E+%26+McElree%2C+Brian%2E+2008%2E+A+content%2Daddressable+pointer+mechanism+underlies+comprehension+of+verb%2Dphrase+ellipsis%2E+Journal+of+Memory+and+Language+58%283%29%2E+879%E2%80%93906%2E)
43. Nespor, Marina & Vogel, Irene. 1986. Prosodic phonology. Dordrecht: Foris. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nespor%2C+Marina+%26+Vogel%2C+Irene%2E+1986%2E+Prosodic+phonology%2E+Dordrecht%3A+Foris%2E)
44. Paterson, Kevin B. & Liversedge, Simon P. & Rowland, Caroline & Filik, Ruth. 2003. Children’s comprehension of sentences with focus particles. Cognition 89(3). 263–294. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Paterson%2C+Kevin+B%2E+%26+Liversedge%2C+Simon+P%2E+%26+Rowland%2C+Caroline+%26+Filik%2C+Ruth%2E+2003%2E+Children%E2%80%99s+comprehension+of+sentences+with+focus+particles%2E+Cognition+89%283%29%2E+263%E2%80%93294%2E)
45. Pierrehumbert, Janet B. & Hirschberg, Julia. 1990. The meaning of intonational contours in discourse. In Cohen, Philip R. & Morgan, Jerry & Pollack, Martha E. (eds.), Intentions in Communication, 271–311. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Pierrehumbert%2C+Janet+B%2E+%26+Hirschberg%2C+Julia%2E+1990%2E+The+meaning+of+intonational+contours+in+discourse%2E+In+Cohen%2C+Philip+R%2E+%26+Morgan%2C+Jerry+%26+Pollack%2C+Martha+E%2E+%28eds%2E%29%2C+Intentions+in+Communication%2C+271%E2%80%93)
46. Price, Patti & Ostendorf, Mari & Shattuck-Hufnagel, Stefanie & Fong, Cynthia. 1991. The use of prosody in syntactic disambiguation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90. 2956–2970. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Price%2C+Patti+%26+Ostendorf%2C+Mari+%26+Shattuck%2DHufnagel%2C+Stefanie+%26+Fong%2C+Cynthia%2E+1991%2E+The+use+of+prosody+in+syntactic+disambiguation%2E+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America+90%2E+2956%E2%80%932970%2E)
47. Pynte, Joel & Prieur, Benedicte. 1996. Prosodic breaks and attachment decisions in sentence parsing. Language and Cognitive Processes 11. 165–191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/016909696387259 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/016909696387259)
48. Roberts, Craige. 1996. Information structure in discourse: Towards an integrated formal theory of pragmatics. OSU Working Papers in Linguistics 49: Papers in Semantics. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roberts%2C+Craige%2E+1996%2E+Information+structure+in+discourse%3A+Towards+an+integrated+formal+theory+of+pragmatics%2E+OSU+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics+49%3A+Papers+in+Semantics%2E) [our card](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/roberts-2012-information-structure-discourse-towards-integrated/)
49. Rooth, Mats. 1985. Association with Focus. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Amherst dissertation. [https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI8509599](https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI8509599) [↗](https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI8509599)
50. Rooth, Mats. 1992. A theory of focus interpretation. Natural Language Semantics 1. 75–116. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rooth%2C+Mats%2E+1992%2E+A+theory+of+focus+interpretation%2E+Natural+Language+Semantics+1%2E+75%E2%80%93116%2E)
51. Rooth, Mats. 1996. Focus. In Lappin, Shalom (ed.), The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Reference. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Rooth%2C+Mats%2E+1996%2E+Focus%2E+In+Lappin%2C+Shalom+%28ed%2E%29%2C+The+Handbook+of+Contemporary+Semantic+Theory%2E+Cambridge%2C+MA%3A+Blackwell+Reference%2E)
52. Rooth, Mats. 2016. Alternative Semantics. In Féry, Caroline & Ishihara, Shinichiro (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Information Structure, 19–40. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.19 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.19)
53. Sauermann, Antje & Filik, Ruth & Paterson, Kevin B. 2013. Processing contextual and lexical cues to focus: Evidence from eye movements in reading. Language and Cognitive Processes 28(6). 875–903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.668197 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.668197)
54. Schafer, Amy J. 1997. Prosodic parsing: The role of prosody in sentence comprehension. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Amherst dissertation. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Schafer%2C+Amy+J%2E+1997%2E+Prosodic+parsing%3A+The+role+of+prosody+in+sentence+comprehension%2E+Amherst%2C+MA%3A+University+of+Massachusetts+Amherst+dissertation%2E)
