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# Syntactic Language Change in English and German: Metrics, Parsers, and Convergences

**Authors:** Yanran Chen, Wei Zhao, [Anne Breitbarth](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/anne-breitbarth/), Manuel Stoeckel, Alexander Mehler, Steffen Eger · **Year:** 2024 · **Venue:** arXiv:2402.11549 **Link:** [arxiv.org/abs/2402.11549](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.11549) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (arXiv)

[**2** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W4392011864) openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14[**3** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/chen-2024-syntactic-language-change-english-german/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[arXiv:2402.11549](https://openalex.org/S202381698)[licence](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.11549)
- [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.11549)
- [arXiv 2402.11549](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.11549)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4392011864)

**Authors (6)**

1. [Yanran Chen](https://openalex.org/A5012305804) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0475-2432) · h 19 · 1124 citations · 88 works
2. [Wei Zhao](https://openalex.org/A5103025782) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3526-0545) · h 12 · 658 citations · 54 works
3. [Anne Breitbarth](https://openalex.org/A5034204425) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8300-8275) · h 17 · 1281 citations · 136 works
4. [Manuel Stoeckel](https://openalex.org/A5003652298) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3562-1339) · h 5 · 50 citations · 12 works
5. [Alexander Mehler](https://openalex.org/A5008340710) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2567-7539) · h 21 · 2045 citations · 284 works
6. [Steffen Eger](https://openalex.org/A5053947568) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4663-8336) · h 23 · 2772 citations · 164 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex-snapshot (2026-10-14); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

The paper asks whether syntax changes over time in English and German parliamentary debates, roughly the last 160 years, can be measured reliably with automatic parsers. Five dependency parsers (including Stanford CoreNLP and four newer ones) parse the historical text, and 15 metrics are computed: mean dependency distance and its variants, plus tree-shape measures such as tree height and degree variance. Newer parsers are not much hurt by OCR and spelling noise (metric rankings on clean versus noisy data correlate at Spearman 0.926). But the trend conclusions depend on the parser: most parser pairs agree only moderately (average Cohen's kappa 0.4 to 0.6). Using a majority vote of at least three parsers out of five, 32 of 135 English-German trend pairs agree, 4 disagree, and 99 are not comparable because one or both languages show no significant trend. The authors conclude that the two languages change in a largely similar way, and that sentence length matters: changes concentrate at the tails of the length distribution.

## Ideas

- I1. `tools/treeagree` already combines parser outputs by written rules. Add a per-metric vote in the same style: a trend is reported only when at least three of five parsers agree, and each reported trend names the parsers that agree. Make this a gate for any "diachronic" claim about Mova's own parses.
- I2. Put the tree-shape metrics (mean dependency distance, root distance, number of crossings, tree height) into a report over `en/src/parse.rs` output for Early Modern texts and modern EWT, bucketed by sentence length. Use the same bucket table as the paper, so the result can be compared with its numbers.
- I3. Negative control: the paper's sensitivity check (clean versus noisy text) is a good model. For each `en-x-emode` text, parse the original and a text with simulated spelling noise, and report the correlation of the metrics.

## For Mova

The chapters are [8. Word order and phrase structure](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/08-word-order/) (word order over the centuries) and [1. The period, the register and the texts Mova reads](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/01-period-and-texts/) (the texts and periods). The code is `tools/treeagree` (agreement vote), `tools/parsecmp` (parser comparison) and `en/src/parse.rs`. The measures: per-metric trend agreement across parsers, and the sentence-length distribution by period. Mova's parser is one parser, so the vote can only be run once a second parser is in the loop; say so in any report.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [arXiv 2402.11549](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.11549)

```
@misc{chen2024syntactic,
  title = {{Syntactic Language Change in English and German: Metrics, Parsers, and Convergences}},
  author = {Chen, Yanran and Zhao, Wei and Breitbarth, Anne and Stoeckel, Manuel and Mehler, Alexander and Eger, Steffen},
  year = {2024},
  eprint = {2402.11549},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.11549}
}
```

- [← previous PreCo: A Large-scale Dataset in Preschool Vocabulary for Coreference Resolution](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chen-2018-preco-large-scale-dataset-preschool/)
- [next → Completing and Validating the Re-Aligned Switchboard Dialog Act Corpus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chen-2026-completing-validating-re-aligned-switchboard/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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