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# New Technologies for Old Germanic. Resources and Research on Parallel Bibles in Older Continental Western Germanic

**Authors:** [Christian Chiarcos](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/christian-chiarcos/), [Maria Sukhareva](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/authors/maria-sukhareva/), Roland Mittmann, Timothy Price, Gaye Detmold, Jan Chobotsky · **Year:** 2014 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities (LaTeCH) **Link:** [aclanthology.org/W14-0604](https://aclanthology.org/W14-0604/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) (ACL Anthology, before 2016) — summary only

[**3** citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2250744018) openalex · 2026-10-19[**2** citations in our library](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/cited-by/chiarcos-2014-new-technologies-old-germanic-resources/) of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read[Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities (LaTeCH)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/W14-06/)[licence](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

- [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W14-0604/)
- [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W14-0604.pdf)
- [DOI 10.3115/v1/w14-0604](https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-0604)
- [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2250744018)

**Authors (6)**

1. [Christian Chiarcos](https://openalex.org/A5070093758) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-029X) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/1723161) · h 22 · 1690 citations · 326 works
2. [Maria Sukhareva](https://openalex.org/A5040300223) [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1952-8727) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/145412738) · h 7 · 164 citations · 23 works
3. [Roland Mittmann](https://openalex.org/A5032878192) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/2693831) · h 2 · 8 citations · 10 works
4. [Timothy Price](https://openalex.org/A5000258481) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/148232206) · h 2 · 8 citations · 5 works
5. [Gaye Detmold](https://openalex.org/A5019486449) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/3457647) · h 1 · 4 citations · 4 works
6. [Jan Chobotsky](https://openalex.org/A5082509062) [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/3457617) · h 1 · 3 citations · 1 works

Citations and author metrics from openalex (2026-10-19); authors with the same name are not always told apart.

## What it is about

A project overview from Frankfurt on resources for Old High German and Old Saxon and how they relate to Old English, Gothic and the modern Germanic languages. It describes a verse-aligned corpus of Germanic Bibles (271 texts, about 38.4M tokens, most of it under copyright and not redistributable), the Old German Reference Corpus (all Old High German and Old Saxon texts, about 650,000 tokens, annotated from digitised glossaries and then corrected by hand), an index that links gospel sections across the gospels and the gospel harmonies (4,560 inter-text groups), and etymological dictionaries converted to RDF, where the symmetric closure of the links fills gaps in either direction. Two experiments are early and small. The first aligns quasi-parallel phrases between the Heliand and Tatian with six word-similarity measures (position, identity, lexicon link, relative Levenshtein, normalisation, co-occurrence); a philologist judged that combining measures works best, but there is no gold alignment yet. The second projects dependencies onto historical Bibles: a parser trained on projections from two or more related West Germanic languages, with English words as "hyperlemmas", matches or beats one trained on the target language (training sets of 437 sentences), though all UAS scores are low (0.30–0.60).

## Ideas

- I1. Verse alignment as free supervision for the biblical register: the KJV, the JPS 1917 Torah and a modern open translation share verse ids. Mova can align their tokens with a deterministic score (identity, dictionary link, relative Levenshtein, relative position), the paper's measures without the neural parts. It can then report which Early Modern forms (`hath`, `spake`, `unto`) line up with which modern ones. The alignment table is a checkable source for `en/src/emode.rs` entries, with a verse id for each.
- I2. Symmetric closure as a lexicon check: wherever the pupil dictionary or the archaic table links A→B (an archaic form to its modern lemma, or a sense to a synonym), test whether B→A is present. Report the missing reverse links as a gap list instead of filling them silently.
- I3. Multi-source projection: when several parallel versions exist, a tree attachment agreed on by two independent sources is more reliable than one. Use it as an extra vote in `tools/treeagree` for biblical verses (the modern verse parsed with the best open parsers, projected through the I1 alignment), and count how often it overrules the single parse.
- I4. Hyperlemmas: tag each Early Modern token with the modern lemma it aligns to (the paper's English-as-pivot idea) and measure lemma accuracy of `morph::archaic` against that pivot.

## For Mova

[1. The period, the register and the texts Mova reads](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/en-x-emode/01-period-and-texts/) (the line of Bibles), `10-vocabulary.md` and `12-mova-pipeline.md`. Code: `en/src/emode.rs` and `en/src/morph.rs` (I1, I4), `world/src/dictionary.rs` (I2), `tools/treeagree` (I3). Measures: alignment precision on 100 hand-checked verse pairs; lemma accuracy against the aligned modern lemma; the reverse-link gap count.

## Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. [DOI 10.3115/v1/w14-0604](https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-0604)

```
@inproceedings{chiarcos2014new,
  title = {{New Technologies for Old Germanic. Resources and Research on Parallel Bibles in Older Continental Western Germanic}},
  author = {Chiarcos, Christian and Sukhareva, Maria and Mittmann, Roland and Price, Timothy and Detmold, Gaye and Chobotsky, Jan},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, and Humanities (LaTeCH)},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.3115/v1/w14-0604},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-0604}
}
```

- [← previous Completing and Validating the Re-Aligned Switchboard Dialog Act Corpus](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chen-2026-completing-validating-re-aligned-switchboard/)
- [next → Towards a Universal Dependency Corpus for Old Saxon (Old Low German)](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/chiarcos-2026-universal-dependency-corpus-old-saxon/)
- [↑ back to English](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/en/)

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38. Heike Telljohann, Erhard W Hinrichs, Sandra Kübler, Heike Zinsmeister, and Kathrin Beck. 2003. Stylebook for the Tübingen treebank of written German (TüBa-D/Z). Technical report, Seminar für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Tübingen, Germany. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Heike+Telljohann%2C+Erhard+W+Hinrichs%2C+Sandra+Ku%CC%88bler%2C+Heike+Zinsmeister%2C+and+Kathrin+Beck%2E+2003%2E+Stylebook+for+the+Tu%CC%88bingen+treebank+of+written+German+%28Tu%CC%88Ba%2DD%2FZ%29%2E+Technical+report%2C+Seminar+fu%CC%88r+Sprac)