55. Schafer, Amy & Carter, Juli & Clifton, Charles, Jr. & Frazier, Lyn. 1996. Focus in relative clause construal. Language & Cognitive Processes 11. 135–163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/016909696387240 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1080/016909696387240)
56. Schwarzschild, Roger. 1999. Givenness, AvoidF and other constraints on the placement of accent. Natural Language Semantics 7. 141–177. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Schwarzschild%2C+Roger%2E+1999%2E+Givenness%2C+AvoidF+and+other+constraints+on+the+placement+of+accent%2E+Natural+Language+Semantics+7%2E+141%E2%80%93177%2E)
57. Sedivy, Julie C. 2002. Invoking discourse-based contrast sets and resolving syntactic ambiguities. Journal of Memory and Language 46. 341–370. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sedivy%2C+Julie+C%2E+2002%2E+Invoking+discourse%2Dbased+contrast+sets+and+resolving+syntactic+ambiguities%2E+Journal+of+Memory+and+Language+46%2E+341%E2%80%93370%2E)
58. Selkirk, Elisabeth O. 1984. Phonology and syntax: The relation between sound and structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Selkirk%2C+Elisabeth+O%2E+1984%2E+Phonology+and+syntax%3A+The+relation+between+sound+and+structure%2E+Cambridge%2C+MA%3A+MIT+Press%2E)
59. Selkirk, Elisabeth O. 1995. Sentence prosody: Intonation, stress and phrasing. In Goldsmith, John (ed.), Handbook of Phonological Theory, 550–569. Oxford: Blackwell. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Selkirk%2C+Elisabeth+O%2E+1995%2E+Sentence+prosody%3A+Intonation%2C+stress+and+phrasing%2E+In+Goldsmith%2C+John+%28ed%2E%29%2C+Handbook+of+Phonological+Theory%2C+550%E2%80%93569%2E+Oxford%3A+Blackwell%2E)
60. Selkirk, Elisabeth. 2000. The interaction of constraints on prosodic phrasing. In Horne, Merle (ed.), Prosody: Theory and experiments, 231–262. Dordrecht: Kluwer. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Selkirk%2C+Elisabeth%2E+2000%2E+The+interaction+of+constraints+on+prosodic+phrasing%2E+In+Horne%2C+Merle+%28ed%2E%29%2C+Prosody%3A+Theory+and+experiments%2C+231%E2%80%93262%2E+Dordrecht%3A+Kluwer%2E)
61. Snedeker, Jesse & Trueswell, John. 2003. Using prosody to avoid ambiguity: Effects of speaker awareness and referential context. Journal of Memory and Language 48(1). 103–130. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00519-3 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-596x(02)00519-3)
62. Spalek, Katharina & Gotzner, Nicole & Wartenburger, Isabell. 2014. Not only the apples: Focus sensitive particles improve memory for information-structural alternatives. Journal of Memory and Language 70. 68–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2013.09.001 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2013.09.001)
63. Speer, Shari R. & Kjelgaard, Margaret M. & Dobroth, Kate M. 1996. The influence of prosodic structure on the resolution of temporary syntactic closure ambiguities. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 25. 247–268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01708573 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01708573)
64. Stolterfoht, Britta & Friederici, Angela D. & Alter, Kai & Steube, Anita. 2007. Processing focus structure and implicit prosody during reading: Differential ERP effects. Cognition 104. 565–590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.08.001 [↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2006.08.001)
65. Traxler, Matthew J. & Frazier, Lyn. 2008. The role of pragmatic principles in resolving attachment ambiguities: Evidence from eye movements. Memory & Cognition 36. 314–328. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Traxler%2C+Matthew+J%2E+%26+Frazier%2C+Lyn%2E+2008%2E+The+role+of+pragmatic+principles+in+resolving+attachment+ambiguities%3A+Evidence+from+eye+movements%2E+Memory+%26+Cognition+36%2E+314%E2%80%93328%2E)
66. Umbach, Carla. 2004. On the notion of contrast in information structure and discourse structure. Journal of Semantics 21(2). 155–175. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Umbach%2C+Carla%2E+2004%2E+On+the+notion+of+contrast+in+information+structure+and+discourse+structure%2E+Journal+of+Semantics+21%282%29%2E+155%E2%80%93175%2E)
67. Watson, Duane & Gibson, Edward. 2005. Intonational phrasing and constituency in language production and comprehension. Studia Linguistica 59. 279–300. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Watson%2C+Duane+%26+Gibson%2C+Edward%2E+2005%2E+Intonational+phrasing+and+constituency+in+language+production+and+comprehension%2E+Studia+Linguistica+59%2E+279%E2%80%93300%2E)